NIGERI
A
Becca
Marryanne
Josh
Weinstein
Auld
Korn
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video 3 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Educated as a teacher
Became a politician & elected to Norther
Regions House of Assembly(1947)
And Federal House of Representatives
Founder of Northern People’s Congress
First prime minister of Nigeria
Will be assassinated in1966 military coup
1912-1966
Benjamin Namidi Azikiwe
1904-1996
•1953- Leader of Nigeria’s
Eastern region.
•1960-Governonr-General
•Well educated in
American
Universities
•1963-Became first
and only
ceremonial
president
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video 3 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Independence
October First, 1960
•1951-New constitution
providing
representation for a
regional basis
•1954-New
•1914-Birtian
constitution
allowed some selfdividing Nigeria
governing
into three regions
•1947-Britian gave
•Oct. 1, 1960Nigerian’s a higher
became and
authority
independent
country
1901-Nigeria
became a British
Protectorate
The Future
•1966-Military coup over
throws new gov.
1999-A new constitution will be
formed
•1966-1976-Their will be
a succession of military
coup’s
•1979-1983-A second republic
forms
Nigerias position on
Pan-Africanism
•Nigeria is a place naturally abundant
with many resources such as
rubber,cocoa, and oil
•During the Biafran conflict,
Nigeria will strongly oppose
secession
•The war with Biafra will
show that Nigeria
wants to keep itself as
one
Nigeria
opposes a
unified Africa
in order to
keeps its
resources for
itself
Bibliography
www.cenbank.org/currencymgt/blodata/Alhaji%20Z
www.dawodu.com/balewa2.jpg
www.stoveco.com/Nigeria
www.rss.co.ZA
www.crwflags.com/fotw/ima/ges/h/ng-blaf.gif
www.cia.gov
www.nigeria.com
Kenya
As presented by Greg,
Mike, and Jessica
Kenyan Language
•Official Kenyan language is English
•Practiced language among locals is Kiswahili
Government uses Swahili as well, but English is
official language
Pan-Africanism
• Kenya in favor of a united Africa as
a way to end colonialism and gain
independence
• Pan-Africanism would provide
Kenya and all of Africa with
numerous economic benefits
Kenyan Independence
• Kenya will be independent
December 12th of this year, 1963
• Independence campaign led by
Jomo Kenyatta
• Kenyatta imprisoned in 1952 under
the British state of emergency
because of his role in the fight for
independence
• December 12, 1963 Kenyatta
becomes first prime minister of
independent Kenya
Kenya-Economy
• The per capita income in 2004 was $480
• The poverty reached over 56% in 2003
• The GNI (gross national income) was 15.5 billion
Kenya Today
The avrage life expectancy at birth is 45.4 years
Bibliography
• Web Recourses
http://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1952
kenyatta-kau1.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofaf
rica/14chapter8.shtml
GHANA
And its road to
independence
By:
Alex, Helen ,
and Lisa
Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah
Born in Nkroful, Gold Coast as Francis
Nwia Kofi Ngonloma
Earned Masters of Science in education
and Master of Arts in Philosophy
Elected president of the African
Students Organization of America and
Canada
Pan-africanism
“Long may the links between Africa and the peoples of
African descent continue to hold us together in fraternity.”
-Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
 Since Ghana was the first country to earn
independence, Dr. Nkrumah urged others to do the
same
 Ghana wanted to help end all colonial rule and make
Africa independent from foreign control
 Ghana wants to make a unified Africa, a common
nation-state for all Africans
Pan-Africanism
Our Opinion
 We support independence but disagree with Ghana’s
position on Pan-Africanism
 Ghana is a strong nation on its own, supporting Africa
with our resources would weaken our economical status
 Africa would be a stronger continent if each nation learned
to independently support themselves
Imperialism
 Ghana was formerly called The Gold Coast
 1471- the Portuguese settled in the Gold Cost
1482 -Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle
 other Europeans began to trade with the natives
 1642- Portuguese traders
left the Gold Coast
 British became the
dominant power
 1844- British protectorate
arranged
Independence
 1930’s-Communists stirred discontent through
Ghana
 Post WWII-Ghanaians protested imperialism
inspired by other countries’ efforts
 1947-First Ghanaian political party formed
 1948-Watson commission recommended drafting
of constitution to prelude self-rule
 1949-Coussey Committee Report-mechanisms for
inclusion of Africans in government
 1951-Constitution drafted
 1954-General elections
Independence
1951-Constitution drafted
Independence: 3/6/1957
Name changed to Ghana at independence
1st Sub-Saharan African country to gain
independence
Bibliography
 http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/his
tory/independence.php
 http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/novembe
r97.html
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkru
mah.html
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/featu
res/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana
 http://www.ghana.co.uk/
Ethiopia
Selam
Max, Rachel, Dan i
Pan-Africanism
•All African states have right to freedom.
•States must show united front to the world.
•Cooperation in
Politics
Economies
Defense
Health Care
And in all issues that may affect our continent.
•Reigned from 1930-1974 as an
Autocratic ruler.
•1955 Salassie revised the Ethiopian
Constitution and installed a National
Assembly
•Established a National Judiciary
•In the 1970’s Ethiopia's drought
will lead to famine causing a
coup d’etat removing Salassie
from power in 1974
Emperor Haile
Selassie
1892- 1974
Modern History of Ethiopia
Free Since 200 B.C.
•1889-1913: Joins World Community
•1930: Haile Sellasie crowned Emperor
•1936-1941: Occupied by Italy
•1941: Haile Sellasie returns to power
•1963: Host of the Organization of African Unity
The Future Of Ethiopia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Overall Living Conditions Poor
1970’s and 1980’s: Drought And Famine
1974: Haile Selassie Falls From Power
1977: Somalia Invades Ethiopia
1987: Mengitsu Regime Comes To Power
1991: Military Junta Overthrown
1993: Eritrea Gains Independence
1995: Federation Of 10 Ethnically Different
Administrative Regions
• Late 1990’s: War With Eritrea
Bibliography
•
http://oneafricanow.com
•
http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/aboutau/founders/oau_founders
•
http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/22.htm
•
http://www.libeam.org/history/articles/1892-1975-haileselassie/index.php
•
http://cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.htm/
•
http;//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm
•
http://www.ethiopiantreasures.taucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm
Cameroon
Sarah
Lindsay
Youngeun
Timeline of Cameroon Imperialism and
Independence
1858- 1st European settlement founded in Cameroon
1884- Cameroon becomes a German protectorate
1907- 2nd German governor develops colonies and railroads
1916- WWI breaks out-->Britain and France force Germany out of Cameroon
1919- a declaration is formed splitting Cameroon between Britain and France
1939/1940- WWII breaks out
1955- revolts from the UPC arise in French Cameroon
1958- Ahmadou Ahidjo forms the party I’lUnion Camerounaise
January 1st, 1960- Adhijo declares independence in French Cameroon
1960- Adhijo becomes the first president of Cameroon
1961- Referendum in British Cameroon
May 20, 1972- Constitution made with the help with the URC
Amadu Ahidjo
•
•
•
•
1st President of
Federation of
Cameroon in 1960
Reelected in 1965,
1970, 1975, 1980
Banned all other
political groups to
establish
dominance
Suppressed
rebellions
•Early 1970’s,
created unpopular
constitution and
unitary control
•Cameroon one of
the most stable
countries in Africa
•1983, feud with
Paul Biya; fled the
country
Francophone or
Anglophone?
As a result of colonization…
• English speaking people lived in British
Cameroon
After World War 2…
• British Cameroon joined Cameroon
• 80% French
• 20% English
Pan-Africanism
Against a Pan-African Nation…
-Strong stable central government
-Improving economy
-30% unemployment
-Valuable exports; ex. Petroleum
-Among highest per capita and
school attendance rates in sub-Saharan Africa
-Slowly improving education
and technology
Successes and Problems in the Future
•After 1963 (year of the Pan-African conference),
there are some successes and problems that rise
in the future.
•1961-1963: A large insurrection occurs, believed to
have started by the Cameroonian Party.
•1966: National Cameroonian Party forms.
•1970’s: Country is a stable and prosperous
nation with good relations with other nations.
Less affected with the oil crisis than most
African nations.
•1984: Biya changes country’s name to the
Republic of Cameroon.
•1989: Anti-government is increased by 2
events: 1. Celebration of French Revolution.
2. Fall of communist governments in Eastern
Europe.
•1994: Conflict between Cameroon and
Nigeria.
•1996: Border between
Cameroon and Nigeria clashes.
Then both agree to a UN
mediation.
•1997: Biya is elected
president in ballot. Boycotted
by opposition parties.
•1998: Cameroon classed as
most corrupt by the business
monitor transparency
international.
Bibliography
The Crawfurd homepage homepage.1996-2003. February 10,2006.
<http://crawfurd.dk/africa/cameroon_timeline.htm>
BBC News. Friday 9 2005. Timeline Cameroon. February 13 2006.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm>
African History Timeline:Independent Cameroon.homepage.1998. February 13
2006. <
<http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/timeline/t-camer.htm>
Algeria
People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
Jeremy
Marina
Jessica
Jomo Kenyatta
•Many names-Jomo Kenyatta is the most commonly known
Born in 1889 in British East Africa (Kenya)
Became politically interested in the Kikuyu Central Association in 1924
•1929-Sent to Enlgand to advocate for return of Kenya’s land
•1945-Organized World Trade Union and Fifth Pan-African Congress
•1947-Becomes KAU president.
•1952-Arrested with other leaders for organizing Mau Mau
•1963-Becomes prime minister of free Kenya, urging whites to stay in Kenya
Elected president in 1964, 1966, 1970, and 1974
•Dies in 1978 in sleep
Basic Facts
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capitol-Algiers
Ethnicity- 99% Berber Arab and 1% European
Religion-99% Sunni Muslim
Official Language-Arabic
Independence- From France, July 5, 1962
Legal System- based on French and Islamic law
Natural Recourses oil and natural gas
Colonial History
• Colonized by France
– Started in 1830
– Fully imperialized by 1900
• Large resistance movement began
in 50’s
• That was National Liberation Front
(FLN)
– Used guerilla tactics
– Very brutal and very bloody struggle
• Compromise with France reached in
March ’62
• Official independent July 5, 1962
•
•
•
•
Ahmed Ben Bella
Born 1918In power 1963-1965
Soldier in WWI
Involved in independence
movement
– Founded ‘National Liberation Front’
(FLN)
• Captured in 1952 by France,
released in 1962
– Year France and FLN reached
compromise
• Ran unopposed for President
• Ousted in coup in 1965
• Succeeded by Boumedienne
Predictions for the Future
• First president: Ahmed Ben Bella (1962)
– Arab-Islamic socialist state with one party: FLN
• Second President: Boumedienne comes to power in a
bloodless coup in 1965
– He will be credited for creating Modern Algeria
• Third President: Chadli Benjedid (1978), re-elected
– Many riots due to failing economy
– He will remake the constitution allowing other
parties: FIS
• 1991 military takeover, Boudiaff became president
– FIS will use terrorism against government 1999
• Bouleflika will be elected president
– Goals: stability and security
– Berbers will struggle for emancipation (freedom)
Pan-Africanism In
Algeria
•Algeria is against Pan-Africanism
•99% Muslim
•There are currently antigovernment riots
•Member of Arab League
•Consider themselves Arab, not
African
Bibliography
• www.rulers.org/indexB2.html
• http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/
A0856564.html
• http://www.marxists.org/history/algeria
/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/afri
ca/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.sht
ml
• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/
world/war/algeria.html
SUDAN
Sudan
By Mark and Andrew
Sudan Facts
•
•
•
•
•
•
people called Sudanese
Population 40.2 million
official language is
Arabic
Sudan is the largest
country in Africa
Islam is the official
religion, Christianity and
indigenous beliefs also
practiced.
Industry is mainly made
up of car assembly.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
A Brief History
1899- Egypt and Great Britain rule over Sudan
equally
1953- Anglo-Egyptian Agreement ends AngloEgyptian rule
1955- First civil war begins between rebels in the
South and and northern government
1956- Sudanese independence
2003- Separate conflict in in Western Sudan where
almost 2 million lives were affected
2005- Civil war ends with Naivasha peace treaty
Independe
nce
• In February 1953 UK agreed
for Sudanese selfgovernment
– Former British colony
• Officially became
independent on January 1st,
1956
• Problems quickly arose from
mixing of races, ethnicities
and tribes
– Arabs and Muslims
• Most blacks are Muslim and
considered below Arabs in
society
• Nonstop Civil War from 195572
– Plagued by Civil War once
again today in Darfur
between Fur, Masalit, and
Zagahawa tribes.
P.M. Ibrahim Abboud
• Born in 1900
• Became commander in
chief in 1956 when
Sudan gained its
independence
• Was in 5th year as Prime
Minister in 1963
• Gained power through a
military coup in 1958
• Lost power one year
later in 1964
• Was a dictator,general
and political leader
• Died in 1983
Position on PanAfricanism
-The Sudanese economy is poor
and lacks development
•Sudan would prefer sharing the
wealth of a unified Africa
Already, The African Union, makes
peaceful interventions in Sudan
-Violence is a result of ignorance,
therefore Sudan would greatly
benefit from the education that
Pan- Africanists support and have
based many books on (e.g human
philosophies, culture, literature)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Sudan’s Bloody Future
•
•
•
•
Sudan broke out into
civil war which ended in
1972
Another civil war broke
out in 1983
Over 2 million people
have died in the wars
A coalition government
run by the National
Congress Party and the
Sudan’s peoples
movement
• New constitution on
June 30 1998
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Bibliography
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
www.Wikipedia.org
www.State.gov
www.google.com
www.observer.gm
www.sharon.k12.ma.us
Cnn.com
BBCNews.com
Tanzania
Rachel Ally , and Hanna
Tanzania Timeline
Zanzibar made a
British Protectorate
1890
1914-1918
WWI
1885
Tanganyika made
a part of German East
Africa
Tanganyika
Independent
1961
United Republic of
Tanganyika-Zanzibar
April 26, 1964
1963
Zanzibar
independent
1967
East African
Community formed
The road
Road to
The
toindependence…
•End of WWI in British Control
independence…
•1930’s-1950’s:National Movement
•1954-Tanganyika African National
Movement
•Dec.9,1961-Tanganyikan
Independence
•Dec.10, 1963- Zanzibar
Independence
•Act of Union:April 26, 1964Tanzania
Julius Nyerere
•1922-1999
•Born in Tanganyika and
went to University of
Edinburg
•Involvement in
Tanganyika’s politics
eventually lead to him
being president in 1962
•Architect of a united
Tanganyika-Zanzibar
•Policy of “ujamaa” or family hood
•Mix of socialism in African
traditional living
•Were a economic failure
•He was a Pan-Africanist
•Supported the ANC and PAC
Tanzania in the Future
April 26, 1964: Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge, formation
of Tanzania
1978-1980: war with Uganda, ousted Idi Amin
1995: first multiparty election
Benjamin William Mkapa elected president
1998: bombing of US embassy in Dar es Salaam
trying to fix lots of problems: deforestation, pollution,
HIV/AIDS
Current president: Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
Benjamin William Mkapa
Pan Africa
•Tanzania’s position: YES
•We are one of the world’s poorest
countries
•Will help our economy, because wealthier
countries can help us
•More resources
•Fewer wars over like the one with
Uganda, because all countries are one
Tanzania Today
•United Republic of Tanzania
• made up of TanganyikaZanzibar
•Official languages are Swahili and
English
•Capital Dodoma
•About the size of two Californias
•Life expectancy ~46 years for
females and ~45 years for males
•One of the world’s poorest
countries
Bibliography
http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?aid=9426081&search
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/441768.stm
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546810
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar546801
http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htm
Marxist biography of Julius Nyerere – President of Tanganyika
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniaind.html
www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/about_RepublicofTanzania