SAMBUTAN ULANG TAHUN SWCorp KE-7 DAN KONVENSYEN BANDAR BERSIH
1 Jun 2015 (Isnin)
Kelana Resort, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX
(EPI)
Bahagian Pengurusan Alam Sekitar dan Perubahan Iklim (BPASPI)
Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar Malaysia (NRE)
Dengan kerjasama Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Malaysia EPI Coordinator
Prof. Dr. Rahmalan bin Ahamad (UTM)
HP: +6012-7095716
Emails: rahmalan@utm.my / rahmalan@gmail.com
1
1
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
 Measurement matters
 Shift from “command and control” to “compliance”
 Data driven decision-making
 Emphasis on information
DATA
INFORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
INDICATORS
Angel Hsu, 2015
2
ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR
Environmental Performance Index
(EPI)
A comprehensive environmental performance
profiling system to rank how well countries
perform on high-priority environmental issues
in protecting ecosystems and human health
from environmental harm.
http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6341/1764/1600/pemandangan.jpg
3
Why EPI?
Angel Hsu (2015)
To provide an insight of the existing environmental data and
information:
• better understanding on the environmental challenges faced at local, national
and global levels;
• access to important environmental data organized in a way that is easily
understandable, useful, and drives productive motivation for improvement.
a)
Mol A P J, 2006, "Environmental governance in the Information Age: the emergence of informational governance" Environment and Planning C: Government
and Policy 24(4) 497 – 514
b) Esty, Daniel C., Environmental Protection in the Information Age. New York University Law Review, Vol. 79, 2004. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=429580 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.429580
4
GLOBAL EPI
http://epi.yale.edu
Global EPI was initiated by the Yale University (YCELP)
and Columbia University (CIESIN) in collaboration with
The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
and published at the World Economic Forum in Davos,
Switzerland in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014.
5
MALAYSIA EPI
From left to right:
 Prof Dato’ Seri Ir. Dr. Zaini Ujang
 YAB Dato’ Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin
 YAB Dato' Seri Mohd. Najib Tun Abdul Razak
 Mr Ellis Rubinstein, President and CEO of NYAS
 Dr Robert Chen, Director of CIESIN, Columbia University
UTM-Columbia University MOU signing ceremony at NYAS, 16th May, 2012
 Collaboration between NRE and UTM
 MOU and cooperation between UTM with
Columbia University and Yale University
 Past reports:
 A Self Assessment of Malaysia in EPI 2010
 Development of Malaysia EPI, 2012
 Second Malaysia EPI release, 2014
6
STEPS IN MALAYSIA EPI
Malaysia EPI
Framework
1
Selection of Policy
Categories and
Indicators
Parameters and data
verification
2
Computation of
PTT score for
each indicator
6
Weight
assignment
7
3
Indicator’s
Target and Low
Benchmark
Data collection
and analysis
5
4
Aggregation of
indicators
States profiling,
overall result and
trends
8
9
8
INDEX
OBJECTIVE
POLICY CATEGORY
Environmental Burden of Disease
INDICATOR
Incidents of Dengue Fever
Toddler Mortality Rate
Access to Connected Water Supply
Environmental
Health
Water Effects on Human
Access to Clean Water for Rural Areas
Access to Sewerage Facilities
Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas
Population Weighted PM10 Concentration
Air Pollution Effects on Human
Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone Concentration
Air Quality Index
Waste
Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystem
Water Effects on Ecosystem
Biodiversity & Habitat
EPI
Municipal Waste Generation per Capita
Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxides Concentration
River Water Quality
Marine Water Quality Index
Terrestrial Protected Areas
Marine Protected Areas
Forest Cover
Ecosystem
Vitality
Forest & Urban Green Areas
Urban Green Areas
Urban Tree Planting
Fisheries
Agriculture & Landuse
Fish Stock Overexploited
Coastal Fishing Pressure
Pesticide Regulation Compliance
GHG Emissions per Capita
Climate Change
Industrial GHG Emissions
Transportation GHG Emissions
Solid waste GHG Emissions
Electricity Intensity Energy per GDP
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Resource Efficiency
Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP
Domestic Water Consumption per Capita
Environmental Awareness &
Behaviour
Environmental Governance
Environmental Awareness
Environmental Behaviour
Environmental Compliance
9
Environmental Health
List of Indicators:
(11 indicators)
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever (IDF) (B)
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate (TMR)
(B)
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply (CSW) (A)
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas (RWS)
(A)
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF) (A)
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas (ISR)
(A)
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration (PM10) (B)
1.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone concentration (GLO) (B)
1.3.3 Air Quality Index (AQI) (B)
1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita (MWG)
(B)
1.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP (HWG) (B)
11
Ecosystem Vitality
List of Indicators:
(16 indicators)
2.1.1
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration (SO2)
2.1.2
Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (NOX)
2.2.1
River Water Quality (RWQ) (A)
2.2.2
Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI) (A)
2.3.1
Terrestrial Protected Areas (TPA)
2.3.2
Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
2.4.1
Forest Cover (FOC)
2.4.2
Urban Green Areas (UGA) (A)
2.4.3
Urban Tree Planting (UTP)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(A)
25
Ecosystem Vitality
List of Indicators:
2.5.1
Fish Stocks Overexploited (FSO)
2.5.2
Coastal Fishing Pressure (CFP) (B)
2.6.1
Pesticide Regulation Compliance (PRC) (A)
2.7.1
GHG Emissions per Capita (GHGC)(B)
2.7.2
Industrial GHG Emissions (GHGI) (B)
2.7.3
Transportation GHG Emissions (GHGT) (B)
2.7.4
Solid Waste GHG Emissions (GHGW) (B)
(B)
42
List of Indicators:
Socioeconomic Sustainability
(6 indicators)
3.1.1 Electricity Intensity per GDP (EIG)
(B)
3.1.2 Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP (NDWC)
3.1.3 Domestic Water Consumption per Capita (DWC)
(B)
(B)
3.2.1 Environmental Awareness (ENA) (A)
3.2.2 Environmental Behaviour (ENB)
(A)
3.3.1 Environmental Compliance (ENC) (A)
59
National Range
Distance to Target
State
Performance
Low
Performance
Benchmark
0
Worse Performance
50
Top
Performance
Benchmark
Better Performance
100
Type A:
high value equates good
performance (16 indicators)
Type B:
high value equates bad
performance (17 indicators)
69
Sources of indicator’s target:
• Government policy documents
• International references
• Expert opinion/Best performance
70
Example:
Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
Plot of relative performance by all states for the determination of policy
target and low benchmark for Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
Source: SPAN, 2014
Target: 2,300 PE per 1,000 population
Low benchmark: 100 PR per 1,000 population
71
NO2 concentration (ppm)
Type A - minimum value
e.g.: Accessed to connected
water supply
Type B - maximum value
e.g.: NO2 concentration
72
Indicator’s Target and Low Benchmark
NO.
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.4.1
1.4.2
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
INDICATOR
Incidents of Dengue Fever
Toddler Mortality Rate
Access to Connected Water Supply
Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas
Access to Sewerage Facilities
Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas
Population Weighted PM10 Concentration
Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone
concentration
Air Quality Index
Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita
Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per
Industrial GDP
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration
River Water Quality
Marine Water Quality (MWQ) / Marine Water
quality Index
CODE
TARGET
ug/m3
EPI 2014
0
0.0007
100%
100%
2,300
100%
20
GLO
ug/m3
0
B
130
AQI
MWG
Probability of Good AQI
kg/day/cap
1
0.823
A
B
0.03
2.5
HWG
Metric tonnes per industrial GDP
1.1
B
75
SO2
NOX
RWQ
ppm
ppm
WQI score
0
0
84.6
B
B
A
0.014
0.04
45
100% (index)
A
40
IDF
TMR
CSW
RWS
ASF
ISR
PM10
MWQI
Unit
Rate per 100,000 population
Rate per 1000 births
% of population with access
% coverage
PE per 1000 population
% coverage
LOW BENCHMARK
TYPE
EPI 2014
B
450
B
1.0
A
50
A
75
A
100
A
80
B
70
73
Indicator’s Target and Low Benchmark
NO.
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.6.1
2.7.1
INDICATOR
Terrestrial Protected Areas
Marine Protected Areas
Forest Cover
Urban Green Areas
Urban Tree Planting
Fish Stocks Overexploited
Coastal Fishing Pressure
Pesticide Regulation Compliance
GHG Emissions per Capita
CODE
TPA
MPA
FOC
UGA
UTP
FSO
CFP
PRC
GHGC
2.7.2 Industrial GHG Emissions
GHGI
2.7.3 Transportation GHG Emissions
GHGT
2.7.4
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3.1
GHGW
EIG
NDWC
DWC
ENA
ENB
ENC
Solid Waste GHG Emissions
Electricity Intensity per GDP
Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP
Domestic Water Consumption per Capita
Environmental Awareness
Environmental Behaviour
Environmental Compliance
TARGET
Unit
Protected forest area (%)
Protection Achieved (%)
Forested land area (%)
m2 per cap
% of tree planting
FSO Score
CFP Score
% of compliance
GHG Emissions (kg/cap)
Tonnes/ Industrial GDP (RM
Million)
CO2 per Cap (Kg per capita)
kg CO2 eq/day/cap
GWh/GDP (RM Million)
m3/GDP (RM Million)
liter/cap/day
% of environmental awareness
% of environmental behaviour
% of compliance
EPI 2014
17%
10%
50%
20
100%
0
0
100%
1,260
Cont’d
LOW BENCHMARK
TYPE
EPI 2014
A
0.2
A
4
A
0.2
A
0.45
A
1
B
30
B
2,720
A
90
B
10,500
187.01
B
700
1,149.40
B
6,100
0.380225
0.1584
2,000
200
100%
100%
100%
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
0.47
0.25
3,550
470
45
35
75
74
STAR RATING
Star Rating based on range of PTT
and aggregation score values
PTT or Aggregation
Score Values
90.0 ≤ PTT ≤ 100.0
Star
Colour Status
Rating
Excellent
5
80.0 ≤ PTT < 90.0
4
Good
60.0 ≤ PTT < 80.0
3
Fair
40.0 ≤ PTT < 60.0
2
Poor
0 ≤ PTT < 40.0
1
Very Poor
75
Environmental Health
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever (IDF)
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate (TMR)
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply (CSW)
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas (RWS)
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities (ASF)
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas (ISR)
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration (PM10)
1.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone concentration (GLO)
1.3.3 Air Quality Index (AQI)
1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita (MWG)
1.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per Industrial GDP (HWG)
76
Ecosystem Vitality
2.1.1
Sulfur Dioxide Concentration (SO2)
2.1.2
Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration (NOX)
2.2.1
River Water Quality (RWQ)
2.2.2
Marine Water Quality Index (MWQI)
2.3.1
Terrestrial Protected Areas (TPA)
2.3.2
Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
2.4.1
Forest Cover (FOC)
2.4.2
Urban Green Areas (UGA)
2.4.3
Urban Tree Planting (UTP)
77
Ecosystem Vitality
2.5.1
Fish Stocks Overexploited (FSO)
2.5.2
Coastal Fishing Pressure (CFP)
2.6.1
Pesticide Regulation Compliance (PRC)
2.7.1
GHG Emissions per Capita (GHGC)
2.7.2
Industrial GHG Emissions (GHGI)
2.7.3
Transportation GHG Emissions (GHGT)
2.7.4
Solid Waste GHG Emissions (GHGW)
78
Socioeconomic Sustainability
3.1.1 Electricity Intensity per GDP (EIG)
3.1.2 Non-domestic Water Consumption per GDP (NDWC)
3.1.3 Domestic Water Consumption per Capita (DWC)
3.2.1 Environmental Awareness (ENA)
3.2.2 Environmental Behaviour (ENB)
3.3.1 Environmental Compliance (ENC)
79
WEIGHT ASSIGNMENT
Why Assign Weight?
• Reflects relative importance of each index metric
• each indicator has different impact, importance and policy
implications
• Change of impotance over time
• environmental indicators are not equal in importance at all
times
• No commonly accepted methodology to assign weights
• Based on expert opinion
80
Weight Assignment
Objective
Policy Category
Note: all indicators in a policy category carry equal weight
81
WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (POLICY CATEGORIES)
Comparison of the policy category weight distribution between 2012 Malaysia EPI
and 2014 Malaysia EPI
82
Aggregation of Indicators
Raw data
Set Target and Low
Benchmark
Calculation of proximity-totarget (PTT)
Aggregation of Indicators to Policy Category
Policy category score = ∑(PTT score)/ (number of indicators in the policy category)
Materiality Filter (e.g Landlocked states): for an indicator where data is not
applicable, the weight is transferred to other indicators in the same policy category
and the total PTT score is divided by total number of applicable indicators.
Aggregation of Policy Category to Objective
Objective score = ∑ [(policy category score) x (policy category weight/100)]
Aggregation of Objective to Index
EPI score = ∑ (Objective score)
84
AGGREGATION OF INDICATORS SCORE
INTO POLICY CATEGORY SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
Policy category score = ∑(PTT score)/ (number of indicators in the policy category)
INDICATOR
No.
Name of Indicator
POLICY CATEGORY
Weight
(%)
PTT
Score
1
1.1.1 Incidents of Dengue Fever
3.59
89.8
2
1.1.2 Toddler Mortality Rate
3.59
50.0
3
1.2.1 Access to Connected Water Supply
1.86
96.0
4
1.2.2 Access to Clean Water For Rural Areas
1.86
95.4
5
1.2.3 Access to Sewerage Facilities
1.86
62.2
6
1.2.4 Improved Sanitation for Rural Areas
1.86
91.4
7
1.3.1 Population Weighted PM10 Concentration
2.53
61.4
2.53
37.7
2.53
71.8
3.59
90.1
3.59
90.1
8
9
1.3.2 Population Weighted Ground Level Ozone
Concentration
1.3.3 Air Quality Index
10 1.4.1 Municipal Waste Generation Per Capita
11
1.4.2 Hazardous Industrial Waste Generation per
Industrial GDP
Name of Policy Category
Weight
(%)
Aggregation of
Indicators into Policy
Category Score
1.1 Environmental Burden of Disease
7.18
69.90
1.2 Water Effects on Human
7.44
86.24
1.3 Air Pollution Effects on Human
7.60
56.97
1.4 Waste
7.18
90.10
Note: State of Pahang
85
AGGREGATION OF POLICY CATEGORY
SCORE INTO OBJECTIVE SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
Objective score = ∑ [(policy category score) x (policy category weight/100)]
POLICY CATEGORY
OBJECTIVE
Aggregation of Policy
Category into
Objective Score
Name of Policy Category
Weight
(%)
Aggregation of
Indicators into Policy
Category Score
1.1 Environmental Burden of Disease
7.18
69.90
5.02
1.2 Water Effects on Human
7.44
86.24
6.42
Objective
1. Environmental
Health (29.41%)
Objective
Score
22.24
1.3 Air Pollution Effects on Human
7.60
56.97
4.33
1.4 Waste
7.18
90.10
6.47
Note: State of Pahang
86
AGGREGATION OF OBJECTIVE SCORE
INTO THE EPI SCORE
(2014 Malaysia EPI)
EPI score = ∑ (Objective score)
OBJECTIVE
Objective
Objective Score
1. Environmental Health (29.41%)
22.24
2. Ecosystem Vitality (48.89%)
40.07
3. Socioeconomic Sustainability (21.70%)
19.71
EPI Score
82.01
Note: State of Pahang
87
2014 Malaysia EPI Results
STAR
RATING &
RANKING
2014
MALAYSIA EPI
RESULTS
•
•
•
•
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE
PROFILE
TRENDS
•
•
•
•
Index
Objective
Policy Category
Indicators
•Bar Chart
•Spiders Web
Index
Objective
Policy Category
Indicators
88
2014 Malaysia EPI Results
STATES PROFILE (BAR-CHART)
Pahang
Selangor
Sabah
Kelantan
Sarawak
Perak
Kedah
Melaka
Johor
Putrajaya
Terengganu
Pulau Pinang
Negeri Sembilan
Perlis
Labuan
Kuala Lumpur
89
2014 MALAYSIA EPI
90
Pahang
(69.9 {IDF: 89.8; TMR: 50.0})
(97.6 {ENC: 97.6})
(81.3 {ENA: 92.7;
ENB: 69.9})
(86.2 {CWS: 96.0; RWS: 95.4;
ASF: 62.2; ISR: 91.4})
(57.0 {PM10: 61.4;
GLO: 37.7; AQI: 71.8})
(93.5 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 80.4;
DWC: 100})
(90.1 {MWG: 90.1;
HWG: 90.1})
(89.7 {SO2: 92.9;
NOX: 86.4})
(89.9 {GHGC: 81.7;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 77.8})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(77.1 {RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 54.2})
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(75.2 {FSO: 56.7; CFP: 93.7})
(41.5 {FOC: 100; UGA: 10.3; UTP: 14.2})
91
Sabah
(87.7 {IDF: 95.3; TMR: 80.1})
(71.5 {ENC: 71.5})
(68.4 {ENA: 77.0;
ENB: 59.7})
(57.2 {CWS: 72.0; RWS: 64.8;
ASF: 67.9; ISR: 24.3})
(74.2 {PM10: 64.8;
GLO: 66.8; AQI: 91.0})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(99.8 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 99.5})
(89.3 {SO2: 91.6;
NOX: 87.0})
(97.7 {GHGC: 94.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 96.8})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(79.4{RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 58.7})
(63.2 {TPA: 100; MPA: 26.4})
(76.3 {FSO: 53.3; CFP: 99.3})
(39.3 {FOC: 100; UGA: 13.8; UTP: 4.2})
92
Sarawak
(79.5 {IDF: 88.9; TMR: 70.0})
(89.5 {ENC: 89.5})
(62.8 {ENA: 76.4;
ENB: 49.2})
(84.0 {CWS: 87.6; RWS: 89.3;
ASF: 85.7; ISR: 73.5})
(66.9 {PM10: 62.1;
GLO: 57.1; AQI: 81.4})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(98.9 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 97.8})
(88.6 {SO2: 94.0;
NOX: 83.1})
(85.7 {GHGC: 73.9;
GHGI: 81.4; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 87.4})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(58.8 {RWQ: 80.6;
MWQI: 37.1})
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.1})
(71.1 {FSO: 43.3; CFP: 98.9})
(66.7 {FOC: 100; UGA: 100; UTP: 0.0})
93
Kedah
(80.6 {IDF: 91.1; TMR: 70.0})
(81.6 {ENC: 81.6})
(66.9 {ENA: 75.9;
ENB: 57.9})
(88.3 {CWS: 96.6; RWS: 92.7;
ASF: 67.9; ISR: 95.9})
(56.7 {PM10: 58.6;
GLO: 45.2; AQI: 66.2})
(82.0 {EIG: 75.8;
NDWC: 79.4;
DWC: 90.7})
(81.1 {MWG: 85.6;
HWG: 76.7})
(88.9 {SO2: 96.1;
NOX: 81.6})
(90.0 {GHGC: 86.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 73.6})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(78.7 {RWQ: 96.8;
MWQI: 60.7})
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(82.0 {FSO: 80.0; CFP: 84.0})
(27.9 {FOC: 72.9; UGA: 6.8; UTP: 3.8})
94
Johor
(64.6 {IDF: 69.1; TMR: 60.0})
(92.3 {ENC: 92.3})
(64.2 {ENA: 73.6;
ENB: 54.7})
(89.9 {CWS: 99.6; RWS: 98.5;
ASF: 63.6; ISR: 98.0})
(43.6 {PM10: 43.7;
GLO: 36.0; AQI: 51.1})
(76.9 {EIG: 39.3;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 91.5})
(90.4 {MWG: 95.7;
HWG: 85.1})
(74.2 {SO2: 74.2;
NOX: 74.1})
(84.2 {GHGC: 67.3;
GHGI: 92.6; GHGT:
93.8; GHGW: 83.0})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(61.0 {RWQ: 68.8;
MWQI: 53.3})
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(67.1 {FSO: 43.3; CFP: 90.9})
(53.3 {FOC: 48.9; UGA: 11.1; UTP: 100})
95
Terengganu
(69.0 {IDF: 88.0; TMR: 50.0})
(99.9 {ENC: 99.9})
(58.7 {ENA: 69.3;
ENB: 48.0})
(81.8 {CWS: 92.0; RWS: 90.0;
ASF: 54.7; ISR: 90.7})
(44.2 {PM10: 33.5;
GLO: 48.0; AQI: 50.9})
(71.8 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 19.4;
DWC: 95.9})
(42.2 {MWG: 72.2;
HWG: 12.2})
(91.3 {SO2: 92.5;
NOX: 90.1})
(86.5 {GHGC: 84.8;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 61.2})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(69.4 {RWQ: 99.1;
MWQI: 39.7})
(100 {TPA: 100; MPA: 100})
(79.9 {FSO: 70.0; CFP: 89.9})
(49.6 {FOC: 100; UGA: 11.7; UTP: 37.0})
96
Negeri Sembilan
(72.6 {IDF: 75.1; TMR: 70.0})
(95.1 {ENC: 95.1})
(56.1 {ENA: 68.5;
ENB: 43.6})
(95.4 {CWS: 99.8; RWS: 99.4;
ASF: 85.7; ISR: 96.9})
(28.3 {PM10: 42.0;
GLO: 15.4; AQI: 27.5})
(71.1 {EIG: 69.2;
NDWC: 54.2;
DWC: 90.0})
(88.2 {MWG: 80.5;
HWG: 95.9})
(75.4 {SO2: 78.0;
NOX: 72.9})
(83.7 {GHGC: 65.7;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 68.9})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(75.1 {RWQ: 88.4;
MWQI: 61.8})
(79.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 58.1})
(100 {FSO: 100; CFP: 100})
(22.1 {FOC: 47.4; UGA: 7.3; UTP: 11.6})
97
Labuan
(83.4 {IDF: 96.7; TMR: 70.0})
(97.5 {ENC: 97.5})
(78.2 {ENA: 88.6;
ENB: 67.8})
(62.9 {CWS: 100; RWS: 64.8;
ASF: 62.4; ISR: 24.3})
(70.4 {PM10: 70.6;
GLO: 49.4; AQI: 91.2})
(73.0 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 19.0;
DWC: 100})
(98.6 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 97.1})
(95.8 {SO2: 97.3;
NOX: 94.3})
(97.7 {GHGC: 94.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 96.8})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(56.4 {RWQ: N/A;
MWQI: 56.4})
(50.0 {TPA: 0.0; MPA: 100})
(44.6 {FSO: 83.3; CFP: 5.8})
(3.9 {FOC: 0.0; UGA: 11.7; UTP: 0.0})
98
Selangor
(33.7 {IDF: 7.4; TMR: 60.0})
(96.8 {ENC: 96.8})
(66.0 {ENA: 76.7;
ENB: 55.4})
(89.7 {CWS: 99.6; RWS: 100;
ASF: 68.6; ISR: 90.6})
(32.6 {PM10: 37.9;
GLO: 26.0; AQI: 34.0})
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(98.3 {MWG: 100;
HWG: 96.5})
(63.5 {SO2: 76.0;
NOX: 50.9})
(90.0 {GHGC: 71.8;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 88.1})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(62.5 {RWQ: 79.4;
MWQI: 45.7})
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.0})
(64.3 {FSO: 53.3; CFP: 75.3})
(56.9 {FOC: 63.1; UGA: 7.6; UTP: 100})
99
Kelantan
(65.5 {IDF: 81.0; TMR: 50.0})
(96.8 {ENC: 96.8})
(65.0 {ENA: 74.2;
ENB: 55.8})
(48.4 {CWS: 23.0; RWS: 56.8;
ASF: 21.3; ISR: 92.4})
(57.2 {PM10: 57.2;
GLO: 63.1; AQI: 51.3})
(100 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 100})
(93.3 {MWG: 88.9;
HWG: 97.7})
(91.1 {SO2: 94.3;
NOX: 87.9})
(86.8 {GHGC: 94.4;
GHGI: 76.2; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 76.7})
(83.5 {PRC: 83.5})
(65.8 {RWQ: 100;
MWQI: 31.5})
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0})
(30.4 {FSO: 30.0; CFP: 30.8})
(36.4 {FOC: 100; UGA: 0.1; UTP: 9.1})
100
Perak
(63.5 {IDF: 77.0; TMR: 50.0})
(89.1 {ENC: 89.1})
(68.8 {ENA: 80.6;
ENB: 57.0})
(85.6 {CWS: 99.2; RWS: 89.2;
ASF: 58.8; ISR: 95.0})
(35.1 {PM10: 40.5;
GLO: 13.7; AQI: 51.1})
(84.5 {EIG: 66.1;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.4})
(76.1 {MWG: 88.3;
HWG: 63.9})
(84.7 {SO2: 92.2;
NOX: 77.3})
(81.4 {GHGC: 76.9;
GHGI: 72.8; GHGT:
99.6; GHGW: 76.2})
(88.3 {PRC: 88.3})
(67.7 {RWQ: 98.5;
MWQI: 37.0})
(50.0 {TPA: 100; MPA: 0.0})
(47.1 {FSO: 63.3; CFP: 31.0})
(40.0 {FOC: 99.7; UGA: 6.8; UTP: 13.4})
101
Melaka
(60.4 {IDF: 60.8; TMR: 60.0})
(98.2 {ENC: 98.2})
(69.8 {ENA: 72.8;
ENB: 66.8})
(93.0 {CWS: 100; RWS: 100;
ASF: 71.9; ISR: 100})
(24.8 {PM10: 26.3;
GLO: 31.5; AQI: 16.7})
(67.9 {EIG: 77.5;
NDWC: 39.8;
DWC: 86.3})
(94.5 {MWG: 90.6;
HWG: 98.4})
(76.4 {SO2: 75.8;
NOX: 77.1})
(85.4 {GHGC: 66.4;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
96.9; GHGW: 78.2})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(40.4 {RWQ: 74.4;
MWQI: 6.4})
(10.1 {TPA: 17.4; MPA: 2.9})
(100 {FSO: 100; CFP: 100})
(37.9 {FOC: 6.2; UGA: 7.6; UTP: 100})
102
Putrajaya
(73.5 {IDF: 67.0; TMR: 80.1})
(75.4 {CWS: 100; RWS: N/A;
ASF: 50.9; ISR: N/A})
(N/A)
(63.2 {ENA: 70.5;
ENB: 56.0})
(33.6 {PM10: 56.0;
GLO: 14.1; AQI: 30.5})
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(100 {MWG: 100;
HWG: N/A})
(69.6 {SO2: 81.2;
NOX: 58.0})
(86.7 {GHGC: 71.8;
GHGI: N/A; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 88.1})
(87.6 {RWQ: 87.6;
MWQI: N/A})
(N/A)
(0.2 {TPA: 0.2; MPA: N/A})
(N/A)
(62.8 {FOC: 13.7; UGA: 100; UTP: 74.8})
103
Pulau Pinang
(77.8 {IDF: 85.6; TMR: 70.0})
(99.3 {ENC: 99.3})
(61.6 {ENA: 71.2;
ENB: 52.0})
(90.6 {CWS: 99.8; RWS: 92.4;
ASF: 73.0; ISR: 97.1})
(38.7 {PM10: 48.2;
GLO: 24.1; AQI: 43.8})
(70.7 {EIG: 58.8;
NDWC: 88.9;
DWC: 64.4})
(85.9 {MWG: 84.3;
HWG: 87.4})
(77.3 {SO2: 85.9;
NOX: 68.8})
(74.3 {GHGC: 46.4;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
78.2; GHGW: 72.5})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(49.0 {RWQ: 65.3;
MWQI: 32.8})
(16.9 {TPA: 33.8; MPA: 0.0})
(76.0 {FSO: 66.7; CFP: 85.4})
(6.0 {FOC: 14.7; UGA: 3.3; UTP: 0.0})
104
Perlis
(49.6 {IDF: 79.2; TMR: 20.0})
(81.1 {ENC: 981.1})
(60.7 {ENA: 71.6;
ENB: 49.9})
(83.5 {CWS: 99.0; RWS: 93.6;
ASF: 49.2; ISR: 92.3})
(56.8 {PM10: 58.1;
GLO: 47.3; AQI: 65.0})
(79.5 {EIG: 53.9;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 84.4})
(82.1 {MWG: 70.6;
HWG: 93.6})
(93.1 {SO2: 97.9;
NOX: 88.3})
(61.2 {GHGC: 83.0;
GHGI: 2.2; GHGT:
100; GHGW: 59.7})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(59.8 {RWQ: 99.0;
MWQI: 20.5})
(39.8 {TPA: 79.7; MPA: 0.0})
(52.2 {FSO: 50.0; CFP: 54.4})
(12.2 {FOC: 28.7; UGA: 7.9; UTP: 0.0})
105
Kuala Lumpur
(68.5 {IDF: 67.0; TMR: 70.0})
(96.8 {CWS: 100; RWS: N/A;
ASF: 93.5; ISR: N/A})
(93.21 {ENC: 93.21})
(59.3 {ENA: 65.1;
ENB: 53.3})
(24.5 {PM10: 45.8;
GLO: 6.7; AQI: 21.1})
(95.7 {EIG: 100;
NDWC: 100;
DWC: 87.0})
(53.2 {MWG: 7.6;
HWG: 98.8})
(69.2 {SO2: 84.0;
NOX: 54.3})
(25.6 {GHGC: 0.2;
GHGI: 100; GHGT:
0.8; GHGW: 1.4})
(100 {PRC: 100})
(39.0 {RWQ: 39.0;
MWQI: N/A})
(0.2 {TPA: 0.2; MPA: N/A})
(N/A)
(13.2 {FOC: 13.7; UGA: 24.4; UTP: 1.4})
106
STAR RATING PROFILE BY STATE
Objective
2014 Malaysia EPI
State
Pahang
Sabah
Sarawak
Kedah
Johor
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
F.T. Labuan
Selangor
Kelantan
Perak
Melaka
F.T. Putrajaya
Pulau Pinang
Perlis
F.T. Kuala Lumpur
Score Target
Score
(%)
82.0
78.8
78.8
78.8
75.7
74.4
74.2
72.6
71.4
69.5
68.8
68.4
68.0
66.1
65.3
Star
Rating
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
55.9
2
100.0
Environmental
Health
Score
Star
(%)
Rating
75.6
3
79.5
3
82.1
4
76.5
3
71.9
3
59.3
2
70.8
3
78.6
3
63.4
3
65.8
3
64.9
3
67.8
3
70.2
3
72.9
3
68.0
3
60.6
3
29.4
Ecosystem Vitality
Score
(%)
81.9
78.0
74.5
81.1
77.1
82.4
76.4
64.3
69.7
63.7
65.8
64.3
61.7
57.1
59.8
Star
Rating
4
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
41.1
2
48.9
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Score
Star
(%)
Rating
90.8
5
79.9
3
84.1
4
76.8
3
77.8
3
76.9
3
74.2
3
83.0
4
86.2
4
87.3
4
80.8
4
78.7
3
79.4
3
77.3
3
73.8
3
82.7
4
21.7
107
States ranking in 2014 Malaysia EPI
State
Pahang
Sabah
Sarawak
Kedah
Johor
Terengganu
Negeri Sembilan
F.T. Labuan
Selangor
Kelantan
Perak
Melaka
F.T. Putrajaya
Pulau Pinang
Perlis
F.T. Kuala Lumpur
Score Target
2014 Malaysia
EPI
Score
(%)
82.01
78.84
78.81
78.80
75.74
74.39
74.23
72.56
71.41
69.46
68.78
68.45
68.04
66.14
65.26
55.87
100
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Environmental
Health
Score
Rank
(%)
75.65
5
79.47
2
82.12
1
76.49
4
71.90
7
59.30
16
70.76
8
78.56
3
63.39
14
65.81
12
64.85
13
67.79
11
70.16
9
72.92
6
67.99
10
60.57
15
29.4
Objective
Ecosystem
Vitality
Score
Rank
(%)
81.93
2
78.01
4
74.48
7
81.06
3
77.11
5
82.38
1
76.36
6
64.35
10
69.68
8
63.74
12
65.80
9
64.30
11
61.72
13
57.12
15
59.85
14
41.13
16
48.9
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Score
Rank
(%)
90.81
1
79.87
8
84.07
4
76.83
14
77.84
11
76.86
13
74.16
15
82.95
5
86.18
3
87.27
2
80.82
7
78.69
10
79.41
9
77.28
12
73.76
16
82.70
6
21.7
Note: Scores are shown in two decimal points to differentiate States ranking.
108
Comparison of 2012 and 2014 Malaysia EPIs
*
Comparison based on 2014 Malaysia EPI targets, weight
assignment and low benchmark values
100.0
2012 EPI
2014 EPI
90.0
80.0
80.6
68.8
71.8
72.1
70.5
68.6
70.0
68.7
64.8
Score
60.0
50.0
EPI: Environmental Performance Index;
EH: Environmental Health
EV: Ecosystem Vitality
SS: Socioeconomic Sustainability)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
EPI
EH
EV
SS
109
Performance comparison of
Policy Category for 2012 and
2014 Malaysia EPI
EBD: Environmental Burden of Disease; WEH: Water Effects on Human; APH: Air Pollution Effects on Human; WST: Waste; APE: Air
Pollution Effects on Ecosystem; WEE: Water Effects on Ecosystem; B&H: Biodiversity and Habitat; FUG: Forest and Urban Green Areas; FIS:
Fisheries; A&L: Agriculture and Landuse; CLC: Climate Change; RSE: Resource Efficiency; EAB: Environmental Awareness & Behaviour; ENG:
Environmental Governance
110
Comparison of indicators proximity-totarget (PTT) performance between 2012
Malaysia EPI and 2014 Malaysia EPI
IDF: Incidents of Dengue Fever; TMR: Toddler Mortality rate; CWS: Access to connected water supply; RWS: Access to clean water for rural areas; ASF: Sewerage facilities;
ISR: Improved sanitation for rural areas; PM10: Population weighted PM10 concentration; GLO: Population weighted ground level ozone concentration; AQI: Air Quality
Index; MWG: Municipal waste generation per capita; HWG: Hazardous waste generation per industrial GDP; SO2: Sulfur dioxide concentration; NOX: Nitrogen oxides
concentration; RWQ: River water quality; MWQI: Marine Water Quality Index; TPA: Terrestrial protected areas; MPA: Marine protected areas; FOC: Forest cover;
UGA:Urban Green Areas; UTP: Urban Tree Planting; FSO: Fish Stock Overexploited ; CFP: Coastal Fishing Pressure; PRC: Pesticide Regulation Compliance; GHGC: GHG
Emissions per Capita; GHGI: Industrial GHG emissions; GHGT: Transportation GHG emissions; GHGW: Solid waste GHG emissions; EIG: Electricity Intensity per GDP; NDWC:
Non-domestic water consumption per GDP; DWC:Domestic water consumption per capita; ENA: Environmental awareness; ENB: Environmental behaviour; ENC:
Environmental compliance
111
Indicators performance and trends during
2005 - 2013
Environmental Health
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AQI: Air Quality Index
ASF: Sewerage facilities (2009 – 2013)
CWS: Access to connected water supply
GLO: Population weighted ground level ozone
concentration
HWG: Hazardous waste generation per industrial GDP.
IDF: Incidents of Dengue Fever (2009 – 2013)
ISR: Improved sanitation for rural areas
MWG: Municipal waste generation per capita
PM10: Population weighted PM10 concentration
RWS: Access to clean water for rural areas
TMR: Toddler Mortality rate (2005 – 2011)
112
Indicators performance and
trends during 2005 - 2013
Ecosystem Vitality
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CFP: Coastal Fishing Pressure
FOC: Forest cover
FSO: Fish Stock Overexploited (2010 – 2013)
GHGC: GHG Emissions per Capita (2010 – 2013)
GHGI: Industrial GHG emissions (2010 – 2013)
GHGT: Transportation GHG emissions (2010 – 2013)
GHGW: Solid waste GHG emissions
MPA: Marine protected areas
MWQI: Marine Water Quality Index (2011 – 2013)
NOX: Nitrogen oxides concentration
PRC: Pesticide Regulation Compliance
RWQ: River water quality
SO2: Sulfur dioxide concentration
TPA: Terrestrial protected areas
UGA: Urban Green Areas (2011 – 2013)
UTP: Urban Tree Planting (2006 – 2013)
113
Indicators performance and
trends during 2005 - 2013
Socioeconomic Sustainability
•
•
•
•
•
•
DWC: Domestic water
consumption per capita
EIG: Electricity Intensity per GDP
(2010 – 2013)
ENA: Environmental awareness
(2012 – 2014)
ENB: Environmental behaviour
(2012 – 2014)
ENC: Environmental compliance
NDWC: Non-domestic water
consumption per GDP
114
Poor* and very poor performing
indicators in 2014 Malaysia EPI
Objective
Environmental
Health
Policy Category
Air Pollution effects on
Human
Code
PTT Score and
Star Rating
PM10 Concentration
PM10
50.4
Ground Level Ozone
GLO
36.4
Air Quality Index
AQI
52.8
MWQI
42.5
Water Effects on
Ecosystem
Marine Water quality Index
Biodiversity & Habitat
Marine Protected Areas
MPA
42.0
Forest Cover
FOC
56.8
Urban Green Areas
UGA
20.7
Urban Tree Planting
UTP
29.3
ENB
56.1
Ecosystem Vitality
Forest & Green Areas
Socioeconomic
Sustainability
Indicator
Environmental Awareness
Environmental Behaviour
& Behaviour
*Note: poor and very poor performance refer to two star rating and one star rating performance, respectively.
116
MALAYSIA EPI WEBSITE
www.epi.utm.my
117
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environmental
Performance Index (EPI) for
Malaysia is funded by the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment (NRE) with the cooperation
of Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM).
The
Malaysia EPI working group acknowledges cooperation
and support from various
ministries, departments and
agencies of Malaysian Government as well as
environmental non-government organizations.
118
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. Economic Planning Unit Malaysia (EPU)
2. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia (NRE)
3. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry (MOA)
4. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA)
5. Ministry of Environment and Resource Planning Sarawak
6. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH)
7. Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities
8. Ministry of Rural and Regional Development Malaysia (KKLW)
9. Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
10. Ministry of Transport Malaysia (MOT)
11. Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
(KPKT)
12. Ministry of Works Malaysia
13. Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE)
14. Department of Agriculture Malaysia
15. Department of Agriculture Sarawak
16. Department of Drainage and Irrigation (DID)
17. Department of Fisheries Malaysia
18. Department of National Landscape Malaysia
19. Department of Statistics Malaysia
20. Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
21. Department of Wildlife Protection and National Parks
22. Biodiversity and Forestry Management Division, NRE
23. Energy Commission (EC)
24. Environment Protection Department, Sabah
25. Federal Town and Country Planning Department
26. Fisheries Development Authority Malaysia (LKIM)
27. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM)
28. Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM)
29. Forestry Department Sarawak
30. Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd.
31. Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD)
32. Land, Survey and Mapping Division, NRE
33. Malaysian Center for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MaGCDI)
34. Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (MGTC)
35. Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS)
36. Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency
37. Marine Park Department Malaysia
38. Mineral and Geoscience Division, NRE
39. National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia (NAHRIM)
40. National Hydrographic Centre (PHN)
41. National Solid Waste Management Department
42. National Water Services Commision (SPAN)
43. Public Works Department (PWD)
44. Road Transportation Department Malaysia
45. Sabah Agriculture Department
46. Sabah Forest Department
47. Sabah State Economic Planning Unit
48. Sarawak State Planning Unit
49. Solid Waste Management and Public Cleasing Corporation
(PPSPPA)
50. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA)
51. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
52. The Nuclear Agency of Malaysia
53. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
54. Water Resources Drainage and Hydrology Division, NRE
119
120