1
EDU5905 KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION PERGURUAN
EDU5905 PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION
KEGURUAN
KULIAH MINGGU 04:
PENDIDIKAN DAN TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN
DI MALAYSIA
Oleh:
Dr. Ramli Bin Basri
ramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my
Tel: 019 224 1332
3
EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
Content
1. Background and History of Malaysia
2. Education Prior to Independence
3. Formation of National Education System
4. Education Statistics
5. Education Development and Expenditure
4
INTRODUCTION
• Malaysia occupies the southernmost peninsula of
Southeast Asia and the northern one-third of Borneo
• It became a nation on September 16, 1963 when Sabah
and Sarawak joined Malaysia which had earlier gained
independence from the British on August 31, 1957 to
form a single federation
• Malaysia has a democratically elected Government with a
constitution monarch.
5
• Malaysia – multi-ethnic population
• Population
: 28.3 million
•
•
•
•
Peninsular Malaysia – 22.6 million
Sabah – 3.2 million
Sarawak – 2.5 million
Population Growth Rate : 2.0 %
Life Expectancy at Birth : Male – 71.67
Female – 76.46
Age Structure
0 – 14 years – 9.0 million
15 – 59 years – 17.3 million
60 years and above – 2.0 million
Labor force
: 12.142 million (42.9 % of population)
6
YEAR
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Real Growth Rate (%)
GDP
5.3
5.8
6.3
4.6
-1.0 ~ 1.0
Per Capita (USD)
GNP
5038
5694
6724
7738
6812
7
HISTORY
• Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511
• The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and conquered
Malacca in 1641
• After that it was the British who colonized all of Malaysia
(except for a brief period of Japanese occupation from
1941-1945).
8
EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE
1786-1957
• The British encouraged mass immigration of workers from
China and India to work in the tin mines and rubber
plantations respectively.
• Rapid urban development took place during the blooming
colonial economy
• The Malays remained in rural areas, urban areas were
dominated by the Chinese and a minority of Indians who
eventually controlled commerce and industry
9
EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE
1786-1957
Schools were established by
1. British colonial government
2. Moslem and Christians missionaries
3. Ethnic communities (Chinese, Malays, Indians)
10
EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE
1786-1957
Types of school
1. English schools
2. Vernacular schools
•
•
•
•
Malays
Chinese
Tamil
Islamic
11
EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE
1786-1957
Common features of schools
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Different curriculum
Different examinations
Different language of instruction
Different education philosophy and orientation
Decentralized (governance & finance)
12
FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
SYSTEM
1. Barnes Report (1951a)
– Recommended that all existing schools should be
transformed into National schools in which children of
the various ethnic groups would be taught through the
medium of instruction in Malay and English
– Not surprisingly, the Chinese saw the Barnes Committee
proposal as an attempt to eliminate their languages and
cultural identities and protested vehemently against it
13
FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
SYSTEM
2. Fenn–Wu Report 1957b
– Chinese schools to be retained and oriented to
Malayan education
– Provided under Education Ordinance 1952
3. Razak Report 1956
- National education system for national integration –
- Provided under Education Ordinance 1957
14
FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
SYSTEM
4. Rahman Talib Report 1961
– Policy English to Malay medium of instruction
– Provided under Education Act 1962
5.Cabinet Report 1979
- Current National Education System
- Provided under Education Act 1996
6.Private Higher Education Act 1996 – Liberalization
of higher education.
15
COMMON FEATURES OF NATIONAL
EDUCATION SYSTEM
1. National unity
2. National Language as main medium of instruction
(Mandarin in Chinese primary, Tamil in Indian primary
schools)
3. Common curriculum
4. Common examination
5. National education philosophy
6. Centralized ( governance and finance for govt.
16
institutions)
NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
• Pre-school
• Primary
• Lower Secondary
• Upper Secondary
• Post Secondary
• Higher Education
(Comprises govt, govt aided and private schools or education
institutions-exception: expatriate & international schools)
17
NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY
Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further
developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated
manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually,
spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious,
based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is
designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable
and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are
responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal wellbeing as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the
family, the society and the nation at large.
18
OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL EDUCATION
• To produce a loyal and united Malaysian nation
• To produce faithful, well-mannered, knowledgeable,
competent and prosperous individuals
• To produce the nation’s human resource for
development needs
• To provide educational opportunities for all Malaysians
19
EDUCATION SYSTEM
Preschool
Age = 4+ to 6+
Primary
Year 1 – 6
Age = 6+ to 11+
Lower Secondary
Form 1 - 3
Age = 12+ to 14+
 National
 National Type (Chinese)
 National Type (Tamil)
Remove
Class
(1 year)
Academic
Free & Compulsory
Education
Higher Education
Post
Secondary
Employment
Age = 17+ to 18+
Upper Secondary
Form 4 - 5
Age = 15+ to 16+
 Technical / Voc.
Polytechnic
Matriculation
 Academic
 Religious
College
 Sports
Form 6
 Arts
20
Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE
EDUCATION SYSTEM : EXAMINATION
Primary
Year 1 - 6
Lower
Secondary
UPSR
Primary School
Assessment
Form 1 - 3
PMR
Higher
Education
Lower
Secondary
Assessment
STPM
Malaysian Higher
School Certificate
STAM
Malaysian Higher
School Certificate
(Religious Education)
Post
Secondary
Form 6
Malaysian
SPM Certificate
Of Education
Upper
Secondary
Form 4 - 5
21
Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE
EDUCATION
STATISTICS
22
AVERAGE CLASS SIZE (AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER CLASS)
IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
(2005-2009)
Primary
Secondary
2005
31
32
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
2006
30
32
2007
30
31
2008
28
31
2009
28
30
23
PARTICIPATION RATES IN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT –
ASSISTED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY LEVELS OF
EDUCATION (2005-2009)
YEAR
2006
2007
2008
2009
PRIMARY
94.44
94.24
93.97
94.33
LOWER SECONDARY
85.03
84.75
86.31
86.51
UPPER SECONDARY
76.93
76.47
77.72
77.25
POST SECONDARY
35.61*
36.04*
16.58**
15.88**
8.82
8.55
UNIVERSITY
Excluding pre-school enrolment
* Note : Including enrolment under Ministry of Higher Education
* *Note : Enrolment under Ministry of Education only
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.
24
ENROLMENT IN PRE-SCHOOLS
2006 - 2009
Agency
2006
2007
2008
2009
MOE
106 290
132 209
149 178
154 682
ABIM
10 112
10 851
10 091
11 306
State Religious Department
25 316
23 842
22 919
24 768
National Unity Department
37 431
38 925
38 549
39 723
KEMAS
195 314
191 631
172 575
187 024
Private
306 731
339 536
339 542
362 264
Total
681 194
736 994
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.
732 854
779 767
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ENROLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
2006 - 2009
Type of Schools
National
2006
2007
2008
2009
2 394 813
2 412 229
2 401 187
2 371 209
National Type (C)
638 136
648 296
637 777
626 350
National Type (T)
101 882
105 389
108 176
108 867
Special Education
1 810
1 861
1 752
1 827
Special Model
nr
nr
1 096
1 055
Sports
nr
nr
3
3
Government-Aided
Religious Schools
nr
nr
4 099
4 463
3 136 641
3 167 775
3 154 090
3 113 774
Total
Note : Including enrolment of pre-schools and year 4-6 students in Special Model and Sports Schools
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
26
ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
2006 - 2009
Type of Schools
Regular
2006
2007
2008
2009
2 074 326
2 097 687
2 112 999
2 143 427
Fully Residential
33 234
33 729
33 289
34 088
Religious
39 227
39 090
38 865
38 530
Technical
69 302
69 427
69 006
59 406
Vocational
Special Education
214
688
758
773
651
10 293
11 715
11 948
7 181
996
977
921
866
Arts
nr
nr
343
497
Government –Aided Religious
School
nr
nr
42 581
47 041
2 228 066
2 253 383
2 310 725
2 331 901
Special Model
Sports
Total
Note : nr = no record
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
27
NUMBER OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
Type of Schools
2006
2007
2008
2009
National
5 777
5 783
5 788
5805
National Type (C)
1 288
1 289
1 290
1292
National Type (T)
523
523
523
523
Special Education
28
28
28
28
Government –Aided Religious
School
nr
nr
16
16
Total
nr = no record
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
7 616
7 623
7 645
7 664
28
NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
Type of Schools
2006
2007
2008
2009
Regular
1 831
1 840
1 845
1859
Fully Residential
54
54
54
57
Religious
55
55
55
55
4
4
4
4
90
90
90
90
Special Education
Technical
Vocational
Special Model
1
11
11
11
11
2
2
2
2
Arts
nr
2
2
2
Government –Aided Religious School
nr
nr
118
138
2 047
2 058
2 181
2 219
Sports
Total
nr = no record
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
29
PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2005-2009)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Primary
16.5
16.1
15.7
14.2
14
Secondary
16.2
16.2
15.5
14.5
13.7
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
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LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL
PRIMARY 1-3
Malay Language
English Language
Chinese ( Language & Communication )
Tamil ( Language & Communication )
Communication Arabic
Iban ( starting from Year 3 )
Semai ( starting from Year 3 )
Mathematics
Islamic Education
Moral Education
Science
Music Education
Visual Arts Education
Physical Education
Health Education
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, 2007.
PRIMARY 4-6
• Social Studies
• Civics &
Citizenship
Education
• Living Skills
31
LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL
CORE SUBJECTS
ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS
32
POST SECONDARY : MATRICULATION 2006-2009
2006
2007
2008
2009
Enrolment
21 000
24 700
23 340
20 930
Female (%)
12 684
(60.4%)
16 475
(66.7%)
15 485
(66.4%)
13 877
(66.3%)
Male (%)
8 316
(39.6%)
8 225
(33.3%)
7 855
(33.6%)
7 053
(33.7%)
Source: Matriculation Division, MOE
33
NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS IN
PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009
Graduate
Nongraduate
Untrained
& Others
Total
48 015
122 599
6 012
176 626
National Type (C)
5843
25 867
4 219
35 927
National Type (T)
1 418
5 655
1 568
8 641
Government –Aided Religious
School
60
85
219
364
Special Education
231
474
0
705
Total (Percentage)
55 567
(25%)
154 680
(70%)
12 018
(5%)
222 265
Type of Schools
National
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
34
NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009*
Type of Schools
Graduate
College
Untrained
& Others
Total
Regular**
128 320
13 783
8 257
150 360
Fully Residential
3 230
98
0
3 328
Religious
3 127
206
59
3 392
185
25
1
211
6 380
1 407
67
7 854
Sports
161
13
0
174
Special Model
776
115
56
947
Art
65
4
6
75
1 736
692
1 367
3 795
143 980
(84.6%)
16 343
(9.6%)
9 813
(5.8%)
170 136
Special Education
Technical
Government –Aided Religious
School
Total
**
Data exclude teachers (1) seconded to semi-government agencies, state religious schools and
other agencies, (2) teachers on study leave with full-pay or half-pay, and (3) teachers in pool
35
SCHOOL BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (2009)
Schools
Number of
Schools
Number of
Teachers
Enrolment
People Religious Primary Schools
26
758
8 220
People Religious Secondary Schools
93
1 734
23 911
8
224
3 094
State Religious Secondary Schools
65
2 889
62 128
MARA Junior Science Colleges
43
2 801
28 578
1
59
466
State Religious Primary Schools
Royal Military College
36
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE
INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN
HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
20 Public Universities
Level
Intake
Enrolment
Output
Matriculation
6,957
10,242
4,509
Certificate
1,470
1,349
166
Diploma
26,255
83,833
18,321
Bachelor
75,127
270,156
59,844
1,779
2,956
2,065
16,158
36,094
8,655
3,644
12,243
785
450
1,249
196
1,260
1,212
81
133,100
419,334
37
94,622
Post Grad Dip
Master
PhD
Profesional
Other
Sub Total
INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN
HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
Private HEI (37 Universities, 488 Non-Universities, Total 525)
Level
Intake
Enrolment
Output
Certificate
47,875
60,617
18,269
Diploma
91,483
177,773
32,685
Bachelor
43,261
151,591
26,590
2,924
8,540
962
303
1,331
55
185,846
399,852
78,561
Master
PhD
Sub Total
38
INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN
HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
27 Polytechnics
Level
Intake
Enrolment
Output
Certificate
15,019
30,861
13,723
Diploma
25,555
54,419
19,060
40,574
85,280
32,783
9,181
16,289
5,287
468
793
279
Sub Total
9,649
17,082
5,566
GRAND TOTAL
369,169
921,548
211,532
Sub Total
43 Community Colleges
Certificate
Diploma
39
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008
Universities
Intake
Enrolment
Graduates
University of Malaya
9 429
14 566
7 285
Science University of Malaysia
7 203
26 690
7 038
National University of Malaysia
8 344
26 698
6 749
Putra University of Malaysia
9 017
29 063
7 942
Technological University of Malaysia
8 595
38 892
9 205
Northern University of Malaysia
8 668
34 643
4 065
International Islamic University of
Malaysia
9 069
26 561
7 226
Sarawak University of Malaysia
1 986
6 687
1 593
Sabah University of Malaysia
4 514
16 848
3 312
Sultan Idris University of Malaysia
3 477
14 409
4 191
40
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008
Universities
Intake
Enrolment
Graduates
MARA University of Technology
48 046
129 219
27 475
Darul Iman University of Malaysia
1 650
5 029
1 443
Terengganu University of Malaysia
2 123
5 923
1 616
Islamic Science University of Malaysia
1 801
4 951
286
Tun Hussien Onn University of Malaysia
2 523
7 202
1 979
Malacca Technical University of Malaysia
2 009
5 860
1 265
Pahang University of Malaysia
1 724
5 484
876
Perlis University of Malaysia
1 614
5 302
654
Kelantan University of Malaysia
356
615
0
National Defence University of Malaysia
952
1 238
422
133 100
419 384
94 622
TOTAL
41
ENROLMENT BY LEVEL BY GENDER IN
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Level
Male
Matriculation
Female
Total
4,265
5,977
10,242
571
778
1,349
Diploma
34,940
49,887
83,833
Bachelor
101,715
168,441
270,156
1,008
1,948
2,956
17,063
19,031
36,094
7,526
4,717
12,243
Profesional
470
779
1,244
Other
777
435
1,212
167,341 (39.9%)
251,993 (60.1%)
419,334
Certificate
Post Grad Dip
Master
PhD
Total
42
ENROLMENT BY FIELD OF STUDY BY GENDER IN
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Field
Male
Female
Total
Education
12,628
28,828
38,690
Arts & Soc Science
61,033
126,350
171,912
Science
25,681
47,729
69,786
Technical
57,130
35,375
83,326
ICT
10,424
13,361
20,935
341
421
762
167,341
251,193
419,334
Other
Total
43
ACADEMIC STAFF IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Academic Staff
Institution
Number
Male
Female
Total
Public University
20
12,531
12,553
25,084
Private University
37
NA
NA
6,847
488
NA
NA
11,234
27
2,680
3,363
6,043
43
721
935
1,656
Pri Higher Educ Inst
Polytechnics
Community Coll
Total
615
50,864
44
EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN
2006-2010
SIX STRATEGIC THRUSTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nation Building
Human Capital Development
Strengthening National Schools
Reducing Education Gap
Improving the Prestige of the Teaching Profesion
Promoting Institutional Excellence
45
46
47
1. Establish National Committee and Pre-School
Div in MOE
2. National Pre-School Curriculum – 2010
3. Harmonise per capita grants
4. Improve quality of teachers and 30,000 new
teachers
5. Increase pre-school classes to 10,000
6. Increase public-private partneships
7. Develop pre-school information system
48
49
1. Screening of children 3 times a year – children placed
into LINUS or special education program
2. Develop new literacy and numeracy modules
3. LINUS training 17,000 teachers (2009-2010)
4. Building commitment of stakeholders
5. Intensive monitoring & supervision of bottom 10%
schools
6. Placement of expert facilitators at districts
50
51
1. Applicable to all government schools
2. Performance based on composite score, Grade
Point Average (70%) and Standard for Quality
Education Malaysia (30%)
3. All schools (10,000) will be ranked in
performance (2010 onwards)
4. Schools will be eligible for rewards based on
target performance rankings
5. Financial and non financial rewards
52
6. Financial rewards for teachers, head teachers
and principals
10% bottom performers will be provided with
training and mentoring or else tranfers or
voluntary seperation.
www.pemandu.gov.my/etp
53
54
1. Increase autonomy in decision making,
flexibility in adapting curriculum and
instruction methods, selection &
redeployment of teachers and funds
2. Financial incentives for schools, school leaders,
teachers and staff
3. Greater options for human capital dev
4. Option for high achievers to advance faster
55
SCHOOLS TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM
HIGH
PERFORMANCE
SCHOOLS
CLUSTERS OF
EXCELLENCE SCHOOLS
SCHOOLS
7,655 PRIMARY
2189 SECODARY
TOTAL 9,844
SCHOOL RATING:
1. Ethos
2. Character
3. Exceptional in all
aspects of
education
4. Academic
excellence
5. Recognitions
6. Alumni support
7. International
networking
1.
2.
3.
4.
INCENTIVES
Financial
Options on
human capital
development
Accelerated
promotion for
student
Promotion for
principal and
teachers
56
HIGHER EDUCATION STRATEGIC PLAN,
TOWARDS 2020
SEVEN STRATEGIC THRUSTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Increasing Access and Equity
Improving Teaching and Learning Quality
Enhancing Research and Innovation
Strengthening Higher Education Institutions
Increasing Internationalization
Enculturation of life long learning
Strengthening Delivery by Min of Higher Education.
57
ENHANCING PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
APEX UNIVERSITIES
World renown/top
class status
RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES
COMPREHENSIVE UNIVERSITIES
SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITIES
(Technical, Education,
Management, Defense)
•Research focused field
•Competitive entry
•Quality lecturers
• 50 undergrad: 50
postgrad
•Comprehensive field
•Competitive entry
•Quality lecturers
• 70 undergrad: 30
postgrad
•Specialized field
•Competitive entry
•Quality lecturers
• 70 undergrad: 30
postgrad
RATING
By 2020
One in world top 50
Three in world top
100
Current Status
One in world top 200
Three in world top
400
58
ENROLMENT BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION
FOR AGES 17-23 YEARS
Level
2003
2005
2007
2010
2015
2020
Post Sec
158,459
235,740
296,900
351,700
388,300
428,700
Pub Coll
140,999
200,100
234,200
250,500
304,800
370,800
Pub Univ
280,037
310,500
336,900
371,700
458,300
552,600
Pri HE
337,949
336,900
371,100
465,700
567,800
685,800
62,301
56,800
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
979,745
1,140,040
1,289,100
1,485,600
1,759,200
2,087,900
3,277,338
3,399,200
3,510,200
3,628,300
3,840,900
4,147,000
29
33
36
40
45
50
Overseas
Total
Pop 17-23 yrs
Percentage
59
EDUCATION EXPENDITURE
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
19.7
20.5
20.7
16.7
15.1
5.4
5.6
5.7
4.5
4.1
2.567
4.112
6.606
3.510
4.503
22.740
25.242
25.939
26.028
27.350
25.307
29.354
32.545
29.538
31.403
% Capital Exp
10
14
20
12
13
% Current Exp
90
86
80
88
87
% Educ Exp to Gov Exp
% Educ Exp to GNP
Capital Exp (RM Bilion)
Current Exp (RM
Bilion)
Total (RM Bilion)
60
Thank You…
61