Other Concepts Agenda
 1. Studies
 2. References
 3. Project
11. Other concepts
1
1. Studies
 Optimization
 Trades Studies
 Quality Functional Deployment (QFD)
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
2
Optimization
 Process of finding the most favorable
 Tools generally used
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
3
Analysis of Ice Cube Tray
 Material is 1 cent per square inch
 Minimize cost = xy+3xz+7yz
 Must be 12 compartments
 Compartments must be square
z
y
x
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
4
Manual Solution
 This problem can be solved using LaGrange
multipliers
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
5
Excel Solver Solution
A
description
x
y
z
1
2
3
4
5
6 xy+3xz+7yz
7 xyz
11. Other concepts
B
value
6.60
2.20
0.83
formula
43.61
12.00
Solver
Target cell
Equal to
By changing cells
Subject to
1. Studies
B6
Min
B2:B4
B7=12
B2=3*B3
6
Trades Studies
 Used to make decisions
 Common technique is to use weighted ranking
 Ideal -- Choose weights before study
 Reality -- Choose weights after study
 INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
discusses in detail
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
7
Trade Study for Lawn Mower
Option
Engine
Horsepower
Cost
Material
Starter
Weight
Color
Pollution
Cost
Power
Operation
Durability
Weight
Totals
Selection
11. Other concepts
1
2
2 cycle
4 cycle
4
3
$200
$300
alum
alum
manual
maual
40 lb
60 lb
green
red
wgt
rank
r-wgt rank
must
reject
25
10
250
8
25
10
250
7
20
8
160
8
15
9
135
8
15
10
150
6
100
945
reject
1. Studies
3
4 cycle
3.5
$350
steel
electric
70 lb
pink
r-wgt rank r-wgt
ok
ok
200
7
175
175
8
200
160
10
200
120
7
105
90
4
60
745
740
1
2
8
Quality Functional Deployment (QFD)
 A requirements flowdown technique
 Deploys voice of the customer
 Flows down requirements to design, parts, and
manufacturing
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
9
QFD for Lawn Mower
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
Color
Wgt
Start
Mat'l
X X
manual
red
60 lb
$300
3
4 cycle
X
X
alum
X
X
X
Whats
Pollution
Cost
Power
Operation
Durability
Weight
How Much
-
Cost
Eng
Whats/Hows
HP
-
5
4
3
2
1
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
10
QFD Flowdown
Design
how
Parts
what
how much
how
Manufacturing
what
how much
how
what
how much
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
11
QFD Limitations
 Duplicates information in specs
 Requires tool
11. Other concepts
1. Studies
12
2. References
 Current status
 System engineering
 Military references
11. Other concepts
2. References
13
Current Status
 System engineering is evolving and many
references on the subject are appearing
 Some references retain the older approach, which
is not a product-based development approach
 Many of the references have good information,
although some of the process descriptions are
cumbersome and deal with a large number of
objects
11. Other concepts
2. References
14
System Engineering References (1 of 4)
 DoD 4245.7-M Transition from Development to
Production. September 1985
 Templates for avoiding problems
 NAVSO P6071. Best Practices: How to Avoid
Surprises in the World’s Most Complicated
Technical Process. March 1986
 Templates for avoiding problems
 Compliment to DoD 4245.7-M Transition from
Development to Production
 Defense Systems Management College (DSMCS).
System Engineering Management Guide. Fort
Belvoir, Virginia. 1989
 Classic document
 Older approach
11. Other concepts
2. References
15
System Engineering References (2 of 4)
 MIL STD 499B
 Original basis for EIA 632
 Older approach
 Reliability Toolkit: Commercial Practices Edition.
Reliability Analysis Center. P. O. Box 4700, Rome,
NY 13442-4700. 1993
 Excellent handbook on reliability
 $29
 IEEE Std 1220. Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, Inc. 345 East 47 th Street.
New York, NY 10017. 1995
 IEEE entry to meet needs of ISO 9000
11. Other concepts
2. References
16
System Engineering References (3 of 4)
 Martin, James N. Systems Engineering
Guidebook -- A Process for Developing Systems
and Products. CRC Press. New York. ISBN 08493-7837-0. 1996
 Our textbook
 Product-based development approach
 International Council on Systems Engineering.
Systems Engineering Handbook. A How To Guide
for All Engineers. INCOSE. 2033 Sixth Ave. #804.
Seattle, Washington 98121-2546. 1998
 A lot of good material on teams, costing,
definitions, and EIA 731
 Older approach
 $20 for INCOSE members
11. Other concepts
2. References
17
System Engineering References (4 of 4)
 EIA 632. EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington.
Virginia 22201-3834. 1998
 Replacement for MIL STD 499
 Product based development approach
 EIA 732. Systems Engineering Capability Model.
EIA. 2500 Wilson Blvd. Arlington. Virginia 222013834. 1998
 Capability maturity model analogous to fivelevel technique used by software
 Part 1 -- model. Part 2 -- appraisal method
11. Other concepts
2. References
18
Military References (1 of 5)
 A memorandum from Secretary of Defense
William Perry in June 1994 officially changed the
way the military develops and acquires systems.
 Commercial and military approaches are no
longer distinct
 Military standards are out and commercial
practices are in
 Nevertheless, military specifications contain a lot
of good guidance
11. Other concepts
2. References
19
Military References (2 of 5)
 Climatic information -- MIL-STD-210
 Logistics -- MIL-HDBK-59
 Corrosion -- MIL-STD- 1210, 1568
 Environmental -- MIL-STD-810
 EMC -- MIL-STD-461, 1541; MIL-HDBK-237; MIL-E6051
 Human factors -- MIL-STD- 1472, 1794, 1800; MILHDBK- 46855; MIL-H- 46855
 Maintainability -- MIL-STD- 470, 1843, 2184; MILHDBK- 791
 Manufacturing -- MIL-STD-1528
Karl Arunski
11. Other concepts
2. References
20
Military References (3 of 5)
 Non-destructive inspection -- MIL-HDBK-728, 731;
MIL-I-6070
 Parts control -- MIL-STD-965
 Producibility -- MIL-HDBK-727
 Quality -- MIL-Q-9858, MIL-I-45208
 Reliability -- MIL-STD-785, 1530, 1543, 1783, 1796,
1798, 2164
 Safety -- MIL-STD-882
 Software -- DoD-2167, MIL-STD-1803, 1815, MILHDBK-287
 Supportability -- MIL-STD-1388
Karl Arunski
11. Other concepts
2. References
21
Military References (4 of 5)
 Survivability -- MIL-STD-1799, 2069, 2169; MILHDBK-336
 Security -- MIL-STD-1785
 Telecommunications -- MIL-STD-188-xxx
 Testability -- MIL-STD-2165
 Thermal -- MIL-HDBK-251
 Transportability -- MIL-STD-1367, MIL-HDBK-157
 Value -- MIL-STD-1771
11. Other concepts
2. References
22
Military References (5 of 5)
 Specifications -- MIL-STD-490B
 MIL-STD-490B is a draft
 MIL-STD-490A and MIL-STD-490B have the same
specification outline except for section 3.7
 MIL-STD-490A suggests giving characteristics of
subordinate elements. MIL-STD-490B does not
require this
11. Other concepts
2. References
23
Project
Notes
Manage
Sell off
Verify
Build
Acquire
Design
Understand
Task
 1. Complete the following Excel table for each
numbered task in chapters 6 through 8 in our textbook
by placing a 1 in the one column that most applies.
101
102
103
....
1012
Total
11. Other concepts
3. Project
24
Project
 2. Explain where the block labeled “Design, ILS
Production, and Deployment” in Figure 4-2 of
Martin’s book fits in the PBD approach
 3. What is the difference between a SEMP, a
SEMS, and a SEDS? What is the difference
between a SEMS and an IMP?
 4. What is a functional design discipline (FDD)?
 5. What is a cross-project team (CPT)? Who
should CPTs report to?
 6. List five system engineering metrics and give a
method for determining a numerical value for the
benefit and cost of each.
11. Other concepts
3. Project
25