Polarized sources and Targets, Section 9a
Anatoli Zelenski, BNL
• 16 talks in parallel sessions.
• New projects J-Park, U-70 Protvino,
polarized D in Nuclotron –Dubna.
Polarized antiprotons, PAX at GSI !
• Polarized Sources and Targets
Workshop PST-2007 at BNL.
SPIN 2006
Kyoto, October 5, 2006
• Present.
• Spin physics with the polarized electron (muon
COMPASS) beams on the fixed target.
• Solid targets, gas targets.
• RHIC - the first operational polarized proton collider.
Projects.
• eRHIC – polarized 10 GeV electron +250 GeV polarized
proton (He-3) beams.
• Polarized proton-antiproton collider at GSI.
Polarization must be obtained as an additional
beam quality at the maximum possible Luminosity!.
Polarization facilities at RHIC.
-2 50 < √s < 500 GeV
70% Polarization
Lmax the
= 1.6
 1032 s-1cmCollider
RHIC:
“Polarized”
RHIC pC “CNI”
polarimeters
Absolute H-jet
polarimeter
BRAMS
PHOBOS
PHENIX
RHIC
STAR
Spin Rotators
Pol. H- ion source 20% Snake
LINAC
200 MeV polarimeter
5% Snake
AGS
BOOSTER
Siberian Snakes
AGS inelastic polarimeter
AGS pC “CNI” polarimeter
AC Dipoles
Optically-Pumped Polarized H- Ion Source (OPPIS) at RHIC.
RHIC OPPIS produces
reliably 0.5-1.0mA
(maximum 1.6 mA)
polarized H- ion current.
Pulse duration 400 us.
Polarization at 200 MeV
P = 82-87 %.
A beam intensity greatly exceeds RHIC limit, which
allowed strong beam collimation in the Booster, to reduce
longitudinal and transverse beam emittances.
Beam intensity (ion/pulse)
routine operation:
Source
- 1012 H-/pulse
Linac (200MeV) - 5∙1011
Booster
- 2∙1011,
50% - scraping.
AGS
- 1.7∙1011
RHIC
- 1.4∙1011
(p/bunch).
SPIN -TRANSFER POLARIZATION IN PROTON-Rb COLLISIONS.
Laser-795 nm
Optical pumping
Rb: NL(Rb) ~1014 cm-2
Rb+
Proton
source
Na-jet ionizer cell:
NL(Na)~ 3•1015 cm-2
Rb+
H+
H+
Sona
transition
Ionizer
cell
H-
1.5 kG field
ECR-29 GHz
Н+ source
Supperconducting
solenoid 25 кГс
Charge-exchange
collisions: ~10-14 cm2
Electron to proton
polarization transfer
Laser beam is a primary source of angular momentum:
10 W (795 nm)
4•1019 h/sec
2 A, H0 equivalent intensity.
Polarized H- ion current pulse out of 200 MeV linac.
500 uA cuurent
At 200 MeV.
85-hole ECR
Source for the
maximum
polarization.
Faradey rotation
polarization sinal.
400 uS
12·1011 -polarized
H- /pulse.
Polarization measurement in 200 MeV polarimeter.
86.7%
200 μA 400 μs pulse at 200 MeV
~4.8∙1011 H-/pulse
86.4%
Polarization measurements in RHIC at 100 GeV.
H-Jet Polarimeter Upgrades & Status
Yousef Makdisi
Collider-Accelerator Department, BNL
Spin 2006
BNL: A. Bravar, G. Bunce, R. Gill, Z. Li. A. Khodinov, A.
Kponou, Y. Makdisi, W. Meng, A. Nass, S. Resica, A. Zelenski, V.
Zubets
WISCONSIN: T. Wise, M.A. Chapman, W. Haeberli
Kyoto: H. Okada, N. Saito
ITEP-Moscow: I. Alekseev, D. Svirida
IUCF: E. Stephenson
Rikkyo U.: K. Kurita
Data analysis: H.Okada, O. Eyser, K. Boyle
H-jet polarimeter.
Atomic Beam Source.
Atomic beam intensity- 12 ∙1016 atoms/s
H-jet thickness -1.5∙ 1012 atoms/cm2
ANbeam (t ) = - ANtarget (t )
for
elastic scattering only!
Pbeam = Ptarget . eNbeam / eNtarget
B
Beam in the Cage
Camera Focus
on Near Wires
Camera Focus on
Beam
Camera Focus on
Far Wires
Feasibility studies of new polarization techniques
for electron, H- ion and 3He++ ion beams.
A.Zelenski, J.Alessi, E.Beebe, A.Kponou, A.Pikin,
J.Ritter, BNL
R.Milner, F.Simon MIT Bates,
E.Hughes , C.O’Connel, CALTEC
S.Kokhanovski, V.Zubets, (INR, Moscow)
V. Davidenko, BINP Novosibirsk
A new generation of polarized electron, H- and 3He++
ion sources will provide polarized beams (if successful after
a few years of further development) for RHICII and eRHIC
spin physics.
Pulsed OPPIS layout.
Proton
source
H2 neutralizer
cell
Rb
cell
H0
He –ionizer cell serves as a
proton source in the high
magnetic field.
Proton “cannon” of the atomic H injector.
Ion Optical System with “geometrical focusing”.
The source produced 3 A ! pulsed
proton current at 5.0 keV.
~20-50 mA H- current. P=75-80%
~10 mA ,
P=85-90%.
~ 300 mA unpolarized H- ion current.
EBIS ionizer for polarized 3He gas (proposal).
He-3
metastability
-exchange
polarized cell
P - 80-90%.
2.5·1011
He++/pulse
Pumping laser
1083 nm.
He(2S)→
He(1S)
EBIS-ionizer,
B~ 50 kG
He-transfer line. Valve.
~50·1011 , 3He /pulse.
RFQ
The HERMES Polarized H&D
Gas Target: 10 Years of
Operation
Erhard Steffens
University of Erlangen-Nürnberg
and
HERMES Collaboration (DESY-Hamburg)
• Introduction
and history
• Polarized gas targets in a high energy storage ring
• Overview of HERMES H&D target
• Summary of runs 1996 to 2005 (H║, D║ H┴)
• Conclusions
The Clue to High Density:
Storage Cells
Storage Cell proposed by
W. Haeberli
• Ballistic flow from Atomic Beam
•Proc. Karlsruhe 1965, p. 64
•Proc. Workshop IUCF 1984,
AIP Conf. Proc.#128, p.251
• Flow driven by pressure gradient
Laser Driven Sources (H, D, 3He)
Source (H, D)
Polarized atoms from source
Target areal density given by
t = L ro
T-shaped
storage cell
with ro = It / Ctot and Ctot = S Ci
Note: Conductance of tube proportional to
d3/L
Density gain compared to
Jet of same intensity can
be up to several hundred!
October 3, 2006
E. Steffens – Spin 2006
Target Performance
Target/year
H║ (1997)
D║ (2000)
H┴ (2003)
recombination
Dar
0.055
0.003
0.004
spin exchange
DPSE
0.035
≤0.001
0.055
wall depol.
DPWD
0.02
≤0.01
0.055
beam induced
DPBI
absent
absent
0.015
calculated target polarization
→
target areal density →
Figure Of Merrit
October 3, 2006
PT
0.851±0.033 0.845±0.028 0.795±0.033
t
0.7
2.1
1.1
0.5
1.5
0.7
(1014 nucl./cm2)
FOM
(PT2·t)
E. Steffens – Spin 2006
Conclusions
• Polarized H&D target successfully operated over
10 years in a HE electron storage ring more or less
continuesly
• Several problems solved during commissioning
phase(s) thanks to many enthousiastic
collaborators – impossible to name them all!
• Nature was kind to us (no show-stopper) 
• Technology ready to be used for other projects!
www.fz-juelich.de/ikp/pax
October 3, 2006
E. Steffens – Spin 2006
The Polarized Internal Target at ANKE:
First Results
Kirill Grigoryev
Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich
PhD student from Petersburg Nuclear Physic Institute (PNPI),
Gatchina, Russia
Kyoto
October 03, 2006
Polarized Internal Gas Target, ANKE
 Summer 2003 – Atomic Beam Source is ready for using in experiments
 End of 2004
– Start of the PIT transportation to the COSY experimental hall
PIT main components:
 July 2005
– ABS is installed at the ANKE-experiment area at COSY
ABS
• H or D
• H beam intensity (2 HFS)
7.6 . 1016 atoms/s
• Beam size at the IP
σ = 2.85 ± 0.42 mm
• Polarization for hydrogen
PZ = 0.89 ± 0.01
PZ =-0.96 ± 0.01
Lamb-Shift Polarimeter
Target chamber with Storage Cell
Setup at the COSY experimental all
Future plans
ongoing
– Teflon coating and new cell production
Autumn ’06
– studies of nuclear polarization of molecules from
recombined polarized H and D atoms
use of the ABS in the other project ( ISTC #1861 )
December ’06 – PIT reinstallation with Lamb-shift polarimeter at ANKE
January ’07
→→
– First double polarized experiment: dp → (pp)n
see talk D. Chiladze
The Impact of Dissociator Cooling
on the Beam Intensity and Velocity
Spread in the SpinLab ABS
M. Stancari, L. Barion, C. Bonomo,
M. Capiluppi, M. Contalbrigo,
G. Ciullo, P.F. Dalpiaz, F.Giordano, P. Lenisa,
L. Pappalardo and M. Statera
University of Ferrara, Italy and INFN Ferrara
ABS Intensity over time
Is there an emperical
limit on the intensity
of an ABS, perhaps
due to intra beam
scattering?
(Novosibirsk, PST01)
Evidently
not!
(PST 03,
SPIN 04)
The RHIC H-jet polarimter dissociator.
SpinLab ABS1 Dissociator Cooling
We observe that:
• all temperatures rise with input flow for fixed cooling power but do not change with
increased microwave power (600-1000 W)
• the beam parameters are not sensitive to variations in the cooling water temperature
• the beam parameters are sensitive to variations in the collar temperature
Beam Response to Collar Temperature
Changes
Inlet Pressure
75 sccm H2 1.5 sccm O2
4 mm nozzle at 115 K
Chamber pressures
molecules
Beam density
atoms
Nozzle temperature = 115 K
Spin-filter technique for antiproton beam polarization was
originally discussed by E.Steffens at the meeting on polarized
antiproton beam polarization organized by O. Chamberline
(in A. Krish talk).
Polarized by spin-exchange technique He-3 target at J-lab
operates at 15 bar, 50% polarization.
Continuous operation.
Spin2006
Oct. ６ 2006
3He
Progress in Polarized
Ion Source at RCNP
M. Tanaka
Kobe Tokiwa College, Ohtani-cho 2-6-2, Nagata-ku,
Kobe 653-0838, Japan
Principle of SEPIS
Spin-exchange
B
collisions between
Polarized alkali atom
Rb + 3He+ ion
3He+
Incident
3He+
Pseudo Molecule
Outgoing
Basic drawings of practical SEPIS designs
Method I
Ionization by
stripping after
acceleration
Pumping Laser
Method II
3He+ ion source
Solenoidal coil
Focusing lens
3
Ionization by
tubular EBIS
Ionizer
He+
0 ~ +1 kV
Polarized
Rb cell
Accelerating
tube
Decelerating
tube
-(150 ~ 200) kV
3
He2+
Expected Performance
Tanaka et al: Nucl. Instr. Meth. 2005
○
○ Polarization degree
> 80%
○ Beam intensity
> 4.2 pmA
for CW beam on target at RCNP
> 5×1012 particles/pulse
with a tubular EBIS ionizer. This
number is an order of magnitude
larger than that planned at RHIC, BNL
Polarized Proton Solid Target
at high-T and low-B
Tomohiro Uesaka
Center for Nuclear Study, Tokyo
T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
CNS Proton Pol. at low-B and high-T
Idea: use of electron polarization (population difference)
in photo-excited triplet state of aromatic molecule
H.W. van Kesteren et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1642.
A. Henstra et al., Phys. Lett. A 134 (1988) 134.
Energy diagram of pentacene molecule
Singlet state Triplet state
mixing due to
spin-orbit int.
in molecule
population
S2
S1
Electron polarization
Laser
T1
S0 on B nor T
depends neither
+1
(12%)
0
(76%)
-1
(12%)
T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
CNS Electron population difference
z
y
Pentacene molecule
x
B // x
B // x : Pmax = 73%
B // y : Pmax = 48%
B // z : Pmax = 70%
B // y
0.12
0.45
0.76
0.16
B // z
0.46
Population
0.08
0.12
0.39
Crystal alignment is essential for large polarization
0.46
System for basic study with Ar-ion laser
T. Wakui et al., NIM A 526 (2004) 182 & NIM A 550 (2005) 521.
Polarization in p-terphenyl
at 0.3T, room temperature
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Polarization
偏極度 [%] [%]
Polarization in naphthalene
at 0.3 T, 100K
[%]
Polarization
Polarization (%)
T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
CNS Optical pumping by Ar-ion Laser
crystal size
4×4×3mm3
6
4
2
00
0
2
4
6
8
Time (hours)
10
12
50
100
時間 [分]
150
Time [min]
Time [hours]
Proton polarization : 36.8±4.3%
(39.3±4.6%)
4.8±1.2%
enhancement factor > 5×104
• Fabrice Gautheron-Performance of the
Newly upgradedLarge COMPASS
Polarized Target.
• T. Nakajima –Nuclear spin polarization by
Ultrafast laser Pulses
• Arnold Honig- Polarized D, He-3-in the
Tokamak.
Polarized Sources and Targets PST 2007 Workshop.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Date: September 10-14, 2007
Possible place – Port Jefferson, Long Island, NY
Focussed discussions on:
Polarized Ion, Electron and He-3 polarized sources.
Polarized internal targets.
Polarimetry.
Invited speakers. Round – table discussions.
Posters on status and summary talks.
One day –lectures for students and BNL staff at BNL.
Expected number of participants ~80 (~20 students).
Registration fee - $300 (reduced for students).
• Publication in AIP Proceedings.