{Humanitas}
Humanitas
A Contemporary Renaissance Museum
Bartosz Skiba, David Kluszczynski,
Jay Rao
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Architecture
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Paintings and Sculptures
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Saint Peter’s Basilica
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St. Peter's Basilica was constructed because Emperor
Constantine around 320 AD decided to erect it in the area
where Saint Peter had been martyred. Rafael (with the
contribution of experts such as Fra Giocondo and Giuliano
Da Sangallo) took over the guidance of the works, and
proposed a Latin cross plan. Rafael was succeeded by
Baldassarre Peruzzi first and Michelangelo later, who
instead chose a return to the Greek cross. Pope Paolo V,
however, imposed the Latin cross structure, which was
realized by Maderno who took care as well of the façade
as we see it today. The St Peter's Basilica was consecrated
in 1626. The plan of the dome belonged to Michelangelo
who managed to finish only the portion of the dome
basement called Tamburo. Afterwards, the design was
built exactly to his standards, though.
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Florence Cathedral’s Dome
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Santa Maria el Florence is a cathedral
located in Florence, Italy. Florence in the year
1296 began to build a glorious cathedral,
designing it with space for a huge dome.
However, no one knew how to build such a dome
until Filippo Brunelleschi who was born in 1377
decided to take control. The dome is the largest
masonry dome ever built, and used several
innovative techniques. Brunelleschi decided to
build without scaffolding in such a way it
supported itself as it progressed. But even today
Brunelleschi's Dome is the tallest building in
Florence, over 600 years after it was built.
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Miracle Of Christ Healing The
Blind
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One of the many iconic Renaissance paintings is “The Miracle of
Christ Healing the Blind,” by El Greco (Born Domenikos
Theotokipolous). This magnificent piece is 47 by 57 and a half inches
long. It is one of the larger paintings composed by El Greco. To
continue it was made of oil paints. This painting itself falls into the
genre of religious paintings. This piece specifically revolves around
Mark’s passage in the bible. (Mark 10:46-52) This passage describes
how Christ healed the blind by anointing his eyes. The symbolic
meaning of this painting was to represent those without faith as
being blind and the anointing of their eyes opened their eyes to
religion and Christianity, as well as the world around them. The most
interesting factor to take into consideration is the unfinished upper
left corner of the painting! El Greco was moving to Spain from Crete
and he had two copies of this painting. He took the one with the
unfinished upper corner. This piece is a wonderful representation of
the old Byzantine and Renaissance style.
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Last Judgment Triptych
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This triptych represents the Last Judgment and
seven deadly sins. The interior view of the left wing
depicts important events in the Bible the Fall of the
Rebel Angels, Creation of Eve, Fall of Man and
Expulsion, while the interior view of the right wing
shows Hell and the Prince of Darkness.
Bosch’s inclusion of the fall of Adam and Eve
unique compared to other renaissance artists. Instead
of Heaven, it is the act of judgment which is stressed,
and the joy of the saved is focused on as fully as the
cries of the lost. In Bosch's version, however, the divine
court appears small and insignificant at the top of the
central panel, unusual according to renaissance
standards. Mankind is shown in anarchy, which is
predominantly focused on, rather than the judgment
itself. In the last panel punishments are given to the
wrongdoers. This triptych was unique from others in the
renaissance in that it focused on the plights of humans
rather than the greatness of God.
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Portrait of Man
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Jan Van Eyck used unprecedented methods to paint this
portrait. The portrait is presumed to be a self-portrait by
several historians, because of the way the man’s gaze falls
on the viewer. Van Eyck makes the man seem to emerge
from darkness, and there seems to be light falling from
the left side of the face. The man’s gaze a penetrating
gaze. The way we can tell this is the original is by the
frame. He signed and inscribed in an elaborate way on
the frame, which proves its origins. On the top of the
painting, it says: 'Als Ich Can' (as I/Eyck can). On the
bottom, it says: 'Jan van Eyck made me on 21 October
1433'. He painted the letters in such a way that they look
carved. The portrait depicts a black background, where a
man in a red turban is sitting. The portrait is also
referred to Man in a Turban.
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Salome With The Head Of
Saint John The Baptist
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This paining by Bernardino Luini is a great example of fine
details. ‘Salome with the Head of Saint John the Baptist” is one of
Luini’s finest works. It measures 62.23 by 51.43 centimeters and is
composed of oil paint techniques on canvas. This work was composed
between 1515 and 1520. As one delves into this piece, he or she will
soon realize the implementation of religion on it. This paining is based
on the biblical scriptures that showed Salome performing favors for
king Herod and in return bringing the head of John the Baptist to
satisfy her mother. Luini based a great amount of study into this one
paining. He then painted to his best accuracy. He went into aspects of
Salome’s hair color and facial structure. That all tied together to
produce a detail enriched paining. One interesting factoid is that we
see Salome with averted eyes from the bloody head. Many
characterized her as an evil figure that enjoyed the death of the man. In
reality she was just fulfilling her mother’s request. All in all, this is one
vibrant paining as is shows the beauty of young Salome and the rigidity
and blood from John the Baptist.
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The Crucifixion
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In many cases, the three dimensional aspect of
sculptures made them very appealing to look at. This
sculpture by Donatello ( Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) is
one that leaves the viewer with a plentiful amount of
questions and ideas. This sculpture was made in 1460 to
1464 in Florence, Italy. It is mainly composed of bronze
however portions of gold and silver are also
incorporated. In total this sculpture measures 93 by70
centimeters. The sculpture features Jesus on the cross with
angels all around him as well as other members being hung
beside him. Below the cross there are plenty of people either
fighting or mourning over the actions that are taking place.
The idea taken from this sculpture is that these people were
so concerned in their own ideas, that they forgot what
inhumane action they made the crucified men partake in.
This is one of the many conclusions that one may draw from
this sculpture. However, these varied views on the
sculpture’s meaning, make it special and worth observing.
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Romeo And Juliet
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Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare, during
1594–96. It was first published unauthorized in 1597. In 1599, an
authorized edition was published in which was much longer.
Eventually, a third edition was published, used by the editors of the
First Folio of 1623. In the story, Romeo and Juliet, members of rival
families fall in love. The story is about the hardships faced during this
time. To end the harships, Juliet decides to drink a potion which would
make her appear dead and make Romeo save her, when she is forced
to marry someone else. Romeo will be praised by both families and
the rivalry may end, she thought. Romeo, however, is unaware of the
plot, and kills himself upon seeing the “dead” body. Juliet awakes and
sees the dead Romeo and kills herself. Then, the two families see what
happened and end their feud. The theme of star crossed lovers has
become popular since. Shakespeare used The Tragicall Historye of
Romeus and Juliet, written in 1562 by poet Arthur Brooke who in
turn based it off of a tale written by Matteo Bandello.
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Gargantua and Pantagruel
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Gargantua and Pantagruel were parts of a series of 5
books written by Francois Rabelais. The story is mainly
about the life of Gargantua and Pantagruel. Pantagruel is the
son of Gargantua. They are both giants. The story mainly
falls for the ideas of magical realism which still wasn’t used
in the Renaissance. The main purpose of this writing was to
incorporate this mystical story into the real problem faced by
humanists in the Renaissance: the dislocation of humanists.
By using this story as an example he was able show the
mindsets of both the medieval and Renaissance man.
Rabelais is one of the greatest French writers of the
16th century. Rabelais studied law, then was a physician. He
decided to switch to writing, and wrote the masterpieces in
the series. He was well known for satire and bawdy jokes.
His pieces also dealt with real life struggles in the life of
fantastical creatures.
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King Leer
William Shakespeare was one of the greatest playwrights in history. One of his is
greatest works was King Leer. King Leer is a play that was based on the later years of
an aging king. In order to spread his wealth evenly before his evident passing, the king
decided to split his kingdom into three, where each thirds would be given to each of
his daughters. This split of his kingdom creates a great disturbance within his family!
The family and the kingdom begin to fall apart completely. Before the division of his
land, he asked his three daughters to show how much they loved him. Leer’s eldest
daughters (Goneril, and Regan) gave a very heart touching answer while the youngest
and favorite daughter of the king disappointed him greatly, leaving no words. The
youngest (Cordelia) left and married a French prince. The daughters soon begin to turn
on their father and begin to plot against the man. King Leer has a friend who is the Earl
of Gloucester and has 2 sons. The king liked the Earl’s son Edgar and disliked Edmund.
Of course there was jealousy between the brothers. When trying to live with both
daughters, King Leer is met with a great amount of hostility. Cordelia and her French
husband soon decide to invade England, the two sisters’ kingdom. Meanwhile both of
the sisters in England like Edmund, who plays with their emotions. Gloucester wants to
warn Leer of his daughter’s attempt at taking over… He is captured and then has his
eyes poked out. While in captivity, Edgar and Edmund battle to death and Edmund
loses. Cordelia and the French lose. She is sentenced to death after her attack on the
English kingdom. In the end, the whole family, along with all the characters, die one
after the other… To this day, King Leer is regarded as one of the best plays published by
Shakespeare. The play was first utilized on December 26th, 1606, and officially printed
two years later.
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Additional Content
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•Glancey, Jonathan. The Story of Architecture. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000. Print.
"Crucifixion by Donatello." , 1465. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 9 Oct. 2014. <http://european-art.findthebest.com/l/7996/Crucifixion>.
•
"St Peter's Basilica (Basilica Di San Pietro)." Rome.info St Peter's Basilica in Vatican. Http://www.rome.info/vatican/st-peters-basilica/.
Web. 9 Oct. 2014. <http://www.rome.info/vatican/st-peters-basilica/>.
•
Kren, Emil, and Daniel Marx. "Last Judgment Triptych by BOSCH, Hieronymus." Last Judgment Triptych by BOSCH, Hieronymus. Web. 9
Oct. 2014. <http://www.wga.hu/html_m/b/bosch/8lastjud/00lastju.html>.
•
"Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?)." Jan Van Eyck. Web. 9 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/jan-van-eyckportrait-of-a-man-self-portrait>.
•
"Salome With The Head Of St. John The Baptist." Museum of Fine Arts. Museum of Fine Arts. Web. 9 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/salome-with-the-head-of-saint-john-the-baptist-31925>.
•
"King Lear Summary." King Lear Summary Guide at Absolute Shakespeare. Web. 9 Oct. 2014.
<http://absoluteshakespeare.com/guides/king_lear/summary/king_lear_summary.htm>.
•
"The Crucifixion by DONATELLO." The Crucifixion by DONATELLO. Web. 9 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.wga.hu/html_m/d/donatell/3_late/lorenzo/pulpit25.html>.
•
"The Crucifixion." Louvre. Web. 9 Oct. 2014. <http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/crucifixion>.
•
"Christ Healing the Blind by El Greco Facts & History." Totally History Christ Healing the Blind Comments. Web. 9 Oct. 2014.
<http://totallyhistory.com/christ-healing-the-blind/>.
•
Art: A World History. New York, N.Y.: DK Pub., 1998. Print Scott, Mark W.Shakespeare for Students: Critical Interpretations of As You like
It, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, the Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Othello, and Romeo and Juliet. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1992. Print
Publishing, DK. Art: A World History. New York, N.Y.: DK Pub., 1998. Print.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Gargantua and Pantagruel (work by Rabelais)."Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia
Britannica, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 2 Oct. 2014.
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