
Definition: A group of eighteenth-century
French writers and philosophers, including men
such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and
Diderot

Significance:
› 1) emphasized the supremacy of human reason
› 2) supported freedom of expression and social,
economic, and political reform
› 3) helped inspire the American , French, and Latin
American Revolutions
(Spodek 533)
AO

Definition: a hierarchal division in France consisting of
3 main Estates
› 1st Estate: Clergy
› 2nd Estate: Nobility
› 3rd Esate: everyone else (including the bourgeoisie,
merchants, etc.)

Significance:
› 1) revolt of the Third Estate (wanted to put an end to the
privileges of the clergy and nobility)
 leads to the “National Assembly” and the “Oath of the
Tennis Court” and eventually the drafting of a new
constitution for France (constitutional monarchy)
(Spodek 540)
AO

Definition: the leading urban professional and
commercial classes of the Third Estate

Significance:
› 1) The French Revolution began as a result of the King’s
need for funds  King Louis XVI looks to the Third Estate for
these funds
 More specifically the bourgeoisie because of their
increasing commercial power and influence, not to
mention the greater amount of wealth that this group had
› involved in the revolt of the Third Estate against the nobles
and clergy of the other 2 Estates
(Spodek 540)
AO

Definition: A technique launched by the Committee
of Public Safety, started by the French Convention, in
an attempt to govern during international and civil
warfare against “counter-revolutionaries”

Significance:
› 1) brutal treatment of the French people (execution,
drowning, etc.)
› 2) Desire to wage war- instituted a levee en
masses/military draft
› 3) mob inspired violence throughout France
(Spodek 543)
AO

Definition: A group of eighteenth-century
French writers and philosophers, including men
such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and
Diderot

Significance:
› 1) emphasized the supremacy of human reason
› 2) supported freedom of expression and social,
economic, and political reform
› 3) helped inspire the American , French, and Latin
American Revolutions
(Spodek 533)
AO
Anna Olson
AO
(Spodek 545 – 547)
Who:
Napoleon introduced the principal legal
and administrative reforms of the
revolution. Napoleon also established
Code Napoleon (Civil Code) in 1804.
In the same year he became emperor
of France. He was able to end the
French Revolution through military
power as well as law and order.
Through this, Napoleon was also able
to start Nationalism. He ruled from
1799 – 1815.
So What: With Napoleon’s reform put into
play in France, he was able to bring a
temporary peace in France and his
conquest in different regions
expanded France. He brought some
equality in his land with the civil code
and was able to reach a concordat
with the pope, ending the conflict
between the state and church.
However, due to overconquest,
Napoleon lost and was exiled.
Brian Jing
Picture is an active link
to its source
Napoleon of France
Source:
http://john07eom.files.wordpress.
com/2009/03/napoleon_great.jp
(Spodek 540 – 543)
Who:
King Louis XVI was king of France and
was able to establish General
Estates in the year of 1789. Louis was
later married to Mary Antoinette
which brought public humiliation to
the household of France. King Louis
XVI also solicited funds by
convening leaders of the French
people through the Estates. The
wealth Louis wanted to gain control
of was the first two estates and the
bourgeoisie.
Picture is an active link
to its source
So What: Due to the dislike of the Third
Estate, a new constitution was
established in the Tennis Court
Oath. The constitution said that the
people would continuing fighting
until a new constitution would be
made. It was due to Louis that
sparked the French Revolution.
King Louis XVI posing
http://www.albion.edu/psychology/fac_psyc/jwilson/nspharm/louis
Brian Jing
(Spodek 551 – 553)
Who: Simon Bolivar was a Creole elite of
the Latin American Revolution who
studied philosophes in Europe. In 1807,
Bolivar joined movements of
independence that swept the region
undercutting Spanish authority. In
1813, Bolivar brought Venezuelan
independence from his capture of
Caracas. In 1819, Bolivar established
the republic of Columbia. In 1825,
after meaning feats involving
conquest, Bolivar was elected
president of Brazil.
Picture is an active link
to its source
So What: Bolivar’s conquest of so
many South American regions
was ultimately able to unify Latin
America.
A confident Simon Bolivar
http://s3.amazonaws.com/findagrave/photos/2002/36/11917_101300598
Brian Jing
(Spodek 553)
Who: Father Miguel Hidalgo led the
first wave of Mexico’s revolt until
he was executed in 1811. Hidalgo
wanted to assert special privileges
and landholdings of the church.
The early Mexican independence
was inspired by the incipient
“liberation theology” of priests like
Hidalgo.
So What: Mexico was able to gain
independence in 1821 partially
from Hidalgo’s efforts. His
movement challenged the
authority, Creoles, to lessen
peasant poverty.
Brian Jing
Picture is an active link
to its source
A Portrait of Father Miguel Hidalgo
http://www.elsoldelacosta.com/images/hidalgo.jpe
1.
Religious Discrimination is suppressed:
1.
French Revolution surpasses the British in creating
freedom for all faiths (like Jewish people) so that they are
allowed to be citizens.
2. The National Convention deletes slavery:
1. Even though Napoleon reinstates slavery, it shows
that there are clear distinctions between color and
race
3. Equality for males occurs
4. Revolution provides inspirations for others
1. United States
2. Haiti
(Spodek 557)
© 2009 by Allison Wang
The Terror destroys many people (Spodek
543).
1. The Committee of Public Safety executes
about 40,000 people and established a
military draft of amount 800,000 men.
2. There is still much class antagonism.
1.
1. Class antagonism can be seen between the
nobility and the third estate at the most.
2. Although the Catholic clergy were alientated
during the time of the Committee’s Robespierre
in 1794 (Spodek 544).
(Spodek 557)
© 2009 by Allison Wang
It was the first and only successful slave
revolt in history
 It gave hope and inspiration to other
slaves at the time
 Britain and other countries like the US
started abolishing the slave trade in fear
of further slave revolts.
(Spodek 548,550)

© 2009 by Allison Wang
Even though Bolivar was able to conquer
much of South America – Columbia,
Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina – he
still feels dissatisfied.
 His dissatisfaction results from the warfare
amongst his generals for the independence
of their unit leads to Bolivar’s stricter ruling.
His previous supporters don’t like his ruling so
he barely escaped an assassination
attempt on him. After this, he returned to
Europe feeling defeated and disillusioned.
(Spodek 537)

© 2009 by Allison Wang
© 2009 by Allison Wang
Mexico
Havana
Cuba
Haiti
Legend:
Nation
City
© 2009 by Allison Wang
Peru
Brazil
Legend:
Nation
© 2009 by Allison Wang




© 2009 by Allison Wang, Brian Jing, Anna Olson