Maritime Transport Services / by Fitz Pinnock

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Regional Symposium on Services
CARICOM
Maritime Transportation Services
Antigua
July 2009
Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
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Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
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The Southern Port on the Red Sea was the envy of several kings of
Judah.
SOLOMON – built a fleet of ships here which departed and returned
every three years. (1 Kings 9-10)
JEHOSHPHAT – built a fleet here that was wrecked before it ever sailed
(1 Kings 22)
UZZIAH – was noted for being the one who rebuilt Elath and restored it
to Judah. (2 Kings 14:22)
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Noah’s Ark was said to have been the largest sea-going ever built
Until the late 19 th. Century when giant metal ships were first constructed.
(Genesis 6: 14-16)
450 feet long (137.16 Meters)
75 feet wide (22.86 Meters)
45 feet high (13.716 Meters)
Its length to width ratio of 6:1 provided excellent stability on the high seas. Modern
shipbuilders say it would have been almost impossible to turn over.
TOTAL FLOOR SPACE – 100,000 sq. ft. – more than 20 basket ball courts.
CUBIC VOLUME – 1,518,000 cubic feet – capacity of 569 modern railroad stock cars.
Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
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GLOBALISATION
OUTSOURCING
JUST-IN-TIME (JIT)
COMPLEX INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CHAIN
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LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Getting the Right Product ….
To the right people …
In the right quantity …
At the right time …
In the best condition …
… AND ITS DIVIDENDS
Improved access to
international markets
Increased foreign
trade
Higher incomes
Enhanced
employment
opportunities
Poverty Reduction
At an acceptable costs …
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PILLARS OF GLOBALISATION
SPECIALIZATION
TRADE LIBERALISATION
INTERNATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES
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TRANSFORMING THE ROLE OF
PORTS
PORTS AS LINKS IN SUPPLY
CHAIN
VAL
S
U
P
P
L
Y
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
R
A
N
S
P
O
R
T
•Receiving
•Storage
•Handling
•Inventory
•Inspection
•Assembly
•Labeling
•Packing
•Order Picking
•Bar Coding
•Return
•Customizing
D
E
L
I
V
E
R
Y
D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
VALUE ADDED SUPPLY CHAIN
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Background
• Caribbean Maritime Infrastructure is
a legacy of Piracy, Slavery and
Colonialism.
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THE BOX- OPPORTUNITIES???
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Opportunities
Value-Added
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Driving Forces of Containerization and Multimodal Transport
Containerization
Unitization
Cellular ships
Specialized
terminals
Land
consumption
Standardization
Gantry cranes
Transshipment
productivity
Multi-rate
structure
Management and
coordination
Mergers
Modal integration
Logistics
Control over
cargo
Multimodal
operators
Through rates
and billing
Deregulation
Multimodal Transportation
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Containerization Growth Factors
Derived (A)
Economic and income growth.
Globalization (outsourcing).
Fragmentation of production and consumption.
Substitution (B)
Functional and geographical diffusion.
New niches (commodities and cold chain)
Capture of bulk and break-bulk markets.
Incidental (C)
Trade imbalances.
Repositioning of empty containers.
Induced (D)
Transshipment (hub, relay and interlining).
A
B
C
Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
D
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Six Generations of Containerships
First
(1956-1970)
Second
(1970-1980)
Length
135 m
Converted Cargo Vessel
200 m
Converted Tanker
Cellular Containership
215 m
Draft
<9m
< 30 ft
10 m
33 ft
250 m
Third
(1980-1988)
Fourth
(1988-2000)
Fifth
(2000-2005)
Sixth
(2006-)
Panamax Class
290 m
Post Panamax
800
1,000 –
2,500
3,000
4,000
275 –
305 m
11-13 m
36-43 ft
335 m
13-14 m 5,000 –
43-46 ft 8,000
397 m
15.5 m 11,000 –
50 ft 14,500
Post Panamax Plus
New Panamax
Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
11-12 m
36-40 ft
TEU
500
4,000 –
5,000
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The Largest Available Containership,
1970-2008 (in TEUs)
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Characteristics of Some Historical Containerships
Year
Name
Capacity
(TEU)
Yard
Length (m)
Width (m)
Draft (m)
Speed
(knots)
1956
Ideal X
58
US
174.2
23.6
?
18.0
1968
Elbe Express
730
B&V
171.0
24.5
7.9
20.0
1981
Frankfurt Express
3,430
HDW
271.0
32.3
11.5
23.0
1991
Hanover Express
4,407
Samsung
281.6
32.3
13.5
23.0
1995
APL China
4,832
HDW
262.0
40.0
12.0
24.6
1996
Regina Maersk
6,700
Odense
302.3
42.8
12.2
24.6
2001
Hamburg Express
7,506
Hyundai
304.0
42.8
14.5
25.0
2003
OOCL Shenzhen
8,063
Samsung
319.0
42.8
14.5
25.2
2005
MSC Pamela
9,200
Samsung
321.0
45.6
15.0
25.0
2006
Emma Maersk
14,500
Odense
393.0
56.4
15.5
24.5
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Specifications for Very Large Post-Panamax Containerships
Malacca-max
(Projected)
Emma Maersk
Sovereign Maersk
Capacity (TEU)
18,000
14,500
8,400
Length (meters)
400
393
348
Width (meters)
60
56
43
Draft (meters)
21
15.5
14
Deadweight (tons)
243,600
156,900
105,000
Speed (knots)
25
25
25
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World Container Traffic, 1980-2008
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Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes,
1995-2007 (in millions of TEUs)
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Containership Size versus Cost per
TEU-Day
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Integrated Transport Systems: From Fragmentation to
Coordination
Factor
Cause
Consequence
Technology
Containerization & IT
Modal and intermodal innovations;
Tracking shipments and managing
fleets
Capital investments
Returns on investments
Highs costs and long amortization;
Improve utilization to lessen capital
costs
Alliances and M & A
Deregulation
Easier contractual agreements; joint
ownership
Commodity chains
Globalization
Coordination of transportation and
production (integrated demand)
Networks
Consolidation and
interconnection
Economies of scale, efficiency and
control.
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Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2008
Aircraft
Year of First
Commercial Service
Speed (km/hr)
Maximum Range at
Full Payload (km)
Seating Capacity
Douglas DC-3
1935
346
563
30
Douglas DC-7
1953
555
5,810
52
Boeing 707-100
1958
897
6,820
110
Boeing 727-100
1963
917
5,000
94
Boeing 747-100
1970
907
9,045
385
McDonnell Douglas DC-10
1971
908
7,415
260
Airbus A300
1974
847
3,420
269
Boeing 767-200
1982
954
5,855
216
Boeing 747-400
1989
939
13,444
416
Boeing 777-200ER
1995
1030
14,300
300
Airbus A340-500
2003
886
15,800
313
Airbus A380
2007
930
14,800
555
Boeing 787-8
2008
1040
15,700
250
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Information technology plays a very important role in the evolution of
the container shipping industry.
IT controls the “PROCESS”
While intermodal integration controls the “FLOW”
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EFFECIENCY & ADEQUACY OF THE MARITIME TRANSPORT
SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR EMPLOYMENT FOR CARIBBEAN
NATIONALS
STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MACHINERY TO PROTECT THE
CARIBBEAN SEA BASIN
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COMPETING REGIONAL HUB PORTS
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CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN PORTS
SOURCE: PINNOCK 2009
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CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN PORTS CONT.
SOURCE: PINNOCK 2009
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TOP CONTAINER TERMINALS & THEIR THROUGPUT (TEU) 2004 TO 2007
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COMPETING REGIONAL HUB PORTS
2007 TEU *
Kingston Container Terminal
Freeport
Port of Spain
Point Lisas
Rio Haina
Caucedo
Colon
Manzanillo
Cristobal
Catagena
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COMPARISION OF CARIBBEAN HUB PORTS WITH SINGAPORE
Port
Singapore
Kingston
Free Port
Rio-Haina
Cristobal
Port of Spain
Colon
Manzanillo
Total
area
Hectares
Equipme
nt
339
223
49
25
143
165
62
54
Quay
Cranes
125
19
7
3
2
2
5
10
Yard
Cranes
338
2
2
4
16
75
50
3
2
4
Straddle
Carriers
BerthMain
24
4
BerthsFeeder
17
9
Ground
Slots
66,454
16,000
Reefer
Plugs
3,544
694
2
2
2
Cartagena
103
4
2
52
27
2
7
2
3,300
300
Caucedo
40
Fritz Pinnock - Caribbean Maritime Institute
9,300
500
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LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY INDEX IN THE CARIBBEAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NUMBER OF SHIPS
THE CONTAINER CARRYING CAPACITY IN TWENTY-FOOT EQUIVALENT
UNITS (TEU)
THE NUMBER OF SHIPPING COMPANIES
THE NUMBER OF SHIPPING SERVICES
THE MAXIMUM SHIP SIZE (DEPLOYED).
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LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY INDEX
Country
LSCI
RANK
Dom. Rep.
20.09
48
Jamaica
18.23
52
Bahamas
26.35
60
T&T
12.88
68
Netherland Antilles
8.56
91
St. Kitts & Nevis
6.19
105
Cuba
6.12
107
Barbados
5.36
113
Aruba
5.09
117
St. Vincent & Grenadines
4.52
122
Guyana
4.36
124
Suriname
4.26
126
St. Lucia
4.25
127
Grenada
4.2
130
Antigua & Barbuda
3.82
136
Haiti
3.44
144
Belize
2.32
155
Dominica
2.31
156
Cayman Islands
1.78
160
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EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITES FOR CARICOM
NATIONALS
•
•
Shipping carries more than 90% of world trade –
the bulk of this trade consist of carrying commodities such as oil and grain
• - suggest that without shipping half of the world would
starve and the other half would freeze.
• 100,000 merchant ships are manned by 1 ¼ million seafarers
from all over the world.
• The feeding and heating of for 6.7 bn. People rest in the
hands of just over 1 million seafarers.
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• “Never before in the history of mankind have so many
depended so much on so few” (Winston Churchill).
• Seafarers are professional sea operatives, trained and
equipped in the art and technology required in the best
practice operation on international waters.
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 The Philippines account for 20% of the World’s Seafarers (236,431).
 Today’s ships are automated and highly specialized – the “SKILL MIX” is
different. There is a greater need for Deck and Engine Officers – Trend
confirmed by the Baltic and International Maritime Council’s (BIMCO) ISF
Manpower Project (2008).
 IMO (2008) - Worldwide shortage of 83,000 qualified officers.
 Threat to the Philippines ratings come from the lower priced competition
from Asian neighbours such as China, India and Viet Nam.
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8.7%
SR.
OFFICERS
236,431
19.1% JUNIOR
OFFICERS
72.2% RATINGS
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 Philippines seafears sends back US$1.7 Billion or 16% for the first 9
months of 2005.
 Since this is a significant source of income for the country the government
–
 Set up a “one stop shop” for easier and speedier processing of documents
that are handled by over one dozen government agencies.
 Prepare new ID Cards with Bio Metric features as an anti-terrorist
measure.
 Social Security coverage – now mandatory.
 BIMCO estimates that shortage of officers will increase to over 25,000 by
2011.
 The new ILO Convention will help to make the profession more attractive:




New condition on work environment.
Minimum age for work aboard ship.
Hours of work.
Occupational health and safety.
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Caribbean Hurdles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Caribbean freight rates 2 – 3 time higher than the world average.
Small parcel size
Service economy
For every 9 containers coming to the region – only 1 return with
Cargo.
Role of Customs – Revenue Collection and not trade facilitation.
Port infrastructure built to accommodate general cargo vessel and
not container cargo.
Restrictive labour practices. (overtime, guarantee pay).
Competition - cruise and cargo vessels for berthing space.
Trade Community System – Integration.
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Environmental Challenges
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
• The Caribbean sea is a homogenous area shared by all islands.
Need for collective legislation – to achieve environmental
sustainability.
• 50% of global cruise ship deployment.
• Need for harmonisation of legal framework for regulation of
shipping industry:
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• Ratification/accession to all the major international treaties
governing safety, security and pollution prevention by all
states.
• With the assistance of the office of the IMO Regional
Maritime Advisor ensure that legislation which is
promulgated is harmonised. This will prevent especially
cruise lines from playing one Caribbean island against another
– (stringency of their laws)
• Harmonise the level of the sanctions (penalties) in the
legislation.
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• Establish a regional policy on the management
of ship-generated waste and establish
adequate reception facilities for such waste.
• Have matters relating to the regulation of
cruise shipping as standard agenda item in
CARICOM.
• Carry out training of enforcement agencies,
prosecutors and judiciary on matters relating
to shipping (cruise & cargo).
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• Carry out gap analysis on the equipment and
other needs for testing and sampling – share
acquisition, maintenance and operation of
such equipment shared regionally.
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CAUCEDO PORT
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RIO HAINA PORT
•Busiest port in the
Dominican Republic.
•Berth length: 700 meters
•Depth: 33 feet.
•Equipment: 3 gantry
cranes, maximum payload:
40 tons. Other equipment,
such as payloaders,
forklifts, motorcranes, etc.
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