This is general information and this page should NOT appear in your formal report.
All italicized wording should not be in the formal report, it is just hints.
Overall Format:
- typed: Font is easy to read with 12pt font, double spaced
- printed on 8.5X11’’, white, unlined paper
- pages numbered (after title page)
- marks will be deducted for grammar or spelling errors
- formal style: no contractions, abbreviations, use of I, we or you, double space after each period before typing the next sentence, etc.
- Every section--ask yourself--> o Complete? o Accurate? o Flow and sense? o Format correct? Consistent formatting is essential
- Each section must have headings
Note: sections are NOT numbered
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Johnny BeGood
Partner: Iwanna Tu
Chem 11
Ms. McLean
December 9, 2014
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Complete this section last!!
An abstract is a short summary (1 paragraph) of the entire lab and all its components. What was the goal, what did you do, what were your results and what did you conclude.
Use paragraphs. The intent is for someone to be able to read your introduction and to know whether your research is important to what they are studying, i.e. do they want to read the details of your experiment. It should be approximately one page in length for this lab. I would suggest you think about using three paragraphs:
The first would introduce the concept of Acid-Base Titration. It must include these definitions (weaved into the writing): o Titration o o o o
Accuracy
Endpoint
Equivalence point
Neutralization
Indicator o
The second paragraph would focus in on the titrations you are doing in this lab. You must include the two reactions being carried out. Do not just stick them in, you must WORK them in using your words and paragraph writing skills. This paragraph would describe the purpose(s) of the experiment, and the methods used (broad description, not details).
The final paragraph would talk about the importance of titration in real world chemistry. You need to do this by including TWO or more specific uses of titration in the real world.
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Reference the materials and procedure found in the lab textbook. Use the proper referencing technique (see the last section on references for examples). You do not need to write out the materials or procedure.
Opening paragraph to 'set the stage'. Generally what did you observe.
Discuss the colour changes and the number of trials you performed and why.
Data tables:
You use statements to introduce the data tables saying something similar to:
Data table 1 contains the data collected from the titration of Hydrochloric
Acid and Sodium Hydroxide. Mix it up. Do not use an identical sentence for data table 2.
Each data table: (these are the same tables filled in during the lab)
-
Numbered
-
Titled
-
Units
-
Headings
-
Does NOT include calculated values (like the one in the lab book does)
Use an asterisk (*) to indicate trial data that was discarded and footnote this at the bottom of the page telling why. Do not leave this trial out of the results! (This is only if you did overshoot a trial).
Do not split a data table across pages.
Each observation or odd piece of data (does not fit in your data tables) must be prefaced with a descriptive statement. e.g. “The concentration of the standardized NaOH was 0.491M.”
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Again, preface each one with a statement indicating what the numbers are.
Show the numbers used for each calculation.
Do not split a calculation across pages. (You can hand write this section if it is easier).
Use paragraphs.
Be careful that you do not just start the discussion abruptly.
This is where you show that you understand the lab. Focus and be concise!
Discuss the meaning of your data and observations. Think about this. Do not repeat lab data and observations or calculations except to make a point.
Discuss the data. Is some better than others? Did you make errors? Are some trials very far apart in volume used and yet you kept the data when doing your averages?
A discussion of possible and knows errors should be included.
Above all, make sure you have written an orderly, grammatical DISCUSSION of results.
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You may use this conclusion; just fill in the spaces appropriately. Be careful not to leave odd spacing or to put the attached numbers on one line and their units on the next.
In this lab, two solutions of unknown concentration were titrated against a standardized solution of Sodium Hydroxide in order to determine the unknown concentrations. The concentration of the Hydrochloric Acid solution was found to be solution was found to be
M and the concentration of the Acetic Acid
M. The vinegar was calculated to be
% acetic acid. This is a % error since vinegar is manufactured to be 5% acetic acid by volume. Improvements that could be made to this experiment in the future include ________________________.
Although titration is a highly accurate method for calculating the molarity of a solution, errors do still occur.
Include at least two references, formatted correctly.
Style Examples
For Books
List all authors by last name and initials, separated by commas if there are more than two authors. Put an "and" before the last author in the list. Then put the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics if possible), the publisher, the city, and the number of pages in the book.
One author:
Gould, S. J., 1983, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, p.
Two or more authors:
W. W. Norton, New York City, 413
Ingmanson, D. E. and Wallace, W. J., 1985,
Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 530 p.
For an Article from a Journal or Magazine
Oceanography: An Introduction,
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List the author(s) of the article using the same format given above for books, then give the year, the title of the article or chapter (no quotes, italics or underlines), then the title of the journal or magazine (in italics if possible), the volume number of the journal (do not use the publication date), and page numbers where the article can be found:
One author:
Maddox, J., 1987, The great ozone controversy,
Two or more authors:
Nature, v. 329, p. 101.
Vink, G. E., Morgan, W. J., and Vogt, P. R., 1985, The Earth's hot spots, Scientific
American, v. 252, p. 50- 57.
For Internet sources
Give the author's last name and initials (if known) and the date of publication (or last modification). Next, list the full title of the work (e.g. the specific web page), and then the title of the complete work or site (if applicable) in italics (if possible).
Include any version or file numbers, enclosed in parentheses. Most important, provide the full URL to the resource, including the protocol, host address, and the complete path or directories necessary to access the document. Be sure to spell this out exactly! (best to use an electronic "copy" from the "location" box of your browser and "paste" into your word processor). Finally specify the date that the site, enclosed in parentheses. you last accessed
Focazio, M.J., Welch, A.H., Watkins, S.A., Helsel, D.R., and Horn, M.A., 1999, A retrospective analysis on the occurrence of arsenic in ground-water resources of the
United States and limitations in drinking-water-supply characterizations, U.S.
Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report 99-4279, http://co.water.usgs.gov/trace/pubs/wrir-99-4279/ (August 1, 2000)
Do not forget to use a section heading even though you are attaching your handwritten lab data and calculation sheets here. DO NOT re-write or type this work, just attach it.
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