low Energy COnsumption NETworks
Towards energy efficient Internet Service
Providers – ECOnet Perspective
Constantinos Vassilakis
cvassilakis@grnet.gr
Greek Research and Technology Network
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Outline






Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
The ECONET Project
Energy consumption and energy efficiency
demand
Decomposing the Energy Consumption in the
Wired Network
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
ECONET approach
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET project



Increasing the energy efficiency and the sustainable
growth of our world is a global process where
Telecommunications technologies (and the ICTs in
general) play a key role.
But to obtain optimum results the process should
involve the “two faces of the same coin”:
– Green ICT – reducing the carbon footprint of ICT
– ICT for Green – using ICT for reducing third partywastes.
ECONET is dealing with the first aspect
– Focused on short and medium time exploitation
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET project
The Consortium
Participant organisation name
Short
name
Country
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni – UdR at DIST
University of Genoa (Coordinator)
CNIT
Italy
Mellanox Technologies
Alcatel Lucent
Manufacturers
Lantiq
Ericsson Telecomunicazioni S.p.A.
Telecom Italia
Operators
Greek Research & Technology Network
Research and Academic Computer Network
Dublin City University
VTT Technical Research Centre
Academic /research centers
Warsaw University of Technology
NetVisor
Ethernity
Small/Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
LightComm
InfoCom
MLX
ALU
LQDE
TEI
TELIT
GRNET
NASK
DCU
VTT
WUT
NVR
ETY
LGT
INFO
Israel
Italy
Germany
Italy
Italy
Greece
Poland
Ireland
Finland
Poland
Hungary
Israel
Italy
Italy
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5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET project

Goals: re-thinking and re-designing network
equipment towards more energy-sustainable
and eco-friendly technologies and perspectives.
 The overall idea is to introduce novel green network-specific
paradigms and concepts enabling the reduction of energy
requirements of wired network equipment by 50% in the
short/mid-term (and by 80% in the long run) with respect to
the business-as-usual scenario.
 To this end, the main challenge is to design, develop and
test novel technologies, integrated control criteria and
mechanisms for network equipment allowing energy
saving by dynamically adapting the device capacities and
consumptions to current traffic loads and user
requirements.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Energy consumption and energy
efficiency demand

There are two main motivations that drive the quest
for “green” ICT:
– the environmental one, which is related to the reduction of
wastes, in order to impact on CO2 emission;
– the economical one, which stems from the reduction of
operating costs (OPEX) of ICT services.
How much is 2% of CO2?
Gartner Group, Inc. (2007)
“The global information and communications
technology (ICT) industry accounts for
approximately 2% of global carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions, a figure equivalent to aviation.”
Note that the ICT sector raises much faster than aviation
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Energy consumption and energy
efficiency demand
The figures refer to the whole corporate consumption. As such, they account for numerous
sources, other than the operational absorption of the networking equipment (e.g., offices’
heating and lights). Notwithstanding, they give an idea of the general trend.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Energy consumption and energy
efficiency demand
Fixed network domain
GWh
Energy consumption
became a Key Issue
End of network
digitalization
Start of network
digitalization
New challenge on energy
saving
Start ADSL
deployment
Need of further actions
on TLC equipments
E TOT
End user appliances
Power Consumption
E TLC
‘84
‘88
‘92
‘96 ‘98
‘08 ‘10
Years
E TOT: total energy consumption from mains (TLC equipment, cooling, ausiliary systems)
E TLC: energy consumption of TLC equipment
Source: C. Bianco, F. Cucchietti, G. Griffa, ” Energy consumption trends in the Next Generation
Access Network - a Telco perspective, ” IEEE INTELEC 2007.
Electrical energy consumption evolution and future trends for TELIT’s fixed network. Source: Telecom Italia
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
The Wired Network
Typical access, metro and core device density and energy requirements in today’s typical
networks deployed by telcos, and ensuing overall energy requirements of access and
metro/core networks.
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F. Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of
Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures,” IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 223-244, 2nd Qr. 2011.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
High-end Routers
Estimate of power consumption sources in a generic platform of high-end IP router.
Source: R. Tucker, “Will optical replace electronic packet switching?”, SPIE Newsroom, 2007.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
Is the energy consumption currently load-dependent?
Daily traffic profile of core GRNET network router
(peering with GEANT)
Power consumption in GRNET core routers (24-hour period)
Network engineers only speak about the capacity of a device or of a link interface…
…as a matter of fact, device and link are specifically designed to work at the
maximum speed…
Source: The ECONET Consortium, ”End-user requirements, technology specifications and benchmarking
methodologies,” Deliverable 2.1.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
Is the energy consumption currently load-dependent?
1. There is no significant difference in
power consumption whether a port
is running at 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.
2. The switch power consumption is
increased by connecting a new link,
even if there is no data being
transmitted on this link.
Power Consumption of Cisco Catalyst 2970 Switch
3. The difference in power
consumption is quite low when a 1
Gbps link is fully utilized compared
to when it is zero utilized.
Source: K. Christensen, P. Reviriego, B. Nordman, M. Bennett, M. Mostowfi, J.A. Maestro,
"IEEE 802.3az: the road to energy efficient ethernet," IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol.48, no.11, pp.50-56, November 2010.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
Day & Night Traffic Profiles
Percentage w.r.t. peak
level. The profiles
exhibit regular, daily
cyclical traffic patterns
with Internet traffic
dropping at night and
growing during the day.
Traffic load fluctuation at peering links for about 40 ISPs from USA and Europe
Source: http://asert.arbornetworks.com/2009/08/what-europeans-do-at-night/
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
Energy wastes

Networks and devices are lightly utilized.
o Often peak loads during rush hours are generally much lower
than capacities of links and devices.
• It is well known that the «overdimensioning» is the best
design strategy for assuring QoS levels…
o Moreover, traffic loads follow well-known day & night
fluctuations.


On the other hand, the energy requirements of network
devices remain substantially flat according to their
workload.
Furthermore, networks are highly overprovisioned
/redundant to assure service availability.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
The largest part of undertaken
approaches regarding
engineered improvements is
funded on few base concepts,
which have been generally
inspired by energy-saving
mechanisms and power
management criteria that are
already partially available in
computing systems.
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, F. Davoli, F.
Cucchietti, “Energy Efficiency in the
Future Internet: A Survey of Existing
Approaches and Trends in EnergyAware Fixed Network Infrastructures,”
IEEE Communications Surveys &
Tutorials, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 223-244,
2nd Qr. 2011.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Re-engineering

Re-engineering approaches aim at:
– introducing and designing more energy-efficient
elements for network device architectures
– suitably dimensioning and optimizing the internal
organization of devices
– reducing their intrinsic complexity levels.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation


The dynamic adaptation of network/device resources
is designed to modulate capacities of packet
processing engines and of network interfaces, to
meet actual traffic loads and requirements.
This can be performed by using two power-aware
capabilities, namely, dynamic voltage scaling and idle
logic, which both allow the dynamic trade-off
between packet service performance and power
consumption.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation
Standard operations
Wakeup and sleeping times
Idle logic
Power scaling
Idle + power scaling
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
Increased service times
Wakeup and sleeping + increased service times
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation: Green Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 az)
First version: Adaptive Link Rate
proposed by Christensen and Nordman
Power (W)
15
Final Version: based on the “low power idle”
concept, proposed by Intel.
Idea: transmit data at the maximum
speed, and put the link to sleep when it
is idle.
LPI can possibly be
10
asynchronous
5
0
10
100
1000 10000
Link speed (Mb/sec)
Tw and Ts for 10 Gb/s in IEEE Std 802.3az-2010 are 4.48 μs and 2.88 μs, respectively
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
19
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation: SW routers & ACPI


In PC-based devices, the Advanced Configuration and
Power Interface (ACPI) provides a standardized interface
between the hardware and the software layers.
ACPI introduces two power saving mechanisms, which
can be individually employed and tuned for each core:
– Power States (C-states)
• C0 is the active power state
• C1 through Cn are processor sleeping or idle states (where
the processor consumes less power and dissipates less heat).
– Performance States (P-states)
• while in the C0 state, ACPI allows the performance of
the core to be tuned through P-state transitions.
P-states allow to modify the operating energy point of a
processor/core by altering the working frequency
and/or voltage, or throttling the clock.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation: SW routers & ACPI
[MHz]
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Ranieri, “Green Support for PC-based Software Router: Performance
Evaluation and Modeling”, Proc. IEEE ICC 2009, Dresden, Germany, June 2009. Best Paper Award.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
21
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Sleeping/Standby


Sleeping/standby approaches are used to smartly
and selectively drive unused network/device portions
to low standby modes, and to wake them up only if
necessary.
However,
– since today’s networks and related services and
applications are designed to be continuously and always
available,
– standby modes have to be explicitly supported with special
techniques able to maintain the “network presence” of
sleeping nodes/components.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Sleeping/Standby: Proxying the Network Presence



Scenario: networked hosts (PCs, consumer electronics,
etc.);
Problem: when an end-host enters standby mode, it
freezes all network services, and it is not able to maintain
its network presence;
Idea: introduce a Network Connection Proxy (NCP),
which is devoted to maintain the network presence of
sleeping hosts.
Source: M. Allman, K. Christensen, B. Nordman, V. Paxson, “Enabling
I want to
sleep
Zzzzz…
an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected
End Systems,” Proc. ACM SIGCOMM HotNets, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2007.
Wakeup/sleep
messages
Sleeping host
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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Applicationspecific messages
Continuous and
full connectivity
NCP
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Internet
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Sleeping/Standby: Proxying the Network Presence



Scenario: Core Networks
Idea: put links, interfaces and part of nodes (e.g., linecards) to sleep
Problem: Network stability, convergence times at multiple
levels (e.g., MPLS traffic engineering + IP routing)
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Cianfrani, M. Listanti, “Putting Backbone Networks to Sleep,” IEEE
Network Magazine, Special Issue on “Green Networking”, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 26-31, March/April 2011.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Sleeping/Standby: Proxying the Network Presence

Solution: they exploited two features already present
in today’s networks and devices:
– network resource virtualization
– modular architecture of network nodes.

This approach allows to:
– Put physical resources to sleep (e.g., links, linecards, etc.);
– Move the logical entities working on physical elements
going to sleep, to other physical elements on the device.

If suitable L2 protocols are used, the complexity of
standby management can be hidden from the IP
layer, and totally managed inside traffic engineering
procedures.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Green network-wide control: Traffic engineering & routing


Standby states have usually much lower
energy requirements than active states.
Network-wide control strategies (i.e., routing
and traffic engineering) give the possibility of
moving traffic load among network nodes.
When a network is under-utilized, we can
move network load on few “active” nodes,
and put all the other ones in standby.
– Different network nodes can have heterogeneous
energy capabilities and profiles.

Recent studies, obtained with real data from
Telcos (topologies and traffic volumes)
suggested that network-wide control
strategies could cut the overall energy
consumption by more than 23%.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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Performance scaling
Power Consumption

GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Standby
state
Energy-aware state
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Green network-wide control: Traffic engineering & routing
Only local control policies
Local + network-wide control policies
Once network devices will include energy management primitives, further
energy reduction will be possible by moving traffic flows among the network
nodes, in order to minimize the energy consumption of the entire infrastructure.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET approach
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET approach
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET approach
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET approach
Green Abstraction Layer
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
The ECONET approach
FP7-ICT-258454
D2.2
ECONET Test Bench
@ TELIT Test Plant
5.2.1.1 TELIT Testbed
The chain that will be created in the TELIT test plant will reproduce a complete
telecommunication network from the backbone transport to the final customer devices.
In order to guarantee the correct devices’ configuration and the appropriate interconnection among them, the chain will be realized with the presence and the contribution of all the partners
who have provided the nodes of the network.
The scheme of the test network is shown in Figure 32.
home
Core/transport
LQDE
GbE
VDSL +
vectoring
MLX
TEI
ETY
ETY
1x10GbE
LQDE + INFO
metro
CNIT/MLX/DCU
ALU*
1x1GbE
1x1GbE
1x10GbE
ADSL
1x10GbE
1x10GbE
1x10GbE
GbE
1x1GbE
ALU*
1x1GbE
VDSL
GbE
MLX
CNIT/MLX/DCU
ETY
24xGbE
1x10GbE
1x1GbE
1x1GbE
ETY
LQDE
1x10GbE
INFO
access
1x10GbE?
ALU*
Multiple nodes will
be realized by
virtualizing the
data-plane of two
physical nodes
Optional Data-center emulation
Figure 32: Scheme of the chain that will be used in the testbed.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
TheEnvironmental
test will be performed
measuring
the consumption
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in
Policybyand
Practice
of the entire network while the
appropriate traffic (as defined in section 4.2) is generated and sent into the network. All the nodes
Potential Impact on the Wired Network

The previously mentioned green technologies allow designing newgeneration network devices characterized by “energy profiles”
Reference: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, D. Suino, C. Vassilakis, A.
Zafeiropoulos, “Cutting the Energy Bills of Internet Service Providers and
Telecoms through Power Management: an Impact Analysis”, Elsevier
Computer Networks, Special Issue on “Green Communication Networks”, to
appear
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5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
TELIT reference scenario
2015-2020 network forecast: device density and energy requirements
(example based on Italian network)
Home
Access
Metro/transport
Core
power consumption (Wh) number of devices
10
17,500,000
1,280
27,344
6,000
1,750
10,000
175
overall consumption (GWh/year)
1,533
307
92
15
Sources: 1) BroadBand Code of Conduct V.3 (EC-JRC) and “inertial” technology improvements to 2015-2020 (home and access cons.)
2) Telecom Italia measurements and evaluations (power consumption of metro/core network and number of devices)
Network load statistics and topology data
target
Home/Access
customers per DSLAM
average usage of a network access
average traffic when a user is connected
640
30%
10%
Metro/Transport/Core
redundancy degree for metro/transport devices
13%
redundancy degree for core devices
100%
redundancy degree of metro/transport device
links
100%
redundancy degree of core device links
50%
average traffic load in metro networks
40%
average traffic load in core networks
40%
Source: forecast based on: carrier grade topologies; traffic
analysis and indicators (ETSI TR 102530, ODYSSEE) and projected
traffic load.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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standby efficiency
85%
performance scaling efficiency
50%
network-wide control efficiency
20%
air cooling/power supply efficiency
15%
Sources: BroadBand Code of Conduct V.3 (EC-JRC) and technology
improvements to 2015-2020.
Device internal sources of energy consumption
Data Plane Control Plane Cooling/Power Supply
Home
79%
3%
18%
Access
84%
3%
13%
Metro/transport
73%
13%
14%
Core
54%
11%
35%
Sources: Information from vendors.
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
TELIT network topology and traffic profiles
TO
SV
MO
BO
100%
VE
VR PD
AL
GE
Typical traffic Profile for a business link
TS
Percentage of link occupation
in respect to the maximum [%]
MI
BZ
CO BG
BS
RI
AN
PI
FI
PG
PE
80%
60%
Working day
Holiday
40%
20%
RM
BA
NA NL
0%
TA
Time [h]
CA
CZ
PA
Typical traffic Profile for a residential link
CT
Percentage of link occupation
in respect to the maximum [%]
100%
80%
60%
Working day
Holyday
40%
20%
0%
Time [h]
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
Is There Room for Energy Saving Optimization?
Yearly Energy consumption estimation for TELIT
Room for Energy Saving Optimization
Home/access
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
Metro/Transport
Core
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
Energy consumption model outline
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, D. Suino, C. Vassilakis, A.
Zafeiropoulos, “Cutting the Energy Bills of Internet Service Providers and
Telecoms through Power Management: an Impact Analysis”, Elsevier
Computer Networks, Special Issue on “Green Communication Networks”,
to appear
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
Estimated energy saving for the TELIT network
DPS & Standby primitives
We suppose standby capabilities to
be applied only where “alternative
paths” are present.
DPS primitives only
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Standby primitives only
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Potential Impact on the Wired Network
The GRNET network case
Yearly Energy consumption estimation for GRNET
GRNET network
does not have
Access/Home parts
DPS & Standby primitives
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
low Energy COnsumption NETworks
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
cvassilakis@grnet.gr
http://econet-project.eu
http://green.grnet.gr
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5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Backup slides
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5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Decomposing the Energy Consumption
Access Technologies
Power consumption of DSL, HFC, PON, FTTN, PtP, WiMAX, and UMTS as a function of access rate with an
oversubscription rate of 20. The technology used is fixed at 2010 vintage for all access rates.
Source: Baliga, J.; Ayre, R.; Hinton, K.; Tucker, R.S.; , "Energy consumption in wired and wireless access
networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 70-77, June 2011.
Utrecht, Netherlands,
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Re-engineering

Adoption of pure optical switching architectures:
– They can potentially provide terabits of bandwidth at much
lower power dissipation than current network devices.
– But their widespread adoption is still hindered by technological
challenges: problems mainly regard the limited number of ports
and the feasibility of suitable buffering schemes.

Decreasing feature sizes in semiconductor technology
have contributed to performance gains:
– allowing higher clock frequencies
– designing improvements such as increased parallelism.
– the same technology trends have also allowed for a decrease in
voltage that has reduced the power per byte transmitted by half
every two years, as suggested by Dennard’s scaling law.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation: Understanding the Power-Performance Tradeoff
Modeling and control



Recently a simple model has been proposed by Bolla et al, which is based on
classical queueing theory and allows representing the trade-off between
energy and network performance in the presence of both AR and LPI
capabilities.
The model is aimed at describing the behaviour of packet processing
engines.
It is based on a Mx/D/1/SET queueing system.
Φ(t)
Φa(Py)
TI
TB
τon
τconf
τoff
Φt(Cx)
Φidle(Cx)
TR
t
Source: R. Bolla, R. Bruschi, A. Carrega, F. Davoli, “Green Network Technologies and the Art of
Trading-off,” Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2011 Workshop on Green Communications and Networking,
Shanghai, China, April 2001, pp. 301-306.
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GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Dynamic Adaptation: Understanding the Power-Performance Tradeoff
Modeling and control
13
5,0%
Error (%)
AM{P0, C1}
AM{P0, C2}
AM{P1, C1}
AM{P1, C2}
AM{P2, C1}
AM{P2, C2}
AM{P3, C1}
AM{P3, C2}
SR{P0, C1}
SR{P0, C2}
SR{P1, C1}
SR{P1, C2}
SR{P2, C1}
SR{P2, C2}
SR{P3, C1}
SR{P3, C2}
4,5%
4,0%
3,5%
11
3,0%
10
2,5%
2,0%
9
1,5%
1,0%
8
Maximum Error (%)
Power Consumption (W)
12
0,5%
7
0,0%
00.00
05.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
01.00
06.00
11.00
16.00
21.00
02.00
Time [hh:mm]
07.00
12.00
17.00
22.00
03.00
08.00
13.00
18.00
23.00
3,0E-05
1,0%
0,8%
2,0E-05
1,5E-05
0,6%
1,0E-05
0,4%
5,0E-06
0,2%
-1,0E-20
-5,0E-06
0,0%
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
1.00
6.00
11.00
16.00
21.00
2.00
7.00
12.00
17.00
22.00
3.00
8.00
13.00
18.00
23.00
Time [HH:mm]
1,E-05
10%
9%
8%
7%
8,E-06
6%
6,E-06
5%
4%
4,E-06
3%
2%
2,E-06
1%
0,E+00
0%
0.00
5.00
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
10.00
15.00
20.00
1.00
6.00
11.00
16.00
21.00
2.00
Time [hh:mm]
7.00
12.00
17.00
22.00
3.00
8.00
13.00
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
18.00
23.00
Error (%)
Average Latency Time [s]
1,E-05
Error (%)
Loss Probability
2,5E-05
Max Error (%)
AM{P0, C1}
AM{P0, C2}
AM{P1, C1}
AM{P1, C2}
AM{P2, C1}
AM{P2, C2}
AM{P3, C1}
AM{P3, C2}
SR{P0, C1}
SR{P0, C2}
SR{P1, C1}
SR{P1, C2}
SR{P2, C1}
SR{P2, C2}
SR{P3, C1}
SR{P3, C2}
Max Error (%)
AM{P0, C1}
AM{P0, C2}
AM{P1, C1}
AM{P1, C2}
AM{P2, C1}
AM{P2, C2}
AM{P3, C1}
AM{P3, C2}
SR{P0, C1}
SR{P0, C2}
SR{P1, C1}
SR{P1, C2}
SR{P2, C1}
SR{P2, C2}
SR{P3, C1}
SR{P3, C2}
A Taxonomy of Undertaken Approaches
Re-engineering: Optical Backbone Networks
The creation of
optical paths (via
DWDM) within
optical backbone
networks has
been utilized for
the dynamic
establishment of
high capacity
circuits with
reduced energy
demands
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
Standardization efforts

The European Union already published a number of Codes of Conduct
–

IEEE has also ratified the Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) standard in October 2010, also
known as IEEE 802.3az,
–






covering different categories of equipment, including broadband equipment, data centres, power supplies, UPS. The
Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment has been defined by the EU, which sets targets in
reducing energy consumption in the access network
which is a set of enhancements to the twisted-pair and backplane Ethernet networking standards that will allow for
more than 50% less power consumption during periods of low data activity, while retaining full compatibility with
existing equipment.
ENERGY STAR is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S.
Department of Energy that has defined the ENERGY STAR Product Specifications.
IETF has recently established the Energy Management (EMAN) Working Group.
Different interesting issues are under consideration by the Environmental Engineering
Technical Body in ETSI
The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) launched an internal task force called ”Energy Saving”
with the objective of setting up requirements and specifications for energy efficiency in the
home gateways
ITU-T Study Group 15 (Optical transport networks and access network infrastructures)
ITU-T created in September 2008 a new Focus Group, namely, FG ICT & Climate Change
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice
ECONET approach
Utrecht, Netherlands,
5-6 March 2012
GN3 Green Networking: Advances in Environmental Policy and Practice