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PRIVATE SECTOR ISSUES
Chapter Five: Premise Security
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 In
2005 the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
published by the FBI indicated that there were
approximately 10 million serious property crimes:
 2 million burglaries
 6.6 million larcenies/thefts
 1.12 million motor vehicle thefts
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 The
UCR’s Crime Clock indicates that, on average,
there is one serious property crime committed
every 3.2 seconds:
 1 burglary every 14.5 seconds
 1 larceny/theft every 4.8 seconds
 1 motor vehicle theft every 28.8 seconds
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 The
UCR’s arrest statistics show:
 300,000 arrests for burglary
 1.15 million arrests for larceny/theft
 16,000 arrests for arson
 280,000 for vandalism
 134,000 for receiving, buying or possessing
stolen property
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 The
Economic Cost:
 $20 million is lost by victims of burglary, motor
vehicle theft and personal thefts
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 The
Business Cost:
 Bankruptcy
 Business failure
 Increased cost of insurance
 Loss of profit
 Reduced productivity
 Higher overhead
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 The
Personal Cost:
 Physical and emotional injuries victims suffer
 The Social Cost:
 Investigating
 Prosecuting
 Incarcerating
Property and Premise Crime
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
Property and Premise Crime
 Because
of the work of Private police and security
guards burglaries have declined in the past 30
years
 Individuals have installed burglar alarms, better
locks, steel bars, stronger doors, security glass…
 People in general are less likely to keep cash in
their homes, since most people have resorted to
credit and bank cards
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The Police, Private Security and
Property Crime

The Police, Private Security & Property Crime
 The
Police
 Try to be omnipresent (everywhere at once)
 Provide a sense of security
 Make arrests
 Respond to calls for service
 Investigate crimes
 But the police are limited in personnel and
jurisdiction
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The Police, Private Security and
Property Crime

The Police, Private Security & Property Crime
 Private
Security
 Private Security attempts to fill this gap left by
the police
 Private Security:
 Prevents crimes from occurring
 Detects crimes when they occur
 Investigates crimes when they occur
 Apprehend criminals when the commit crimes
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Citizens
are concerned about crime and have taken
measures to isolate or protect themselves against it
in their neighborhoods
 The police patrol residential areas and look for
suspicious persons and other conditions that may
indicate that a crime is or may be in progress
(proactive policing)
 The police respond to calls for assistance (reactive
polilcing)
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 The
Broken Windows Theory
 The “Broken Windows” theory states unrepaired
broken windows or disrepair indicate that
members of a community do not care about the
quality of the life in their neighborhood;
consequently, disorder and crime will thrive
 Disorder in neighborhoods create fear
 Certain neighborhoods send out signals that
encourage crime
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Skogan
identified two major categories of disorder
that affect the quality of life in the community:
 Human Physical Disorder:
 Public drinking
 Corner gangs
 Street harassment
 Drug
 Noisy neighbors
 Commercial sex
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Skogan
identified two major categories of disorder
that affect the quality of life in the community:
 Physical Disorder:
 Vandalism
 Dilapidation
 Abandonment
 Rubbish
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Community
Policing
 “Community Policing” is the police efforts at
maintaining order and delivering services in a
proactive relationship with the community
instead of just reacting and responding to each
incident that they are summoned to by a 911 call
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Community
Policing
 The police have turned to the public and business
communities for their support and active
participation in programs to make the streets
safer and the quality of life better
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Community
Policing
 Community Crime Prevention Programs
 Neighborhood Watch
 Crime Watch
 Block Watch
 Community Alert
 Citizen Patrol
Residential Locations
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
Neighborhoods
 Business
Improvement District
 The “Business Improvement District” concept
involves the combined efforts of the business
community and the private security industry with
the cooperation of the police
Residential Locations
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
Private Residences
 We
have all heard the saying “A man’s home is his
castle”
 People build fences, erect walls and plant shrubs to
define their property and to protect them
 People also spend large amounts of money on
outdoor lighting, locks and burglar alarms to
protect their property
Residential Locations
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
Private Residences
 Some
Statistics
 60% of household burglaries occur during the
daytime hours when houses are most often
unoccupied
 87% were male
 63% were under 25 years old
Residential Locations
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
Private Residences
 Some
recommendations to decrease burglaries:
 Install alarm systems
 Implement Neighborhood Watch Programs
 Improve the visibility of houses
Residential Locations
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
Private Residences
 Some
other attempts to decrease burglaries:
 Some have built “Gated Communities” and
posted security officers at the entrance
 Some apartments and condominiums have access
cards, video surveillance (with real time text
insertion) and security officers
Residential Locations
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
Public Housing Developments
 The
Journal of Security Administration
 Crime on properties controlled by public housing
creates special problems
 The problems result from a combination of
factors:
 High density of population
 Poverty
 Lack of adequate resources to combat
criminal activity
Residential Locations
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
Public Housing Developments
 The
Journal of Security Administration
 This leads to other problems
 Illegal drug use
 Prostitution
 Burglary
 Assaults
 Criminal mischief and vandalism
Residential Locations
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
Public Housing Developments
 Police
patrol these housing units, but:
 Their resources are limited
 They can’t maintain a continued presence
(they must serve the entire community)
 Public Housing Development falls under the
control of the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development, which contracts with security
firms to provide security (proprietary forces with
police powers) in these developments
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
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
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
 Some
of the major security problems facing
hospitals and healthcare facilities are:
 The protection and safety of patients and
employees
 Order maintenance
 Prevention of thefts, fraud and internal employee
theft
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
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
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
 Hospital
security staff are responsible for
preventing unauthorized persons from entering the
facility or patients’ room (visitor control)
 Security problems are often encountered in the
hospital’s emergency room due to unruly,
disruptive, emotionally disturbed and intexicated
patients and visitors
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
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
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
 To
accomplish this task, hospitals and healthcare
facilities generally use both proprietary security
and contract security agencies
 Alarms, access control, video surveillance,
uniformed security personnel…
 Uniformed security presence at hospital
entrances
 Badge control for employees and visitor’s pass
system
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
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
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities
 Particular
attention is given to areas where
medications are stored
 Three measures are usually useful to help decrease
loss and thefts of drugs at a hospital or healthcare
facility
 Internal reporting and monitoring
 Investigations
 Employee education
Government Buildings & Facilities
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
Government Buildings & Facilities
 Federal
buildings are operated and managed by the
General Services Administration
 Since 9/11 the Federal Protective Service of the
Department of Homeland Security has guarded
these buildings
 It oversees over 10,000 armed private contract
security guards
Government Buildings & Facilities
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
Government Buildings & Facilities
 The
U.S. Capitol and its grounds, including
numerous buildings, parks and thoroughfares are
protected by the U.S. Capitol Police
 Traffic checkpoints
 Horse patrol for crowd control
 Provide security for members of Congress and
their families
Educational Facilities
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
Colleges
 College
campus security officers engage in a wide
variety of tasks:
 Investigation of serious crimes
 Enforcement of parking regulations
 Alarm monitoring
 Building lockup
 Personal safety escorts
 Traffic enforcement
Educational Facilities
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
Colleges
 College
campus security officers engage in a wide
variety of tasks:
 Investigation of serious crimes
 Enforcement of parking regulations
 Alarm monitoring
 Building lockup
 Personal safety escorts
 Traffic enforcement
 Notification of campus emergencies
Educational Facilities
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
Colleges
 The
federal Clery Act mandates that colleges and
universities that receive federal funds must report
crime data to inform the public about crimes on
campus
 This is mandated for accountability
Educational Facilities
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
Secondary and Elementary Schools
 These
institutions focus on:
 Order Maintenance
 Student Safety
 Access Control
 Crime Control and Prevention
 Vandalism
Houses of Worship & Cemeteries
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
Houses of Worship & Cemeteries
 Churches,
synagogues, temples, mosques and other
places of worship and cemeteries can be the
targeted location for burglaries, vandalism, arson,
theft and many other crimes
 Read about the “Arson Prevention for America’s
Churches and Synagogues” page 128
Transportation
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
Airports
 The
major threats to airports and airlines are:
 Terrorism
 Skyjacking
 Smuggling
 Air Cargo Theft
 Access Control
 Property and Facility Protection
 Crowd Control
 Order Maintenance
Transportation
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
Airports
 In
the 1960s numerous incidents of skyjacking led
to a national panic
 In 1973, after an increase of hijackings, “Security
Screening Points” or “Checkpoints” were set up in
all U.S. airports under the control of the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) and were guarded
by armed police officers
 In 1978, armed police officers at the security
checkpoints were discontinued (brutalization
effect)
Transportation
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
Airports
 But
many of these checkpoints were ineffective:
 Screeners missed weapons
 Inattention to terrorist profiles
 One way tickets
 Buying tickets with cash
 Planes were left unattended and unlocked
 The most common problem was “Piggybacking”
as a method to access restricted areas
Transportation
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
Airports
 But
many of these checkpoints were ineffective:
 Not following access control procedures to
certain areas of the airport
 Poor security training programs
 Loopholes in the personnel screening
 No background checks
 No fingerprints
 Allowed felons to get security jobs
Transportation
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
Airports
 As
a result of 9/11, President Bush signed the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act:
 Created the “Transportation Security
Administration” (TSA) to protect the nation’s
transportation system and ensure freedom of
movement for people and commerce
 TSA now screens passengers at airports which
used to be performed by FAA
 Now, under Department of Homeland Security
Transportation
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
Airports
 As
a result of 9/11, President Bush signed the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act:
 Expanded the Federal Air Marshals Program
 Created the position of Federal Airport Security
Director who would be directly responsible for
security at airports
 New procedures for screening passengers
 About 15% of the 2 million passengers are
chosen for secondary screening
Transportation
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
Airports
 There
are three major security operations that have
been instituted at airports to guard against
passengers carrying explosives, weapons and
contraband:
 Access Control
 Profiling
 Explosive Detection
Transportation
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
Ports, Cargo Depots and Trucks
 The
major security problems for ports, cargo
companies, depots and trucking firms are:
 Terrorism
 Cargo Theft
 Hijacking
 Employee Theft
Transportation
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
Ports, Cargo Depots and Trucks
 95%
of all international commerce enters the U.S.
through its roughly 360 public and private ports
 80% of the trade moves through only 10 ports
 Los Angeles
 Long Beach
 Oakland
 New York
Transportation
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
Parking Lots and Garages
 The
major security problems at parking lots and
garages:
 Assaults
 Robberies
 Personal Thefts
 Thefts from Autos
 Thefts of Autos
Transportation
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
Parking Lots and Garages
 Parking
facilities underneath buildings also create
opportunities for terrorists:
 The World Trade Center in NYC was attacked in
1993 when a terrorist placed a bomb in the
parking garage underneath the World Trade
Center
Transportation
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
Parking Lots and Garages
 Parking
lot and garage security includes
 Lighting
 Perimeter Fencing
 Call Stations
 Electronic Video Surveillance
 Access Control
 Patrols
 Awareness Training