Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1
The History of Mobile Radio
Communication (1/4)
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1860: Maxwell’s equation relating electric and magnetic fields
1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio
communications
1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18-mile
path
1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz
frequency band)
1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex)
1964: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – 152 MHz (Full
Duplex)
2
The History of Mobile Radio
Communication (2/4)
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1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the
40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial
operation
1984: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the North
America and Australia refers to the first-generation of wireless
telephone technology which is the analog telecommunications.
The download speeds is 28 kbit/s ~ 56 kbit/s.
1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital
cellular standard in North America.
1992: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
operable in Germany D2 system. The download speeds is about
100 kbit/s for 2.5G.
1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another
digital cellular standard in North America.
3
The History of Mobile Radio
Communication (3/4)
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1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the 3rd
generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA
2000, etc)
2001: the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems)
used primarily in Europe, Japan, China.
2002: the CDMA2000 system used in North America and South
Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard.
2006: The pre-4G systems Mobile WiMAX in South-Korea. Peak
down load 128 Mbit/s and peak upload 56 Mbit/s.
2009: The TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code Division
Multiple Access) radio interface was commercialized in China.
4
The History of Mobile Radio
Communication (4/4)
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2009: The world's first publicly available LTE (Long Term Evolution)
service was opened in, Stockholm (Ericsson and Nokia Siemens
Networks systems) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009,
and branded 4G. Peak down load 100 M bits/s and peak upload 50 M
bits/s.
2013: LTE Advanced (Long Term Evolution Advanced) is a candidate
for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP
organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009. Peak down load1 Gbit/s and
peak upload 500 Mbit/s.
2020: 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications
technologies.
5
Universal Cell Phone Coverage
Washington, DC
Microwave
Tower
Cell
Cincinnati
Maintaining the telephone number across
geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system
6
First Generation Cellular Systems and
Services
1970s
Developments of radio and computer technologies for
800/900 MHz mobile communications
1976
WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates
spectrum for cellular radio
1979
NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first
cellular system in Japan
1981
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by
Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia
1984
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced by
AT&T in North America
7
Second Generation Cellular Systems and
Services
1982
CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications) established GSM
to define future Pan-European cellular Radio Standards
1990
Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC) adopted by TIA (Telecommunications Industry
Association)
1990
Interim Standard IS-19B (NAMPS) adopted by TIA
1991
Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the MPT
(Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications)
1992
Phase I GSM system is operational
1993
Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA
1994
Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA
1995
PCS Licenses issued in North America
1996
Phase II GSM operational
1997
North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95
1999
IS-54: North America
IS-95: North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc
GSM: 110 countries
8
Third Generation Cellular Systems and
Services (1/2)
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IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000):
 Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime
communications a reality.
Key Features of IMT-2000 include:
 High degree of commonality of design worldwide;
 Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the
fixed networks;
 High quality;
 Small terminal for worldwide use;
 Worldwide roaming capability;
 Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range
of services and terminals.
9
Third Generation Cellular Systems and
Services (2/2)
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Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to
provide high bearer rate capabilities:
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2 Mbps for fixed environment;
384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian
environment;
144 kbps for vehicular environment.
Scheduled Service:
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Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)
10
Fourth Generation Cellular Systems and
Services
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In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the
long-term evolution (LTE) of Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular
technology
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LTE stands for Long Term Evolution
Next Generation mobile broadband technology
Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
Based on UMTS 3G technology
Optimized for All-IP traffic
11
Evolution of Radio Access Technologies
802.16m
802.16d/e
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LTE (3.9G) :
3GPP release 8~9
LTE-Advanced :
3GPP release 10+
12
Comparison of LTE Speed
Subscriber Growth
Subscribers
3G Subscribers
2G Digital only Subscribers
1G Analogue only Subscribers
Year
14
Coverage Aspect of Next Generation
Mobile Communication Systems
Satellite
In-building
Urban
Suburban
Global
Picocell
Microcell Macrocell Global
15
Mobility
Vehicular
Pedestrian
Stationary
0.01
Global System for Mobile Communications
Transmission Capacity
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunicat
ions System
Mobile Broadband System
Local Multipoint Distribution System
Satellite Universal Mobile
Telecommunications
System
Broadband Satellite Multimedia
0.1
1
10
100
Data rate (Mb/s)
Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems
16
Wireless Technology and Associated
Characteristics
Cellular
 Wireless LAN/PAN
 GPS
 Satellite Based PCS
 Home Networking
 Ad Hoc Networks
 Sensor Networks
 Bluetooth
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17
Applications: Medical and Healthcare
Remote
Databases
Base station
Backbone
Network
In Hospital
Physician
Switch
Switch
Wireless Remote
consultation from
Ambulance
Sensors on body
Possibility for Remote consulting
(including Audio Visual communication)
18
Fundamentals of Cellular Systems
Ideal cell area
(2-10 km radius)
Cell
Alternative
shape of a cell
BS
MS
MS
Hexagonal cell area
used in most models
Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station
19
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
Frequency
User n
…
User 2
User 1
Time
20
FDMA Bandwidth Structure
1
2
3
4
…
n
Frequency
Total bandwidth
21
FDMA Channel Allocation
Frequency 1
User 1
Frequency 2
User 2
…
…
Frequency n
User n
Mobile Stations
Base Station
22
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
…
User n
User 2
User 1
Frequency
Time
23
TDMA Frame Structure
…
1
2
3
4
n
Time
Frame
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TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple
Users
Time 1
…
User 2
Time 2
…
User 1
…
Time n
User n
Mobile Stations
Base Station
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CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)
.
User 1
..
User 2
User n
Frequency
Time
Code
26
Transmitted and Received Signals in
a CDMA System
Information bits
Code at
transmitting end
Transmitted signal
Received signal
Code at
receiving end
Decoded signal
at the receiver
27
CDMA Example (1/3)
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If k = 6 and code is a sequence of 1s and -1s
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For a ‘1’ bit, A sends code as chip pattern
<c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6>
For a ‘0’ bit, A sends complement of code
<-c1, -c2, -c3, -c4, -c5, -c6>
Receiver knows sender’s code and performs
electronic decode function
Su d   d1 c1  d 2  c2  d 3  c3  d 4  c4  d 5  c5  d 6  c6
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<d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6> = received chip pattern
<c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6> = sender’s code
28
CDMA Example (2/3)
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Each station has its own unique chip sequence
(CS)
All CSs are pairwise orthogonal
For example :(codes A, B, C and D are pair-wise
orthogonal)
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A: 00011011 => (-1-1-1+1+1-1+1+1)
B: 00101110 => (-1-1+1-1+1+1+1-1)
C: 01011100 => (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1)
D: 01000010 => (-1+1-1 - 1-1-1+1-1)
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CDMA Example (3/3)
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A·B = (1+1-1-1+1-1+1-1) = 0
B·C = (1-1-1-1+1+1-1+1) = 0
Ex: If station C transmits 1 to station E, station
B transmits 0 and station A transmits 1
simultaneously then the signal received by
station E will become
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SE = (-1+1-1+1+1+1-1-1) + (+1+1-1+1-1-1-1+1) + (-1-11+1+1-1+1+1) = (-1+1-3+3-1-1-1+1)
E can convert the signal SE to SE·C = SE(-1+11+1+1+1-1-1) = (1+1+3+3+1-1+1-1)/8 = 1
2016/3/15
Jang-Ping Sheu NTHU
30
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing)
Frequency
Conventional multicarrier modulation used in FDMA
Frequency
Orthogonal multicarrier modulation used in OFDM
31
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
Frame
Slot
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
Time
32
Cellular System Infrastructure
Service area (Zone)
BS
Early wireless system: Large zone
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Cellular System: Small Zone
BS
BS
BS
BS
BS
Service area
BS
BS
34
MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
Home phone
PSTN
…
MSC
BSC
…
BSC
BSC
…
…
…
BS MS
BS MS
BS MS
BSC: BS Controller
MSC
BS MS
BS MS
…
BSC
…
BS MS
BS MS
BS MS
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
35
Control and Traffic Channels
Mobile Station (MS)
Base Station (BS)
36
Steps for A Call Setup
from MS to BS
BS
MS
1. Need to establish path
2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned
(FDMA/TDMA/CDMA)
3. Control Information
Acknowledgement
4. Start communication
37
Steps for A Call Setup from
BS to MS
BS
MS
1. Call for MS # pending
2. Ready to establish a path
3. Use frequency/time slot/code
(FDMA/TDMA/CDMA)
4. Ready for communication
5. Start communication
38
A Simplified Wireless Communications
System Representation
Antenna
Information
to be
transmitted
(Voice/Data)
Coding
Modulator
Transmitter
Carrier
Antenna
Information
received
(Voice/Data)
Decoding
Demodulator
Receiver
Carrier
39
Satellite Systems
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Traditional Applications
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Weather satellite
Radio and TV broadcasting
Military satellites
Telecommunication Applications
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Global telephone connections
Backbone for global network
GPS
40
Network Architectures
and Protocols
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Systematic Signaling Steps for Information
Exchange
Open Systems Interconnections (OSI)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
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Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) – Work in progress
Mobile IP
41
Ad Hoc Networks
42
Wireless Sensor Networks
Cloud of Smoke
Radio Range
Predicted position for
the Cloud of Smoke
Data Collection and
Monitoring Agency
Path of the Response
43
Wireless LAN and PAN
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Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the
IEEE 802.11
HiperLAN is a European Standard
Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Bluetooth
HomeRF
44