HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Captain Rick Rochford
Jacksonville Fire Rescue Department
Incident Safety Officer
Craig Rogers- Draeger Safety
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 1/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
PRESENTATION CONTENT
A. Toxic Gases Generated by Fire
B. Hydrogen Cyanide in Smoke
C. Health Effects of HCN
D. Gas Detection Options
E. Questions & Answers
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
TOXIC GASES GENERATED BY FIRE
Toxic Gases Generated by Fire
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
• Crews operating at the scene of a commercial
dice factory fire
• Heavy smoke and fire conditions
• All crews are instructed to utilize standard PPE
• SCBA are used by all responders
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 4/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
• What are some of the hazards present?
• As a Incident Commander, what types of injuries
or conditions may you expect?
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 5/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
• All crews are ordered out of the structure.
• As crews leave the factory, they remove their
SCBA masks.
• A Fire Captain removes his mask as he walks
out of the smoke. He collapses outside the
structure.
• He is in cardiac arrest.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
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The Captain did not survive his injuries
Coroner ruled this fatality due to cyanide toxicity.
Clark County Fire Department
Captain Frank E. Testa, April 11, 1970
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 7/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
2005 FIRE STATISTICS
• In 2005, there were 1,602,000 fires reported in
U.S.
– 511,000 structure fires
• 3,105 civilian deaths
• 15,325 civilian injuries
• $9.2 billion in property damage
– 87 firefighter deaths in all types of fires
– >4000 firefighters injured by smoke inhalation
– It is estimated up to 80% of all fire fatalities are
attributable to smoke inhalation
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
ANATOMY OF FIRE SMOKE
• Toxic composition of smoke varies from fire to
fire
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Nature of the burning materials
Temperature
Oxygen level
Ventilation
• Conditions of high temperature and low oxygen enhance
degradation of synthetics quickening chemical release
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 9/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
TOXIC GASES GENERATED BY FIRE
Partial List of Fire Produced Gases and Vapors
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Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Chloride
Nitrous Gases
Phosgene
Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfur Dioxide
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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Acrolein
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Various PNAs (polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons)
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
CYANIDE TOXICITY IN SMOKE
• Historically, carbon monoxide asphyxiation has
been considered the primary cause of deaths of
those overcome by smoke
– Focus of gas monitoring
• There is mounting evidence that hydrogen
cyanide is directly responsible for many more
deaths than previously assumed
– Cumulative effect with CO worse than either
individually
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 11/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
“ Cyanide toxicity from smoke inhalation in a
structural or enclosed space fire is the
most likely cause of cyanide toxicity that
EMS & fire professionals will encounter”
JEMS Communications Summer 2004
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 12/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN SMOKE
Hydrogen Cyanide in Smoke
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 13/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
CYANIDE PRODUCING MATERIALS
• Cyanide production in a fire
– Hydrogen cyanide is produced by incomplete
combustion of nitrogen and carbon containing
substances (-C≡N)
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Natural Fibers (wool, silk, cotton, paper)
Synthetic polymers (nylon, polyurethane)
Synthetic rubber
Melamine (resins for molding, laminating, etc.)
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HCN RELEASING POLYMERS
• Synthetic polymers found extensively in
structures
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Insulation
Cushioning
Carpets
Bedding (mattresses and pillows)
Building materials
• Materials can burn up to 2-3 times hotter and
faster than natural materials
–Quicker flashovers increase speed of HCN release --DRAEGER SAFETY Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 15/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Sources of Cyanide
• Other small scale uses:
- Photography labs
- Blue printing
- Engraving computer chips
- Cleaning or reconditioning of jewelry
- Found at clandestine drug labs
- manufacturing phencyclidine (PCP)
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Key Cyanide Studies
• Two independent studies performed on CN toxicity
- Paris France (1988-89)
- 109 fire victims( 66 survivors and 43 fatalities)
144 controlled individuals(drug intoxication and
CO poisoning)
- Dallas County Texas
- 144 smoke inhalation patients at University of
Texas Health Science Center Emergency
Department
- 43 deceased individuals at Dallas County
medical examiners office.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
KEY CYANIDE STUDIES
• Final Conclusion:
- Cyanide and carbon monoxide were both important
determinants of smoke inhalation-associated
morbidity and mortality.
- Cyanide concentrations were directly related to the
probability of death.
- Cyanide may have dominated over CO as a cause
of death in some fire victims.
- Cyanide and CO may have potentiated the toxic
effects of one another
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
THE STATION NIGHTCLUB FIRE
• Most notorious incident of deaths from
toxic mix of hydrogen cyanide and carbon
monoxide was at West Warwick Rhode
Island nightclub fire Feb 20,2003
– Pyrotechnics instantly set substandard sound
suppressing foam to sheet of flame
– HCN and CO levels soar and people are quickly
overcome by the smoke
• 100 deaths and 200 injuries
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
The Station Night Club Fire
• National Institute of Standards and Technology
“the high temperatures, low oxygen, high carbon
monoxide, and high HCN levels within the test room in
the absence of a sprinkler all contributed to a nontenable condition within 90 seconds after ignition.”
• Health care providers at all levels of this tragedy did not
consider HCN exposure during course of treatment for
the surviving victims.
• New England Journal of Medicine published report:
“despite the signs and symptoms indicating CN
poisoning, the victims were treated with standard
modalities for burns and CO toxicity”
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Cyanide Poisoning Of Providence Rhode Island Firefighters
March 2006
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Thursday March 23 2006 10:31 hrs 1197 Broad Street
Providence Rhode Island Firefighters responded to a fast food
restaurant relatively uneventful
Engine 3’s crew member experienced symptoms of headache,
dizziness, difficulty breathing a cough, and at times talking
incoherently.
Transported to Rhode Island Hospital Level 1 Trauma Center.
Tested for HCN to find high levels of blood cyanide at 57 ug/dl
Placed on antidote therapy
Upon learning of Engine 3’s firefighter department contacted all
members responding to the call
16 members sought medical attention.
14 members went to Rhode Island Hospital
4 found to have whole blood cyanide levels above 20 ug/dl
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 21/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Cyanide Poisoning of Providence Firefighters
March 2006
• March 23, 2006 17:35 hrs. 125 Knight Street
Providence Rhode Island firefighters responded to a fire in a six-unit
residential apartment
Fire in a different part of the city after shift change.
Most of the personnel from fast food restaurant relived
No injuries reported
• March 24, 2006 02:07 hrs. 70 Ralph Street
Providence Rhode Island firefighters responded to a house fire
All firefighter responding to Ralph St. had previously responded
to Knight Street fire.
At 02:23 hrs. Firefighter Kenneth Baker collapsed at the scene
suffering a heart attack.
Immediately resuscitated and transported to Rhode Island
Hospital
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 22/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Cyanide Poisoning of Rhode Island Firefighters
March 2006
• In light of the cyanide cases from the previous day testing was
conducted on Firefighter Baker.
Lab test showed that FF. Baker had whole blood cyanide level
of 66ug/dl
• After consulting with doctors at Rhode Island Hospital, all members
who responded to any of the three fires were instructed to go to
Rhode Island Hospital if they experienced any symptoms to cyanide
poisoning.
28 members sought medical care
27 had their cyanide levels tested
8 members tested high (above 20 ug/dl) for cyanide
• Fire Chief David Costa appointed a five member committee to
investigate the causes of cyanide poisoning, review existing policies
and procedures, and make recommendations to prevent this from
happening again.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HCN
Health Effects of HCN
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
CYANIDE DOSES
• Small amounts of cyanide are present in the environment and in
humans.
• Normal levels of whole blood are believed to be between 0 to 20
micrograms per deciliter (ug/dl).
• Cyanide levels as low as 50 ug/dl in the blood have proven to be
toxic, and blood cyanide levels of 250 – 300 ug/dl fatal.
• With a half-life of one hour, cyanide is short lived in the blood stream.
Standards in the procedures for collection of whole blood
samples such as:
-carboxyhemoglobin saturation
-methemoglobin content of sampled blood
-time between blood sampling and assay
storage temperature of blood samples
on the measured concentration of cyanide can complicate the
interpretation of assay results or introduce sources of errors.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
ACUTE CYANIDE POISONING
• Hydrogen cyanide is a cellular asphyxiant
– Inhaled HCN inhibits enzyme system responsible for cell respiration
(oxygen utilization by cell)
– Cessation of cell respiration makes normal cell function impossible,
leading to cell mortality
• There is no quick test that allows on-site confirmation of HCN toxicity
• There are some signs that can lead to assumption of HCN exposure
and administration of countermeasures
– Disorientation and weakness/Drowsiness
– Shortness of breath and chest tightness(Tachypnea, Dyspnea
Tachycardia)
– Headache
– Bright red discoloration in skin
– Smell of almonds on breath
– Soot around mouth and nose/burns
– Carbonaceous sputum
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
CHRONIC EFFECTS OF HCN
• Chronic effects of hydrogen cyanide
– Breathing problems/Respiratory Depression to
Respiratory Arrest
– Chest pain / Cardiac arrhythmia/Cardiovascular
collapse
– Eye irritation/vision dimming
– Palpitations
– Headaches
– Loss of appetite
– Weakness in extremities/ Paralysis
– Enlargement of thyroid gland
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Acute Cyanide Poisoning
• Significance for advocates of “sucking the carpet”
- carpet fibers are a large source of HCN
- fumes develop long before carpet catches fire.
• Quantitative decomposition
- long period of time when gas is emitted without the
warning presence of flame.
- decomposition stage of the fire is more toxic than
those emitted during actual burning.
- decomposition stage is the real killer because of its
high toxicity and long period of time between
attainment of quantitative decomposition
temperature and ignition temperature
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Acute Cyanide Poisoning
• Narcotic effects of HCN
-blamed for bizarre and irrational behavior
- instances where victims, including
firefighters fought with rescuers until
becoming totally overcome by the smoke.
• Southwest Supermarket fire Phoenix Arizona
- Brett Tarver
- rescue teams were hampered on several
occasions
- succumbed to the environment and pulled
through debris and out of the building.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HCN LETHALITY
DOSE MAKES THE POISON
Concentrations
Effect
mg/m3
PPM
300 mg/m3
270 ppm
Immediately Lethal
200mg/m3
180 ppm
Lethal after 10 minutes
150mg/m3
135 ppm
Lethal after 30 minutes
120-150mg/m3
108-135 ppm
Highly dangerous (Fatal) after 30-60
minutes
20-40mg/m3
18-36 ppm
Light symptoms after several hours
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
HCN LEALITY NOISH Chemical Pocket Guide
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HCN is 35 times more toxic than CO
TWA HCN 4.7 ppm
CO 35 ppm
IDLH HCN 50 ppm
CO 1200 ppm
LEL
HCN 5.6%
CO 12.5%
UEL HCN 40%
CO 74%
Fl P.
0⁰ F
VD
0.94
air = 1
BP
78⁰ F
Sp. Gr. 0.69
water = 1
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
ACUTE CYANIDE POISONING
• Recently has there been first FDA approved cyanide
treatment, Hydroxocobalamin, that can safely be
administered at fire scene
– Detoxifies CN by binding it to form cyanocobalamin (B12)
– Marketed as Cyanokit®
– Used in France for 10 years
– Previously, only supportive measures were available on site
• 100% oxygen application
• Sodium bicarbonate to counter metabolic acidosis
• Cardiopulmonary support and anticonvulsants
– Existing antidote involved nitrates that needed to be monitored
under hospital care to avoid lethality when combined with CO
Taylor Kit
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 32/40
Lilly Kit
Pasadena Kit
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
PHOENIX OVERHAUL STUDIES
• Removal of respiratory equipment during overhaul can
potentially expose firefighters to a variety of toxic gases
– Overhaul phase of fire lasts an average of 30 minutes
– Liberated gases, vapors and particulates may remain in overhaul
environment for extended periods of time
• Vapors may use airborne respirable particulates as entry vehicle into
firefighters’ lungs
– Maximum concentrations of selected contaminants can exceed
occupational exposure limits
• Adverse health effects may occur from exposure to mixture of products
even if individual components are below exposure limits
– Monitoring CO concentrations alone should not be used to predict
presence of other contaminants found in the overhaul environment
Bolstad-Johnson, et al
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
PHOENIX OVERHAUL STUDIES
Conclusions of Phoenix Studies
• Without the use of respiratory protection, firefighters are overexposed to
irritants, chemical asphyxiates and carcinogens
• Respiratory protection is recommended during fire overhaul
– SCBA should be utilized in atmospheres with CO > 150 ppm
– APRs may be considered when CO < 150 ppm, but additional studies to
confirm effectiveness in overhaul operations are recommended
• NIOSH cartridges for APR don’t provide CO protection
• 150 ppm equates to avg. 18.75 ppm exposure based on 60 minute exposure and
8-hour working day (TLV= 25 ppm)
- Post-fire fuels are still off-gassing, SCBA’s should be used.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendations for prevention of cyanide exposures
• Training
- Explanation why cyanide is more significant today than ever
before.
- Chemistry of cyanide
- Identification of cyanide containing fuels
- Medical concerns of cyanide
- Why firefighters cannot merely rely on their past experiences
to determine whether or not a particular atmosphere is safe.
• Equipment
- Deploy cyanide detection equipment into the field for use at
fires.
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendations for prevention of cyanide exposures
• Compliance
- There needs to be enhanced compliance with the
existing mandatory mask regulation.
- Enhanced compliance will require a cultural
change on the part of firefighters.
- Company officers must focus on the protection of
their members, and ensure that SCBA’s are
utilized when necessary and face pieces removed
outside the contaminated area when exiting the
structure.
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendation for prevention of cyanide exposures
• SCBA Training for difficult operations
- All personnel need physical training with SCBA to
enhance the comfort level of members when
engaged in difficult operations such as:
- climbing ladders
- operating on roofs
- operating in confined spaces
- communicating on air
• SCBA Air Management
SCBA alarms activated during initial extinguishment
and during overhaul
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendations for Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning
• Post-Fire Decontamination
- Wash turnout gear after each fire
- Shower and change their clothes
- Issue second set of gear
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendations for Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning
• Fire Research
- How much cyanide is generated at fire scenes?
- What conditions yield higher verses lower
concentrations of CN?
- Whether CN that is released in a fire remains
localized (in a area around the fuel that is off
gassing) or does it spread out throughout the
building?
- Is CN released only under certain fire conditions or
is it released more commonly whenever CN
containing products burn?
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Recommendations for Prevention of Cyanide Poisoning
• Public Education
- General public, media and legislators need to be
educated about the dangers of smoldering and
burning plastics and other cyanide containing fuels.
- Public needs to know the dangers associated with
CN may be present before the presence of any
flames and possibly incapacitated by the invisible
gases during the incipient stage which could
prevent them from escaping.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 40/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
• Crews operating at the scene of a commercial
dice factory fire
• Heavy smoke and fire conditions
• All crews are instructed to utilize standard PPE
• SCBA are used by all responders
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
March 28, 2007 • 41/40
HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
Clark County Fire Fighter Fatality
• What are some of the hazards present?
• As a Incident Commander, what types of injuries
or conditions may you expect?
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
GAS DETECTION OPTIONS
Gas Detection Options
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
DETECTION TECHNOLOGY AND HCN
DETECTION TECHNOLOGY AND HCN
Colorimetric Chemistry
Short-term Detector Tubes
Long-term Detector Tubes
Chip Measurement System
Electrochemical Sensors
Infrared Sensors
Gas Chromatographic Methods
Flame Ionization (FID)
Thermionic
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
Photo Ionization (PID)
NO – High IP 13.9 eV
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
COMMON MONITORING OPTIONS
• There are 2 commonly available
detection technologies that can
measure hydrogen cyanide and
other non-organic toxics at TLV
• Portable instruments with
electrochemical sensors
• Colorimetric detector tubes
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
ADVANTAGES OF DETECTOR TUBES
Inexpensive
Simple to use
No calibration
Wide variety of gases & vapors
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
 Based on a chemical
reaction that produces
an electrical
response/signal.
 The more gas that is
present, the larger the
signal that is generated
by the sensor.
 This signal is directly
proportional to the gas
that is present.
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
SINGLE GAS OPTIONS
 Standard Version
 Accepts all Draeger EC
Sensors (Toxic & O2)
 Full Menu
 Hygiene Version
 Standard + Datalogging
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN FIRE OPERATIONS
SINGLE GAS OPTIONS
 PAC 7000 has a simple menu
structure
 Fresh Air, Span Cal
 STEL, TWA, Peak Value
 Bump Test
 COHb option with CO version (set w/PC)
 Calibration On-board
 Calibrate w/o a PC
 No life limiting feature
 Replaceable sensors
 Not exchangeable to different gases
 Dedicated to the original gas purchased
DRAEGER SAFETY • Hydrogen Cyanide in Fire Operations
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