Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet:
Temperature vocabulary in Marathi
and its extension to the world of
emotions
Prashant Pardeshi
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japan
and
Peter Hook
Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA
1
1.Introduction
• Goal of our presentation: exploring the
conceptualization of the domain of
temperature through the investigation of
literal (non-metaphorical) and extended
(metaphorical) usages of temperature
vocabulary or temperature terms in Marathi.
• Marathi: Indo-Aryan, SOV. Primarily spoken in
the state of Maharashtra, India.
2
1.Introduction
Maharashtra state
Ambient temperature
(28 ± 2 °C)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language
3
1.Introduction
• Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather
seasons. Tropical conditions prevail all over the state, and even the hill stations
are not that cold. Frost occurs sometimes during the colder months. Hail is
always possible.
• Summer: March, April and May are the hottest months. During April and May
thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between
22°C-39°C during this season.
Rainy: Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest
month in Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts
its retreat with the coming of September from the state.
Winter: Cool dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather
prevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra
sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12°C-34°C
during this season.
(Source: http://www.maharashtratourism.net/climate.html)
• The average annual temperature of Maharashtra remains 25・27 degree
centigrade in most regions.
(http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/geography-andhistory/climate.html)
4
2. Temperature categories
• Kageyama (1980: 58):
Object temperature (buttai ondo) expression [temperature range]:
NP [BE WITH a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]
Physiologically felt temperature (seiri ondo) expression [temperature
sensation]
NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]
• Koptjevskaja-Tamm (Dec 2007): Guidelines for collecting linguistic
expressions for temperature concepts
EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE: Tactile temperature vs. Nontactile temperature perception: Koptjevskaja-Tamm amd Rakhilina
(2006: 256-257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature
through touch) vs. non-tactile (sensation of temperature via air).
EXPERIENCER-BASED TEMPERATURE: Personal-feeling temperature
5
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Tactile temperature: COLD: gaar vs thanDa
(1) {farshi/bhaanDa/bhaat/sup} [gaar/??thanDa]
paved floor/pot/rice/soup cold/cold
‘{The paved floor/pot/rice/soup} is cold.’
(2) a.
b.
aahe
be.Pres
gaar/*thanDa paaNyaa-tse kunDa
cold
water-GEN
pond
‘a pond of cold water’
garam paaNyaa-tse kunDa
hot
water-GEN
pond
‘a pond of hot water’
6
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
(3) a. {thanDa/*gaar} have-tse
thikaaN
cold
weather-GEN
place
‘hill station’
b. hi kholi {thanDa/*gaar} aahe
this room cold
be.Pres
‘This room is cold.’
(4) {thanDa/gaar/thanDagaar}
paaNi
cold/cold/sharply cold
water
‘cold water’
7
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• PP’s intuition: thanDa, thanDagaar is a EXPERIENCERBASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to samui in
Japanese] while gaar is EXPERIENCE-BASED TEMPERATURE
[somewhat closer to tsumetai in Japanese].
• In some cases both can be used as in (4) but the meaning
would differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOT
thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi) in the courtyard in summer
and drinks thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi (and NOT gaar
paaNi). In the latter case, many use gaar paaNi as well but
if the drink is changed gaar cannot be used:
• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [usaaTsaa ras]:
cold/sugarcane juice
• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [biyar]: chilled bee
Cf. malaa thanDi waadztiy (I.DAT cold feel ‘I feel cold.’)
8
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Various degrees of “HOTness” for water/liquids
{ ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam /un / kombaT / gaar} paaNi
boiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot/warm/ tepid /cold
water
HOT
COLD
• Most of Maharashtrians (and Indians) wash their
bodies with heated water. The heated water is diluted
by addition of ambient temperature water. The
proportion of the two gives rise to the above
mentioned fine-distinctions of degree of hotness of
the water.
• For PP, the distinction between uun / kombaT is lost.
9
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• For solid and gaseous objects only a two-way
distinction is made: garam (hot) vs gaar (cold).
• Morphological make-up of temperature adjectives
ukaLat{aa,i,e,a,yaa} (>ukaL-Ne: to boil) [aa =
masc.sg, i = fem.sg, e/a = neut.sg]
kaDhat (> invariant present participle form of the
verb kaDha-Ne ‘boil’ [intr]
kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic)
garam, un, kombaT, gaar: underived/basic
10
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• In addition to the native temperature adjectives,
uShNa (hot) and sheeta (cold) borrowed from
Sanskrit are used primarily as modifiers of super
ordinate objects.
uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}
hot {zone of the earth, season, climate}
sheeta {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}
cold {zone of the earth, season, climate}
11
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical syntactic context
(5) haa tsahaa khup garam/gaar
this tea
very
hot/cold
‘This tea is very hot.’
aahe
be.Pres.3sg
(6) {garam
tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN
hot
tea
cold
juice bring.Imp
‘Bring {a cup of hot tea/a glass of cold juice}.’
[Predicative]
[Attributive]
(7) aadzkaal
phaar garmi/thanDi asalyaa-muLe [Reference]
now days
lot
heat/cold
be-hence
kaaLji
ghe
care
take.Imp
‘It’s {hot/cold} now days hence take care.’
12
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities
(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives
(A) Natural artifacts
garam maati/waaLu (hot sand, gravel)
garam {hawaa/waraa} (hot air/wind)
gaar {hawaa/waraa} (cold air/wind)
{garam/gaar} paaNi (hot/cold water)
(B)Drinks and food
garam tsahaa (hot tea)
thanDa sarbat (cold juice)
garam poLi ‘hot chapati (bread)’
thanDagaar taak ‘cold buttermilk’
thanDagaar biyar ‘chilled bear’
thanDagaar aiskrim ‘ice-cream’
garam/kombaT/gaar {dudha/paaNi} ‘hot/warm/cold milk/water’
13
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities
(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives
(c)Household Environment
garam shegaDi ‘hot cooking fireplace’
(9) Modification/Comparison
atyanta gaar paaNi (very cold water);
barphaa-pekshaa gaar paaNi (ice-than cold
water) water colder than ice.
14
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Non-Tactile temperature (Ambient temperature vs.
Clothing temperature)
• Ambient temperature
• Typical syntactic context
NON-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: no “real” subject
(It’s too HOT to do anything today)
(10) aadz
khup { garmii/thanDii/ garam hot } aahe
today lot
heat/cold/hot become
be.Pres
‘It’s too hot/cold today; One feels very hot/cold today.’
15
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
QUASI-REFERENTIAL PREDICATION:
“weather” or “climate” as a subject (The
weather is too HOT today.): not possible.
(11) *aadzace hawaamaan
phaarats
today’s
weather
a lot
garam
aahe
hot
be.Pres
Lit. ‘Today’s weather is very hot.’
(example (10) would be used)
16
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Place” as a subject(Rome is pretty HOT this time of
year.): not possible
(12)*a. dilli
atta khup garam/thanDa aahe
Delhi
now lot hot/cold
be.Pres
‘Delhi is very hot/cold now.’
b. dilli-t
atta khup garmii/thanDii aahe
Delhi-in now lot heat/cold
be.Pres
Lit. ‘In Delhi there is lot of heat/cold now.’
17
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Air”, “wind” as the subject (The wind coming from the Sahara is
HOT.)
(13) uttar-bhaarataa-kaDun raajyaa-kaDe yeNaare
waare
north-India-from
state-toward coming
winds
thanDa as.lyaaNe raajyaa-til taapmaan
ghaTle aahe
cold
are.hence state-in temperature reduced be.Pres
‘As the winds blowing from North India to (Maharashtra) state
are cold, the temperature in the state has lowered down.’
(72.78.249.107/esakal/20091202/5020096785402429942.htm)
• “The sun” as subject: not possible (The sun at this time of the
day was really HOT.)
18
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Time” as the subject: not possible (Last Sunday was really
hot.)
(14) *a. gelaa rawiwaar khup garam
hotaa
past Sunday a lot hot
was
‘Last Sunday was very hot.’
b. gelyaa
rawiwaar-i khup garam
hot
past
Sunday-on a lot hot
become
hota
was
‘Last Sunday one felt very hot.’
19
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
ATTRIBUTION
“weather” or “climate” as a subject (Older people need to sleep in cool and
comfortable conditions in the HOT weather.)
(15) garam hawaamaan-aat baaher phiraNe
yogya naahi
hot
weather-in
outside wondering
good not
‘It’s not good to wonder outside in hot weather.’
“Place” as a subject
(16) thanDa pradesh-aat yaa
wanaspati
coldplace/area-in
these plants
naahit
not
‘These plants do not grow in cold places.’
waadhat
grow
20
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
“Air”, “wind” as the subject
(17) dilli-t
diwas-bhar
jhombre-waare wahaa.t hote
Delhi-in
day-throughout biting-winds
flow.Ptcpl were
‘In Delhi biting winds were flowing throughout the day.’
• “The sun” as subject: not possible
• “Time” as the subject: not possible
REFERENCE
(18) uttar pradeshaa-t
thanDi-ne
337
Uttar pradeshi-in
cold-by
337
aahet
are
‘In Uttar Pradeshi, 337 people died by cold.’
lok
people
maraN paawle
died
21
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
•
Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geographical Places
Typically uninhabited places
Mountain: ???? (may be cold: thanDa dongar-daryaa cold mountains and valleys)
Volcano: ??? (may be hot: tapta jwaalaamukhi burning volcano)
Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle)
Dersert: ??? (may be hot: raNranNte waaLwanTa glowing desert)
Shadow: thanDa saawli ‘cold shadow’
•
•
Inhabited places
garam/thanDa desh ‘hot/cold country’, garam/thanDa shahar ‘hot/cold city’,
garam/thanDa gaaw ‘hot/cold villege’
•
•
Time
garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {diwas (day), raatra (night), pahaaT (morning), dupaar
(afternoon), sandhyaakaaL (evening}, aathawaDaa (week), mahinaa (month),
warsha (year), kaaL (period), weL (hour/time), hrutu (season) }
22
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures
• Weather
• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaamaan (weather), taapmaan
(climate)}
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conductors of heat
garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaa (air), waaraa (wind)}
Environmental sources of heat
taLapataa surya (gleaming sun)
shital Chandra (cold moon)
stars (???)
dhagdhagti aag (fiercely glowing fire)
23
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Typical examples of relevant entities: Indoor
temperatures
• garam/thanDa ghar ‘hot/cold room’
• garam/thanDa kholi ‘hot/cold room’
• garam sauna ‘hot sauna’
• thanDa refrijreTar ‘cold refrigerator’
•
•
•
•
Sources of heat
garma shekoTi ‘warm bonfire’
garam bhaTTi ‘hot furnace’
garam hiTar ‘warm heater’
24
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
3. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCE-BASED temperature
• Clothing temperature
(19) haa sweTar ub-daar aahe
this sweater heat-bearer be.Pres
‘This sweater is warm.’
(20) malaa
ub-daar
To me
heat-bearer
‘I need a warm sweater.’
sweTar hawaay
sweater need
• Typical examples of relevant entities: Clothing
sweTar ‘sweater’, jyakeT ‘jacket’, kapaDe ‘clothes’, buT ‘boots’
• Bed (clothing)
anthruN ‘spreading sheet’, paangharuN ‘covering sheet/blancket’
25
EXPERIENCE-BASED Tactile temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
Typical syntactic contexts
PREDICATION
(21) hyaa khoi-t
hiTar
nasalyaane
This room-in
heater
not.hence
‘I feel cold since there is no heater in this room.’
(22) hyaa khoi-t
pankhaa nasalyaane
this
room-in
fan
not.hence
‘I feel hot since there is no fan in this room.’
(23) taap aalyaane
malaa
{thanDi
fever come.hence
to me
cold
‘I feel {cold/hot} since I have fever.’
(24) maadzhyaa
kaanaa-laa thanDi
waadztiy
my
ear-to
cold
feel
‘I feel cold in my ears.’
•
•
malaa
to me
thanDi
cold
waadztiy
feel
malaa
to me
garam
hot
hotay
feel
waadztiy/ garam
feel/ hot
hotay}
feel
No person-distinction is made like Japanese (samui [1P] vs. samusou [2, 3P]).
ATTRIBUTION: ??, REFERENCE: ??
26
EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
Typical examples of relevant entities
• Living things: lahaan mul (child), stri (females), puruSh
(males), wayaskar lok (old people.
• Animals: kutra (dog), mandzar (cat), hatti (elephant).
• Body-parts: kaan (ear), naak (nose), haat (hand), pay (leg)
• Concrete uses: meaning
• In Marathi no distinction is made between ‘warm’ and
‘hot’ in the case of solid and gaseous things. In the case of
liquids this distinction is made (kombaT vs. garam) and
‘warm’ may means ‘less hot than the expected standard’
in suitable contexts apart from the objective temperature
(i.e. less than hot one).
27
EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• There is separate term for “clothing warm” (ubdaar).
Temperature above warm are considered dangerous.
Dangerously high
• { ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam}
boiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot
Pleasantly warming
• {un / kombaT } paaNi
warm/ tepid
water
paaNi
water
28
EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• COLD, COOL, CHILLY
• barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold
water)
• gaar paaNi (cold water)
• Others
• kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’
Not
sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in
Japanese)
29
EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• No special term for neutral temperatures
• COLD, COOL, CHILLY
barphaa-saarkha gaar paaNi (ice-like cold
water)
gaar paaNi (cold water)
• Others
kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently
hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)
30
EXPERIENCER-BASED Temperature
4. Terms of evaluation of
EXPERIENCER-BASED temperature
• To sum up the literal (non-extended) usage of temperature
adjectives in Marathi:
• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the
temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water
and milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made
between “warm” and “hot”.
• Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only
for liquids)
• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in
appropriate contexts.
• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”.
• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term.
31
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages
temperature vocabulary
• In the extended or metaphorical use of
temperature adjectives, attributive uses are
fairly restricted.
English
hot news
Warm
welcome
cold response
Japanese
Marathi
??atsui
nyuusu
atatakai
kangei
tumetai
hannou
*garam baatmi
*{kombaT/uun}
swaagat
thanDa
pratisaad
Cf. grama-a-garam Khabar (hot or breaking/sensational news), garma-a-garam
sinetarkaa (sexy film actress)
32
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages
temperature vocabulary
•
In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, predicative uses
are more productive than the attributive ones.
(25) tisraa umedwaar
maatra atishay
thanDa aahe
third candidate
however extremely
cold
be.Pres.3SgM
‘The third candidate however is extremely quite.’(www.loksatta.com)
(26) selinaa
sadhyaa
garam aahe
Selina
now days
hot
be.Pres.3SgF
‘Selina is angry now days.’ (marathi.webdunia.com)
(27)aataa
khaasagi kharedi-cyaa
spardhe-muLe
baadzaar
now private buying-Gen
competition-dut to market
garam
aahe
hot
be.Pres.3SgM
‘Now due to the competition created by private (non-governmental) buying the
market is hot. ’ (www.cottonyarnmarket.net/NEWS/SSS2.htm)
33
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages
temperature vocabulary
• Emotions: General Metonymic Principle: The physiological effects of
an emotion stand for the emotion. (Lakoff 1987: 382)
(29) dainandin kaamkaadzaa-ne Doka garam dzhaale ki
day-to-day work-by
head hot
become then
goraa saaheb phalTani-saha
thanDa hawe-cyaa
British officer staff-with
cold
weather-Gen
ThikaaNi rawaanaa hot ase
place
used to go
‘On getting bugged with day-to-day chores British officer used to
go to hill station with his staff.’
(30) Doka
thanDa thew-un
head
cold
keep-CP
‘Keep your cool and think.’
wichaar
thinking
kar
do
34
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages
temperature vocabulary
•
Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER
=>Metaphorical construal: ANGER IS HEAT, ANGER IS FIRE (Lakoff 1987: 380-389)
(31) wakil-saaheb
garam dzhaale
lawyer-respected
hot
become.Pst.3Pl
‘The respected lawyer got angry.’
(maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3192090.cm)
(32) mag
te
thanDa dzhaale
then
they
cold
become.Pst.3Pl
‘Then they calmed down.’ (ejmarathe.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog-post_28.html)
(33) sharad pawar-yaantsaa paaraa tsaDhlaa
Sharad Pawar-Gen
mercury rise.Pst.3SgM
‘Mr. Sharad Pawar got angry.’
(article.wn.com/.../WNATc446d26032bdfb5ca2b01c467f07b2d3/)
(34) maadzhyaa maitriNi-tsaa
paaraa utarlaa
I.Gen
friend.Gen
mercury fall.Pst.3SgM
‘My friend calmed down.’ (www.deshdoot.com/detail_archive.php)
35
5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages
temperature vocabulary
Culture specific metaphors
(35) hindutwaa-tsaa
tawaa garam karNyaatsaa
prayatna
Hinduism-of
fry pan hot
doing
effort
sanghapariwaaraa-ne kelaa
the Sangh family-Erg
did
‘The Sangh family (Hindu Nationalist Organization family) tried to popularize their
Hinduist agenda.’ (www.ibnlokmat.tv/showblog.php?id=61262&pg=)
(36) truk-maalak-chaalakaan-kaDun paishaa-chi maagNi kar-un pathkaa-til
truck-owners-drivers-from
money-of demand do-CP squad-in
adhikaari
wa
karmachaari
khisaa garam kar-un ghetat
officers
and
employees
pocket hot
do-CP
take
‘By demanding money from the truck owners and drivers the officers and
employees in the (police) squad enrich their pockts.’
36
6. Summary
Literal (non-extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:
• Fine-grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the
temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and
milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between
“warm” and “hot”.
• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term.
• Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for
liquids)
• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate
contexts.
• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”
Non-literal (figurative/extended) usage of temperature terms in
Marathi:
• Like many other languages, temperature serves as a SOURCE domain
for understanding of emotions like ANGER.
37
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kageyama, Taro. 1979. Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou. Gengo bunka kenkyu, No. 5
Kageyama, Taro. 1980. Nichiei Hikaku Goi no Kouzou. Tokyo: Shohakusha.
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, M. & E. Rakhilina 2006. "Some like it hot": on semantics of
temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish. STUF (Sprachtypologie und
Universalienforschung), a special issue on Lexicon in a Typological and Contrastiv
Perspective, ed. by Leuschner, T. & G. Giannoulopoulou, 59 (2).
Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. The University of
Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: the University
of Chicago Press.
Shimotori, Misuzu. 2004. The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives
in written Japanese. Department of linguistics, Stockholm university: M.A. thesis.
Shindo, Mika. 1998-9. An analysis of metaphorically extended concepts based on
bodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguistic
science, 4:29–54, 5: 57–73.
Sutrop, Urmas. 1998. Basic temperature terms and subjective temperature scale.
Lexicology, 4.1:60-104
38
Thank you very much !!
• Comments, criticisms are most welcome!
• Contact:
prashant@ninjal.ac.jp
39
Memo
40