Other Concepts Agenda 1. Studies 2. References 3. Project 11. Other concepts 1 1. Studies Optimization Trades Studies Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 2 Optimization Process of finding the most favorable Tools generally used 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 3 Analysis of Ice Cube Tray Material is 1 cent per square inch Minimize cost = xy+3xz+7yz Must be 12 compartments Compartments must be square z y x 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 4 Manual Solution This problem can be solved using LaGrange multipliers 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 5 Excel Solver Solution A description x y z 1 2 3 4 5 6 xy+3xz+7yz 7 xyz 11. Other concepts B value 6.60 2.20 0.83 formula 43.61 12.00 Solver Target cell Equal to By changing cells Subject to 1. Studies B6 Min B2:B4 B7=12 B2=3*B3 6 Trades Studies Used to make decisions Common technique is to use weighted ranking Ideal -- Choose weights before study Reality -- Choose weights after study INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook discusses in detail 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 7 Trade Study for Lawn Mower Option Engine Horsepower Cost Material Starter Weight Color Pollution Cost Power Operation Durability Weight Totals Selection 11. Other concepts 1 2 2 cycle 4 cycle 4 3 $200 $300 alum alum manual maual 40 lb 60 lb green red wgt rank r-wgt rank must reject 25 10 250 8 25 10 250 7 20 8 160 8 15 9 135 8 15 10 150 6 100 945 reject 1. Studies 3 4 cycle 3.5 $350 steel electric 70 lb pink r-wgt rank r-wgt ok ok 200 7 175 175 8 200 160 10 200 120 7 105 90 4 60 745 740 1 2 8 Quality Functional Deployment (QFD) A requirements flowdown technique Deploys voice of the customer Flows down requirements to design, parts, and manufacturing 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 9 QFD for Lawn Mower - - 1 2 3 4 5 Color Wgt Start Mat'l X X manual red 60 lb $300 3 4 cycle X X alum X X X Whats Pollution Cost Power Operation Durability Weight How Much - Cost Eng Whats/Hows HP - 5 4 3 2 1 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 10 QFD Flowdown Design how Parts what how much how Manufacturing what how much how what how much 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 11 QFD Limitations Duplicates information in specs Requires tool 11. Other concepts 1. Studies 12 2. References Current status System engineering Military references 11. Other concepts 2. References 13 Current Status System engineering is evolving and many references on the subject are appearing Some references retain the older approach, which is not a product-based development approach Many of the references have good information, although some of the process descriptions are cumbersome and deal with a large number of objects 11. Other concepts 2. References 14 System Engineering References (1 of 4) DoD 4245.7-M Transition from Development to Production. September 1985 Templates for avoiding problems NAVSO P6071. Best Practices: How to Avoid Surprises in the World’s Most Complicated Technical Process. March 1986 Templates for avoiding problems Compliment to DoD 4245.7-M Transition from Development to Production Defense Systems Management College (DSMCS). System Engineering Management Guide. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. 1989 Classic document Older approach 11. Other concepts 2. References 15 System Engineering References (2 of 4) MIL STD 499B Original basis for EIA 632 Older approach Reliability Toolkit: Commercial Practices Edition. Reliability Analysis Center. P. O. Box 4700, Rome, NY 13442-4700. 1993 Excellent handbook on reliability $29 IEEE Std 1220. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47 th Street. New York, NY 10017. 1995 IEEE entry to meet needs of ISO 9000 11. Other concepts 2. References 16 System Engineering References (3 of 4) Martin, James N. Systems Engineering Guidebook -- A Process for Developing Systems and Products. CRC Press. New York. ISBN 08493-7837-0. 1996 Our textbook Product-based development approach International Council on Systems Engineering. Systems Engineering Handbook. A How To Guide for All Engineers. INCOSE. 2033 Sixth Ave. #804. Seattle, Washington 98121-2546. 1998 A lot of good material on teams, costing, definitions, and EIA 731 Older approach $20 for INCOSE members 11. Other concepts 2. References 17 System Engineering References (4 of 4) EIA 632. EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Virginia 22201-3834. 1998 Replacement for MIL STD 499 Product based development approach EIA 732. Systems Engineering Capability Model. EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Virginia 222013834. 1998 Capability maturity model analogous to fivelevel technique used by software Part 1 -- model. Part 2 -- appraisal method 11. Other concepts 2. References 18 Military References (1 of 5) A memorandum from Secretary of Defense William Perry in June 1994 officially changed the way the military develops and acquires systems. Commercial and military approaches are no longer distinct Military standards are out and commercial practices are in Nevertheless, military specifications contain a lot of good guidance 11. Other concepts 2. References 19 Military References (2 of 5) Climatic information -- MIL-STD-210 Logistics -- MIL-HDBK-59 Corrosion -- MIL-STD- 1210, 1568 Environmental -- MIL-STD-810 EMC -- MIL-STD-461, 1541; MIL-HDBK-237; MIL-E6051 Human factors -- MIL-STD- 1472, 1794, 1800; MILHDBK- 46855; MIL-H- 46855 Maintainability -- MIL-STD- 470, 1843, 2184; MILHDBK- 791 Manufacturing -- MIL-STD-1528 Karl Arunski 11. Other concepts 2. References 20 Military References (3 of 5) Non-destructive inspection -- MIL-HDBK-728, 731; MIL-I-6070 Parts control -- MIL-STD-965 Producibility -- MIL-HDBK-727 Quality -- MIL-Q-9858, MIL-I-45208 Reliability -- MIL-STD-785, 1530, 1543, 1783, 1796, 1798, 2164 Safety -- MIL-STD-882 Software -- DoD-2167, MIL-STD-1803, 1815, MILHDBK-287 Supportability -- MIL-STD-1388 Karl Arunski 11. Other concepts 2. References 21 Military References (4 of 5) Survivability -- MIL-STD-1799, 2069, 2169; MILHDBK-336 Security -- MIL-STD-1785 Telecommunications -- MIL-STD-188-xxx Testability -- MIL-STD-2165 Thermal -- MIL-HDBK-251 Transportability -- MIL-STD-1367, MIL-HDBK-157 Value -- MIL-STD-1771 11. Other concepts 2. References 22 Military References (5 of 5) Specifications -- MIL-STD-490B MIL-STD-490B is a draft MIL-STD-490A and MIL-STD-490B have the same specification outline except for section 3.7 MIL-STD-490A suggests giving characteristics of subordinate elements. MIL-STD-490B does not require this 11. Other concepts 2. References 23 Project Notes Manage Sell off Verify Build Acquire Design Understand Task 1. Complete the following Excel table for each numbered task in chapters 6 through 8 in our textbook by placing a 1 in the one column that most applies. 101 102 103 .... 1012 Total 11. Other concepts 3. Project 24 Project 2. Explain where the block labeled “Design, ILS Production, and Deployment” in Figure 4-2 of Martin’s book fits in the PBD approach 3. What is the difference between a SEMP, a SEMS, and a SEDS? What is the difference between a SEMS and an IMP? 4. What is a functional design discipline (FDD)? 5. What is a cross-project team (CPT)? Who should CPTs report to? 6. List five system engineering metrics and give a method for determining a numerical value for the benefit and cost of each. 11. Other concepts 3. Project 25