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1.
2.
Autotrophic protists
Unicellular and multicellular -
Aquatic
Multicellular algae much like plants
Five phyla-
Chrysophyta (golden)
Pyrrophyta (fire)
3.
Rhodophyta (red)
4.
Phaeophyta (brown)
5.
Chlorophyta (Green) –
Modern plants believed to evolve from this algae
Volvox
Spirogyra

K
E
L
P
 Algae are very commercially useful
 Used to thicken everything from toothpaste to ice cream
 Kelp harvested every day on California coast
 Can grow a foot a day!! Can be 60 meters long!

Try to live without them!

 Autotrophic- produce food through photosynthesis
 multicelluar
 Have cell walls made of cellulose
 eukaryotic
 Green
 Non motile
 Limited communication
 Cuticle- waterproof coating with pores called stomata
 Adapted from green algae for life on land

Bristlecone Pine
Giant Sequoias

Monocots Dicots

Non Vascular Plants
 Non vascular - must transport water and nutrients by diffusion and osmosis as a result they have limited size and live in moist climates
 Like all plants they exhibit alternation of generations but gametophyte is the dominant form
 Three classes: Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts
(wort – Early English for plant)
Moss
Capsule

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Archegonium-the “female” gamete producing structure
Antheridium- the “male gamete” producing structure
Gametophyte- haploid plant that produces gametes
Sporophyte- diploid plant that produces spores

 Mosses are pioneer plants
 Sphagnum moss forms peat bogs source for peat moss and coal from ancient bogs

Vascular plants
 Vascular system found in all three structures roots, stems and leaves
 Xylem is the vascular tissue that transports water and minerals up from the roots
 Phloem is the vascular tissue that carries sugars and organic materials from the leaves where they are produced
 In vascular plants the sporophyte is the dominant generation

 Without seeds these plants reproduce sexually in moist environments
 Psilophyta- whisk ferns
 Sphenophyta- horsetails
 Lycophyta- club mosses
 Pterophyta- ferns
Club Moss

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Seeds allow plants to develop in unfavorable conditions reproduction doesn’t rely on moist environments
There are two types of seeded plants
 Gymnosperms produce their seeds in cones and generally keep their leaves all year
 Angiosperms produce flowers, bear their seeds in fruit and in general lose their leaves annually

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Means “naked seeded”
About 700 species
Conifers (cone bearer) by far the biggest group
(pines, spruces ,firs, cedars, redwoods)
Cycads ruled long ago,but today only 11 genra remain
 Ginkgoes are also living fossils, only one species remains

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Angiosperms are flowering plants
Of 250,000vascular plants 235,000 are angiosperms
Seeds enclosed in fruit
 Angiosperms are classified by the number of cotyledons in their seeds:
Monocots - one cotyledon
Dicots - two cotyledons

 Monocots and dicots also have other distinguishing characteristics
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Most woody plants are dicots
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Most herbaceous plants are monocots

first leaf or one of the first pair or leaves developed by the embryo of a seed plant