Discovering Computers 2008
Fundamentals
Fourth Edition
Chapter 11
Information System
Development and
Programming
Languages
Chapter 11 Objectives
Discuss the importance of project management,
feasibility assessment, documentation, data and
information gathering techniques, and information
systems security during system development
List other programming languages and other
program development tools
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system
development cycle
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
Differentiate between low-level languages and
procedural languages
List the six steps in the program development cycle
Identify the benefits of object-oriented
programming languages and program development
tools
Explain the basic control structures used in
designing solutions to programming problems
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is an information system (IS)?
Hardware, software, data,
people, and procedures that
work together to produce
quality information
System—Set of components
that interact to achieve
common goal
Businesses use many types of
systems
p. 406
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are the phases of the system development cycle?
Phase 2. Analysis

Phase 1. Planning




Review project requests
Prioritize project
requests
Allocate resources
Form project
development team

Conduct preliminary investigation
Perform detailed analysis activities:
Study current system
Determine user requirements
Recommend solution
Phase 5. Operating, Support,
and Security



p. 406 Fig. 11-1
Perform maintenance activities
Monitor system performance
Assess system security
Phase 3. Design


Acquire hardware
and software, if
necessary
Develop details of
system
Phase 4. Implementation




Develop programs, if necessary
Install and test new system
Train users
Convert to new system
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are guidelines for system development?
Arrange tasks into phases
of activities)
Involve(groups
users (anyone
for whom
system is being built)
Develop clearly defined standards (procedures
company expects employees to follow)
p. 407
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
Who participates
in the system
development life
cycle?
p. 407 Fig. 11-2
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing
and developing
information system
Users’ primary contact
person
p. 407
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the project team?
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals
Project leader—one member of the team who
manages and controls project budget and schedule
p. 408
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is project management?


p. 408
Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling
activities during system development cycle
Project leader identifies elements for project
Goal, objectives, and
expectations, collectively
called scope
Required activities
Time estimates for each
activity
Cost estimates for each
activity
Order of activities
Activities that can take
place at same time
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a Gantt chart?

Popular tool used to plan and schedule time
relationships among project activities
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click PERT Charts
below Chapter 11
p. 409 Fig. 11-3
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is feasibility?
Operational
feasibility
Measure of
how suitable
system
development
will be to the
company
Four feasibility
tests:
Schedule
feasibility
Economic
feasibility
(also called
cost/benefit
feasibility)
p. 409
Technical
feasibility
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is documentation?
Collection and summarization
of data and information
Includes reports, diagrams,
programs, and other deliverables
p. 409
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are six data and information gathering techniques?
 Review documentation
 Observe
 Questionnaire
 Interview
 Joint-application
design (JAD) session
 Research
p. 410 Fig. 11-4
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are some reasons to create or modify an
information system?
p. 410
To correct problem
in existing system
To improve
existing system
Outside group may
mandate change
Competition can
lead to change
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a request for system services?

Formal request for
new or modified
information system

p. 411 Fig. 11-5
Also called
project request
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project request
Steering
committee—
decision-making
body for the
company
Function of committee:
Review and
approve project
requests
p. 412 - 413
Prioritize
project requests
Allocate
resources
Form project
development
team for each
approved
project
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the analysis phase?
Conduct preliminary
investigation, also
called feasibility
study
p. 413
Perform detailed
analysis
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the preliminary investigation?

Determine exact nature of problem or improvement
and whether it is worth pursuing

Findings are presented in feasibility report
p. 413 - 414 Fig. 11-6
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is detailed analysis?
1. Study how current system
works
2. Determine user’s wants, needs,
and requirements
3. Recommend solution
Sometimes called logical design
p. 415
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the
system proposal?
Assesses
feasibility
of each
alternative
solution
Recommends
the most
feasible
solution for
the project
p. 415
Presented to
steering
committee,
which decides
how system will
be developed
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are possible solutions?
Buy packaged software—prewritten
software available for purchase
Write own custom software—software
developed at user’s request
Horizontal market
software—meets
needs of many
companies
Vertical market
software—designed
for particular industry
Outsource—have outside source
develop software
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click Outsourcing
below Chapter 11
p. 415
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the design phase?
Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or
modified information system
p. 416
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
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The System Development Life Cycle
What is needed to acquire new hardware and software?

p. 416
Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or
modified system
Identify technical
specifications
Solicit vendor
proposals
Test and evaluate
vendor proposals
Make a decision
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are three basic documents used to summarize
technical specifications?
Identifies
product(s)
you want
Request for quotation (RFQ)
Vendor selects
product(s) that
meet(s) your
requirements and
then quotes
price(s)
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click Request for Proposals
below Chapter 11
p. 416
Vendor quotes
price(s) for
listed
product(s)
Request for proposal (RFP)
Request for information (RFI)
Less formal method
that uses standard
form to request
information about
product or service
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a value-added reseller (VAR)?

Complete system provided by value-added reseller


p. 417 Fig. 11-7
Value-added reseller
(VAR) purchases products
from manufacturer and
then resells them, offering
additional services with
product
Authorized VARs must
meet certain manufacturerspecified requirements
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
How do systems analysts test software products?





p. 417
References from vendor
Talk to current users of product
Product demonstrations
Trial version of software
Benchmark test measures performance
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a detailed design?
Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution
Includes several activities
Database
design
p. 418 - 419
Input and
output design
Program
design
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a mockup?

Sample of input or output that contains actual data
p. 418 Fig. 11-8
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a layout chart?

Input or output that contains programming-like
notations for data items
p. 419 Fig. 11-9
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a prototype?
Working model of
proposed system
Beginning a prototype
too early may lead to
problems
p. 419
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)?

Software tools designed to support activities of system
development cycle
p. 419 Fig. 11-10
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the implementation phase?

Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified
system and then deliver it to users
Convert to new system
Train users
Install and test new system
Develop programs
p. 420
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are the four types of tests performed by system
developers?
p. 420
Unit Test
Systems test
Verifies each
individual program
works by itself
Verifies all programs
in application work
together
Integration Test
Acceptance Test
Verifies application
works with other
applications
Verifies the new
system works with
actual data
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is training?

Showing users exactly how they will use new
hardware and software in system
p. 420 - 421 Fig. 11-11
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What are conversion strategies?

p. 421
Used to change from old system to new system
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is the operation, support, and security phase?

Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented
Perform maintenance activities
Monitor system performance
Assess system security
p. 422
Next
The System Development Life Cycle
What is a computer security plan?

Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in
place to protect a company’s information assets
Identify all
information
assets of an
organization
p. 422
Identify all
security risks
that may
cause an
information
loss
For each risk,
identify the
safeguards
that exist
to detect,
prevent, and
recover from a loss
Next
Programming Languages
What is a computer program?

Set of instructions that directs computer to perform
tasks

p. 423 Fig. 11-12
Programming language—used to communicate
instructions
Next
Programming Languages
What are low-level languages and high-level languages?
Low-level
language
Machine-dependent
runs only on one type of computer
Machine and assembly languages
are low-level
p. 424
High-level
language
Often machine-independent
can run on many different
types of computers and operating
systems
Next
Programming Languages
What is machine language?


Only language computer
directly recognizes
Uses a series of binary
digits (1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers
and letters that represent
binary digits
p. 424 Fig. 11-13
Next
Programming Languages
What is assembly language?


Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction
codes, meaningful
abbreviations and codes
Source program contains
code to be converted to
machine language
p. 424 - 425 Fig. 11-14
Next
Programming Languages
What is a procedural language?
Programmer writes
instructions that tell
computer what to accomplish
and how to do it
Uses series of English-like
words to write instructions
Often called third-generation
language (3GL)
p. 425
Next
Programming Languages
What is a compiler?

Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it
p. 425 Fig. 11-15
Next
Programming Languages
What is an interpreter?


Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
Does not produce
object program
p. 426 Fig. 11-16
Next
Programming Languages
What is COBOL?



Designed for business applications
English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain
COmmon
Business-Oriented
Language
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click COBOL
below Chapter 11
p. 426 Fig. 11-17
Next
Programming Languages
What is C?


Powerful language originally designed to write system
software
Requires professional programming skills
p. 427 Fig. 11-18
Next
Programming Languages
What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language?
Used to
implement
object-oriented
design
Object is
item that
contains
data and
procedures
that act on
data
p. 427
Major benefit
is ability to
reuse existing
objects
Event-driven—
checks for
and responds
to set of events
Java, C++, C#,
and Visual Basic
are complete
object-oriented
languages
Event is
action to
which
program
responds
Next
Programming Languages
What is Java?


Developed by Sun
Microsystems
Similar to C++ but
uses just-in-time
(JIT) compiler to
convert source
code into machine
code
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click Java
Platforms below Chapter 11
p. 427 - 428 Fig. 11-19
Next
Programming Languages
What is C++?


Includes all elements of C, plus additional features
for working with object-oriented concepts
Used to develop database and Web applications
What is C#?


Object-oriented programming language based on C++
Accepted as a standard for Web applications and
XML-based Web services
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click C++
below Chapter 11
p. 428
Next
Programming Languages
What is Visual Studio?


.NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet
Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C#, and Visual J#
Step 1. The
Step 2. The developer
developer
designs the
user interface.
assigns properties to each
object on the form.
Step 3. The
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Visual Studio Tools for Office
below Chapter 11
p. 428 - 429 Fig. 11-20
Step 4. The developer
tests the program.
developer
writes code
to define the
action of each
command button.
Next
Programming Languages
What is Delphi?


Powerful visual programming tool
Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications
What is PowerBuilder?


p. 429
Another powerful visual programming tool
Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
object-oriented applications
Next
Programming Languages
What is a visual programming language?
Visual programming
environment (VPE)
allows developers to
drag and drop objects
to build programs
Provides visual or
graphical interface for
creating source code
Examples include Alice,
Mindscript and
Prograph
p. 429
Next
Programming Languages
What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?

Used for generating reports, performing computations,
and updating files
p. 430 Fig. 11-21
Next
Programming Languages
What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?


Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in
database
Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to
manage data in relational DBMS
p. 430 Fig. 11-22
Next
Programming Languages
What are other available programming languages?
ALGOL
ADA
BASIC
FORTH
FORTRAN
LOGO
LISP
PASCAL
APL
PILOT
HYPERTALK
MODULA-2
PL/1
PROLOG
SMALLTALK
p. 431
Next
Programming Languages
What is an application generator?


Program that creates source code or machine code from
specification
Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator

Form provides areas for entering data
p. 431 - 432 Fig. 11-24
Next
Programming Languages
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?

Used to create Web pages
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click HTML
below Chapter 11
p. 433 Fig. 11-25
Next
Programming Languages
What is a scripting language?

Typically easy to learn and use






JavaScript
Perl (Practical Extraction
and Report Language)
PHP (PHP: Hypertext
Processor)
Rexx (Restructured
eXtended eXecutor)
Tcl (Tool Command
Language)
VBScript (Visual Basic,
Scripting Edition)
p. 434 - 435 Fig. 11-26
Next
Programming Languages
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?

p. 435 Fig. 11-27
Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page
Next
Programming Languages
What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
XHTML
(Extensible HTML)
enables Web sites to be displayed
more easily on microbrowsers
XML
(Extensible Markup Language)
allows developers to
create customized tags
WML
(Wireless Markup Language)
allows developers to design pages
specifically for microbrowsers
p. 436
Includes features of HTML
and XML
Server sends entire record to
client, enabling client to do
much of processing without
going back to server
RSS 2.0
Many PDAs and smart
phones use WML as their
markup language
Next
Programming Languages
What is Ajax?




Stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Method of creating interactive Web applications designed
to provide immediate response
Combines JavaScript, HTML or XHTML, and XML
Google Maps and Flickr use Ajax
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Ajax below Chapter 11
p. 436
Next
Programming Languages
What is Ruby on Rails (RoR)?



p. 436
Also called Rails
Open source framework that provides technologies for
developing object-oriented, database-driven Web sites
Ruby is derived from a variety of languages, including Ada,
LISP, Perl, and Smalltalk
Next
Programming Languages
What is Web page authoring software?


Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML
Generates HTML
Dreamweaver
p. 436 - 437
Expression
Web
Flash
Next
Programming Languages
What is multimedia authoring software?



Combines text,
graphics, animation,
audio, and video into
interactive presentation
Used for computerbased training (CBT)
and Web-based training
(WBT)
Software includes
Toolbook, Authorware,
and Director
p. 437 Fig. 11-28
Next
The Program Development Cycle
What is the program development cycle?

Steps programmers use to build computer programs

Programming
team—Group of
programmers
working on
program
p. 438 - 439 Fig. 11-29
Next
The Program Development Cycle
What is a sequence control structure?

Control structure that shows actions following each
other in order

p. 440 Fig. 11-30
Control structure depicts logical order of program
instructions
Next
The Program Development Cycle
What is a selection control structure?
 Tells program which
action to take, based
on a certain
condition
 Two types


p. 440 Fig. 11-31
Case control structure
If-then-else control
structure—yields one
of two possibilities:
true or false
Next
The Program Development Cycle
What is a case control structure?

Yields one of three or more possibilities
p. 440 - 441 Fig. 11-32
Next
The Program Development Cycle
What is a repetition control structure?

Enables program to perform one or more actions
repeatedly


Do-while control
structure—repeats as
long as condition is
true
Do-until control
structure—repeats
until condition is true
p. 441 - 442 Figs. 11-33–11-34
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Summary of Information System Development and Programming
Languages
Phases in the system
development life cycle
Various programming languages and
program development tools used to
write and develop computer programs
Guidelines for system development
Web development and multimedia
development tools
Activities that occur during the entire
system development cycle
Program development cycle
Chapter 11 Complete