Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action
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Chapter Focus
Section 1 President and Vice
President
Section 2 Electing the President
Section 3 The Cabinet
Section 4 The Executive Office
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
• President and Vice President Describe the
requirements for the office of president and the
role of the vice president. (Section 1) 
• Electing the President Discuss the historical
foundations of the Electoral College and its
advantages and disadvantages. (Section 2) 
• The Cabinet Evaluate how politics influences
cabinet appointments and relationships.
(Section 3) 
• The Executive Office Describe the
components of the Executive Office of the
President. (Section 4)
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Chapter Concepts
• Section 1 Growth of Democracy 
• Section 2 Constitutional Interpretations 
• Section 3 Political Processes 
• Section 4 Political Processes
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Making It Relevant Transparency
The next slide is a political cartoon
drawn in 1990 after President George
Bush vetoed new civil rights legislation.
Making It Relevant 8
End of Chapter Focus
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President and Vice President
Key Terms
compensation, presidential succession 
Find Out
• What qualifications for the office of
president do you think are most
necessary for carrying out the duties of
the office? 
• What are the constitutional provisions for
filling the executive office if the president
is unable to perform those duties?
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information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
President and Vice President
Understanding Concepts
Growth of Democracy Why are personal
qualities of candidates for president more
demanding than the constitutional
qualifications? 
Section Objective
Describe the requirements for the office of
president and the role of the vice president.
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information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
Introduction
• The office of the president has been
developing for more than 200 years. 
• Just as the nation has grown during that
time, the powers of the executive branch
have also grown.
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Duties of the President
• The constitutional duties of the nation’s first
president, George Washington, and those
of a modern president are much the same.
However, presidents today have enormous
power and responsibility. 
• In addition to commanding the military, the
president appoints–with Senate consent–
heads of executive departments, federal
court judges, and other top officials.
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Duties of the President (cont.)
• In conducting foreign policy, the president
makes treaties, meets with heads of state,
hosts foreign officials, and appoints
ambassadors. 
• The most important duty of the president
may be to ensure that all the laws of the
United States are “faithfully executed.” 
• A vast bureaucracy assists the president in
this task.
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Duties of the President (cont.)
• A president may pardon people convicted
of federal crimes, except in cases of
impeachment, or reduce a person’s jail
sentence or fine. 
• The president has lawmaking power.
Today Congress expects a president to
take some leadership in proposing policy
changes.
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President’s Term and Salary
• Originally, the Constitution did not specify
how many four-year terms a president may
serve. 
• George Washington set a long-held
precedent when he refused to run for a
third term. 
• In 1940 and 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt
broke this tradition when he ran for a third
and a fourth term.
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The Twenty-second Amendment
• Reaction to Roosevelt’s unprecedented
four terms in office and concern over too
much executive power led to the Twentysecond Amendment in 1951. 
• The amendment secured the traditional
presidential limitation of two terms, while
allowing a vice president who takes over
the presidency and serves two years or
less of the former president’s term to serve
two additional terms. 
• Thus, it is possible for a president to serve
up to 10 years.
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Salary and Benefits
• The Constitution did not specify the amount
of the president’s compensation, or salary,
but left the matter for Congress to
determine. 
• Since 1969 the president has received
$200,000 a year in taxable salary and
$50,000 a year for expenses connected
with official duties. 
• The Executive Office of the President also
provides a nontaxable travel allowance of
up to $100,000 a year.
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Salary and Benefits (cont.)
• Other presidential benefits include: 
– the Secret Service, which is responsible for
protecting the president 
– Air Force One, a specially equipped jet, as well
as other planes, helicopters, and limousines 
– free medical, dental, and health care 
– residency in the White House, a 132-room
mansion with a swimming pool, bowling alley,
private movie theater, and tennis courts 
– a domestic staff which does the cooking,
shopping, cleaning, and other chores for the
president’s family
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Salary and Benefits (cont.)
– a lifetime pension, now $148,400 a year 
– free office space, free mailing services, and up
to $96,000 a year for office help 
• Items such as receptions and dinners not
directly related to government business are
paid for by the president.
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Presidential Qualifications
• Most Americans over the age of 35 can
meet the constitutional requirements for the
presidency. 
• However, very few can meet the informal
requirements that Americans expect in their
presidents.
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Constitutional Requirements
• In Article II, Section 1, the Constitution
defines the formal requirements for the
office of president. 
• The president must be… 
– a natural-born citizen of the United States. 
– at least 35 years old. 
– a resident of the United States for at least 14
years before taking office.
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Government Experience
• Many other qualities are necessary for a
person to have a real chance of becoming
president. 
• Experience in government is an unwritten
but important qualification. 
• In this century candidates who are former
United States senators or state governors
have been the most successful in winning
the presidential nomination.
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Government Experience (cont.)
• A political career provides the opportunity
to form political alliances necessary to
obtain a party’s nomination as well as the
name recognition necessary to win votes.
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Importance of Money
• A serious candidate for the presidency
must have access to large amounts of
money. 
• Even though the federal government
provides funds for some aspects of
presidential campaigns, running for the
presidency means raising money from
supporters and using one’s own personal
finances. 
• In 1992 Congress set a limit of
approximately $93 million on campaign
spending.
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Importance of Money (cont.)
• If candidates spend more than the limit,
they lose millions of dollars of public funds
that the Federal Election Commission
distributes to eligible candidates.
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Political Beliefs
• Extremely liberal or conservative
candidates have little chance of being
elected. 
• In the campaign of 1996 both President
Clinton and challenger Bob Dole adopted
moderate positions on major issues.
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Personal Characteristics
• What personal characteristics does a
person need to become president? 
– Most presidents have come from northern
European family backgrounds. 
– Most presidents have come from middle-class
backgrounds. 
– Presidents generally have been white,
married, Protestant, financially successful
men. 
– No woman, nor any person of African,
Hispanic, or Asian ancestry has yet been
president or vice president.
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Personal Growth
• Holding presidential office tends to
underscore a person’s inner personal
strengths and weaknesses. 
• President Harry S Truman, who had
succeeded to the presidency on the death
of Franklin Roosevelt, stated:
“The presidency of the United States carries
with it a responsibility so personal as to be
without parallel. . . . To be President of the
United States is to be lonely, very lonely at
times of great decisions.”
–Harry S Truman
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Presidential Succession
• Eight presidents have died in office–bullets
struck down four; four died of natural
causes. 
• After John F. Kennedy was killed in 1963,
the country realized that the rules for
presidential succession the Constitution
established were inadequate.
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Order of Succession
• Ratified in 1967, the Twenty-fifth
Amendment established the order of
succession to the presidency and spelled
out what happens when the vice
presidency becomes vacant: 
– “Section 1. In case of the removal of the
President from office or of his death or
resignation, the Vice President shall become
President. 
– Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the
office of the Vice President, the President shall
nominate a Vice President who shall take office
upon confirmation by a majority vote of both
Houses of Congress.”
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Order of Succession (cont.)
• If the offices of president and vice president
both become vacant at the same time, the
Presidential Succession Act of 1947
establishes the order of succession. 
• According to this law, the next in line for the
presidency is the Speaker of the House,
and then the president pro tempore of the
Senate.
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Order of Succession (cont.)
• Next in line are the cabinet officers, starting
with the secretary of state. The other 13
department heads follow in the order in
which Congress created the departments.
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Presidential Disability
• If a president becomes seriously disabled
while in office, the Twenty-fifth Amendment
sets forth a series of rules to be followed. 
• The amendment provides that the vice
president becomes acting president under
one of two conditions. 
• First, the vice president assumes the
president’s duties if the president informs
Congress of an inability to perform in office.
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Presidential Disability (cont.)
• Second, the amendment says that the vice
president will take over for the president if
the vice president and a majority of the
cabinet or another body authorized by law
informs Congress that the president is
disabled. 
• Under the terms of the Twenty-fifth
Amendment, the president can resume the
powers and duties of office at any time
simply by informing Congress that a
disability no longer exists.
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Presidential Disability (cont.)
• Congress has the authority to resolve any
dispute over the president’s disability.
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The Vice President’s Role
• The Constitution gives the vice president
only two duties: 
– The vice president presides over the Senate and
votes in that body in case of a tie. 
– Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice
president helps decide whether the president is
disabled and acts as president should that
happen.
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Standby Work
• A vice president’s work and power depend
upon what responsibilities, if any, the
president assigns. 
• Fourteen vice presidents have become
president. Of these, nine vice presidents
have succeeded to the office upon the
death or resignation of the president.
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Increased Responsibilities
• Since President Eisenhower (1953-1961),
presidents have tried to give their vice
presidents more responsibility. 
• Vice presidents today often represent the
president overseas, attending state
funerals and other ceremonial functions.
They serve in a diplomatic role and visit
with heads of state. 
• In addition, vice presidents may make
speeches around the country defending the
president’s policies and decisions.
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Increased Responsibilities (cont.)
• Vice President Al Gore served as a close
adviser to President Bill Clinton,
overseeing areas such as the organization
of government and environmental issues.
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What qualifications for the office of
president do you think are most necessary
for carrying out the duties of the office?
Possible answers include constitutional
requirements, government experience, financial
capacity, political beliefs, personal characteristics,
and personal growth.
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What are the constitutional provisions for
filling the executive office if the president is
unable to perform those duties?
The vice president assumes the president’s duties
if the president informs Congress of an inability to
perform or if the vice president and a majority of
the cabinet members inform Congress that the
president is disabled.
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End of Section 1
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Electing the President
Key Terms
elector, electoral vote 
Find Out
• What evidence suggests that the
Founders did not anticipate the effects
of political parties on presidential
elections? 
• Based on the historical record of
elections, how well has the Electoral
College performed in selecting
presidents the nation wanted?
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Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
Electing the President
Understanding Concepts
Constitutional Interpretations How
has the method of electing a president
changed to make the process more
democratic? 
Section Objective
Discuss the historical foundations of the
Electoral College and its advantages and
disadvantages.
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Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
Introduction
• At the Constitutional Convention, the
Founders proposed that Congress choose
the president without a popular or an
electoral vote. 
• They gave up the idea because it violated
the principle of separation of powers,
making it possible for Congress to
dominate the presidency.
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Introduction (cont.)
• Direct popular vote was another possible
method for electing the president. Many of
the Founders, however, feared that citizens
could not make a wise choice because
they knew little about potential leaders. 
• After weeks of debate, the Founders
settled on a compromise that Alexander
Hamilton proposed–an indirect method of
election called the Electoral College. 
• With a few changes, the Electoral College
system is still in use today.
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The Original System
• Article II, Section 1, established the
Electoral College. It provided that each
state would choose electors according to a
method the state legislatures set up. 
• Each state would have as many electors as
it had senators and representatives in
Congress. 
• At election time, the electors would meet
in their own states and cast votes for two
presidential candidates. This vote was the
electoral vote.
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The Original System (cont.)
• No popular vote was cast for the early
presidential elections. 
• Electoral votes from all the states would be
counted in a joint session of Congress. 
• The candidate receiving a majority of the
electoral votes would become president. 
• The candidate receiving the second
highest number of votes, who also had a
majority, would become vice president.
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The Original System (cont.)
• In case of a tie, or if no one received a
majority, the House of Representatives
would choose the president or vice
president, with each state having one
vote. 
• As expected, the Electoral College
unanimously chose George Washington
as the nation’s first president in 1789
and 1792. 
• After President Washington retired,
however, political parties began to play
an important role in national elections.
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The Impact of Political Parties
• By 1800 two national parties–the
Federalists and the DemocraticRepublicans–had formed. 
• Each party nominated its own candidate
for president and vice president as well as
for electors in every state. 
• It was understood that if they were
chosen, these electors would vote for
their party’s candidates.
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The Impact of Political Parties (cont.)
• In the election of 1800, the DemocraticRepublicans, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron
Burr, won a majority of electoral votes.
Both Jefferson and Burr wound up with 73
votes. 
• Because of the tie, the election went to the
House of Representatives. Popular
opinion in the nation supported Jefferson,
but many Federalists in the House favored
Burr.
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The Impact of Political Parties (cont.)
• The House debated day and night for six
days before Jefferson was finally elected
president and Burr vice president. 
• The 1800 election clearly demonstrated the
need for a change in the rules before the
next election. 
• The Twelfth Amendment, which requires
that the electors cast separate ballots for
president and vice president, was added to
the Constitution in 1804 to solve the
problem of a tie vote for president.
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The Impact of Political Parties (cont.)
• The amendment also provides that if no
candidate receives a majority of the
electoral votes, the House chooses from
the three candidates who have the largest
number of electoral votes. 
• If no candidate for vice president gets a
majority of electoral votes, the Senate
chooses from the top two candidates for
vice president.
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The Impact of Political Parties (cont.)
• In the 1820s states began to place
presidential candidates on the ballot.
Since then political parties have chosen
electors by popular vote, giving the people
more of a voice.
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The Electoral College
System Today
• The Electoral College is still the method
of choosing the president and vice
president. 
• Parties choose their nominees for
president in conventions held in late
summer. 
• Voters cast their ballots for president every
four years (1992, 1996, 2000, etc.) on the
Tuesday after the first Monday in
November.
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The Electoral College
System Today (cont.)
• While the candidates’ names are printed
on the ballot, the voters are not actually
voting directly for president and vice
president. Rather, they are voting for all
of their party’s electors in their state. 
• In December these electors will cast the
official vote for president and vice
president.
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The Electoral College
System Today (cont.)
• Thus, a vote for the Democratic
candidate is actually a vote for the
Democratic electors, and a vote for the
Republican candidate is a vote for the
Republican electors. 
• The Electoral College includes 538
electors–a number determined by the total
of House and Senate members plus 3 for
the District of Columbia. 
• Each state has as many electors as it has
senators and representatives in Congress.
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The Electoral College
System Today (cont.)
• To be elected president or vice president,
a candidate must win at least 270 of the
538 votes. 
• The Electoral College is a winner-take-all
system with the exception of Maine and
Nebraska. 
• The party whose candidate receives the
largest popular vote in any state wins all
the electoral votes of that state even if the
margin of victory is only one popular vote.
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The Electoral College
System Today (cont.)
• The winning presidential candidate is
usually announced on the same evening
as the popular election because
popular-vote counts indicate who won
each state. 
• The formal election by the Electoral
College, however, begins on the Monday
following the second Wednesday in
December when the electors meet in each
state capital and cast their ballots.
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The Electoral College
System Today (cont.)
• The electoral ballots from each state are
sealed and mailed to the president of
the Senate for a formal count. 
• On January 6 both houses of Congress
meet in the House of Representatives to
open and count the ballots. Congress then
officially declares the winner president. 
• Most states do not legally require electors
to vote for the candidate who wins the
popular vote, but electors usually do so.
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Electoral College Issues
• The Electoral College system works well in
most elections. 
• However, critics point to three major
weaknesses in the system that could affect
the outcome of an election.
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Winner Take All
• If a candidate wins the largest number of
popular votes in a state, that person
receives all the state’s electoral votes. 
• The winner-take-all system makes it
possible for a candidate who loses the
popular vote to win the electoral vote.
This has occurred three times in
American history.
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Winner Take All (cont.)
• In the 1888 election, for example,
Democrat Grover Cleveland won around
100,000 more popular votes than
Republican Benjamin Harrison. 
• Harrison, however, received 233
electoral votes to Cleveland’s 168.
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Third-Party Candidates
• When a third-party candidate is a strong
presidential contender, other problems
can arise. 
• A third-party candidate could win enough
electoral votes to prevent either majorparty candidate from receiving a majority
of the votes. 
• The third party could then bargain to
release electoral votes to one of the two
major-party candidates.
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Election by the House
• When the House of Representatives must
decide a presidential election, each state
casts one vote. 
• The candidate who receives 26 or more
votes is elected. 
• Election by the House involves three
problems: 
– States with small populations such as Alaska or
Nevada have as much weight as states with
large populations such as New York or
California.
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Election by the House (cont.)
– Under the rules, if a majority of representatives
from a state cannot agree on a candidate, the
state loses its vote. 
– If some members of the House favor a strong
third-party candidate, it could be difficult for any
candidate to get the 26 votes needed to win.
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Ideas for Reform
• Many changes to the Electoral College
system have been proposed. 
• One idea is to choose electors from
congressional districts. Each state would
have two electoral votes, plus one vote for
each congressional district in the state. 
• Another plan proposes that the presidential
candidates would win the same share of a
state’s electoral vote as they received of
the state’s popular vote.
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Ideas for Reform (cont.)
• Critics argue that by eliminating winnertake-all, the role of third-party candidates
could complicate the election and force it
into the House of Representatives.
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Direct Popular Election
• Another plan is to do away with the
Electoral College entirely and let the
people directly elect the president and vice
president. 
• While this alternative may seem obvious,
some have criticized it on the grounds that
it would undermine federalism because the
states would lose their role in the choice of
a president. 
• It would also mean that candidates would
concentrate their efforts in densely
populated areas.
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Direct Popular Election (cont.)
• Large cities such as New York and Los
Angeles could control the outcome of an
election.
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The Inauguration
• The new president, called the presidentelect until the inauguration, takes office at
noon on January 20 in the year following
the presidential election. 
• By custom, an inaugural ceremony is held
outside the Capitol in Washington, D.C. 
• The oath of office is administered by the
chief justice of the United States. The new
president then gives an Inaugural Address.
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The Inauguration (cont.)
• Members of Congress, foreign diplomats,
and thousands of citizens attend the
inaugural ceremony, while millions watch
on television.
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What evidence suggests that the
Founders did not anticipate the effects of
political parties on presidential elections?
They did not mention political parties in the
Constitution, and the 1800 election demonstrated
that political parties upset the Electoral College
process.
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Based on the historical record of elections,
how well has the Electoral College
performed in selecting presidents the
nation wanted?
Over the years 10 electors have broken with
custom, but none changed the final election
results.
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End of Section 2
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The Cabinet
Key Terms
cabinet, leak 
Find Out
• What role does politics play in the
appointment of cabinet secretaries? 
• How could a president’s relationships with
cabinet secretaries in the first term of
office affect the appointment process in
the second term?
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Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
The Cabinet
Understanding Concepts
Political Processes Why are cabinet
secretaries who administer large executive
departments often not insiders at the White
House? 
Section Objective
Evaluate how politics influences cabinet
appointments and relationships.
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Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
Introduction
• One of the first responsibilities of a
president is to organize and staff the
executive branch of government. 
• Today the president appoints the
secretaries that head the 14 major
executive departments. Each appointee
must be approved by the Senate. 
• The 14 secretaries, the vice president, and
several other top officials make up the
cabinet.
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The Selection of the Cabinet
• In selecting their department heads,
presidents must balance a great many
political, social, and management
considerations. 
• Secretaries should have some credible
expertise in the policy areas their
departments will manage, be acceptable
to all groups with political power, and
provide geographic balance as well as
racial and gender representation. 
• Patronage and party loyalty also are
usually important.
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Major Factors in Making
Appointments
• The selection of a president’s cabinet is
largely a political process. 
• Considerations are: 
– an appointee’s background that is compatible
with the department he or she will head 
– the president’s need to satisfy powerful interest
groups that have a stake in a department’s
policies 
– an appointee’s administrative skills and
experience
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Major Factors in Making
Appointments (cont.)
– an appointee’s race, gender, and ethnic
background 
• In 1966 Lyndon Johnson named the first
African American department secretary,
Robert Weaver, to lead HUD. 
• Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed the first
woman to the cabinet, Secretary of Labor
Frances Perkins, in 1933. 
• Since 1975, every president’s cabinet has
included African Americans and women.
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Major Factors in Making
Appointments (cont.)
• President Reagan named the first
Hispanic, Lauro F. Cavazos, as Secretary
of Education in 1988. 
• Faced with giving up a secure career for a
possible short-term appointment, many
qualified candidates find the pay, the work,
or life in Washington politics to be
unattractive.
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Background of Cabinet Members
• What kind of person does accept
appointment to the cabinet? 
– Almost without exception, cabinet members
are college graduates. Many have
advanced degrees. 
– Most are leaders in the fields of business,
industry, law, science, and education.
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Background of Cabinet Members (cont.)
• Cabinet secretaries earn $148,400 per
year, and many cabinet members assume
government jobs even though they know
that they could have earned more than
twice that amount in private employment. 
• Some take their posts out of a deep sense
of public service.
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Nominations and Confirmation
• Long before Inauguration Day, the
president-elect draws up a list of cabinet
candidates after consulting with campaign
advisers, congressional leaders, and
representatives of interest groups. 
• Before making final decisions, members of
the president-elect’s team may leak, or
deliberately disclose, some candidates’
names to the news media. 
• They do this to test the reaction of
Congress, interest groups, and the public.
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Nominations and Confirmation (cont.)
• In confirmation hearings, the nominee to
head each department appears before the
Senate committee that oversees the
department to answer questions about his
or her background and views. 
• Of more than 500 cabinet appointments
since the time of George Washington, the
Senate has rejected only a handful.
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The Role of the Cabinet
• As individuals, cabinet members are
responsible for the executive departments
they head. 
• As a group, the cabinet is intended to
serve as an advisory body to the
president. 
• The cabinet meets when the president
calls it together. Meetings take place in
the cabinet room of the White House and
are usually closed to the public and the
press.
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The Cabinet in History
• From the beginning, the cabinet’s role in
decision making has depended on how
each president wanted to define it. 
• Stronger presidents, such as Jackson,
Lincoln, Wilson, and Franklin Roosevelt,
have paid the cabinet less attention. 
• Andrew Jackson depended on a small
group of friends instead of his cabinet for
advice. Because they often met in the
White House kitchen, they became known
as the “kitchen cabinet.”
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The Cabinet in History (cont.)
• During the Great Depression, Roosevelt
relied more on a group of university
professors called the “brain trust” and his
wife Eleanor than on his cabinet.
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The Modern Cabinet
• Several recent presidents have attempted
to increase the role of the cabinet in
decision making. In the end, however,
most have given up and turned elsewhere
for advice. 
• Presidents Bush and Clinton used their
cabinets as sounding boards for their ideas
rather than as the advisory body President
Washington envisioned.
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The Influence of Cabinet Members
• Some cabinet members who work closely
with the president wield influence because
they head departments that are concerned
with national issues. 
• The secretaries of state, defense, and
treasury and the attorney general fill this
role in most administrations and are
sometimes called an “inner cabinet.”
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The Influence of Cabinet Members
(cont.)
• Other secretaries who head
departments that represent narrower
interests such as agriculture or veterans’
affairs are less influential and have less
direct access to the president.
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Factors Limiting the
Cabinet’s Role
• Several factors limit the president’s use of
the cabinet for advice in making key
decisions or for help in running the
executive branch.
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Conflicting Loyalties
• Even though the president appoints them,
cabinet officials have three other
constituencies that require loyalty: 
– career officials in their own department 
– members of Congress 
– special-interest groups 
• Each of these groups may push the
secretary in directions that are not always
in accord with the president’s plans and
policies.
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Conflicting Loyalties (cont.)
• Disagreements among secretaries may
result from loyalty to their department’s
programs or to its constituent groups. 
• In addition, competition among secretaries
for control of a program may cause conflict
in the cabinet.
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Secrecy and Trust
• A second factor that reduces the
usefulness of the cabinet is the difficulty of
maintaining secrecy when 14 cabinet
secretaries are involved in a discussion of
sensitive topics. 
• Presidents sometimes have discovered
cabinet debates reported in the press. 
• For these reasons presidents have
increasingly turned to the Executive Office
of the President and to their own personal
White House staffs for help.
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What role does politics play in the
appointment of cabinet secretaries?
Besides experience and skills, presidents note
geographic balance; satisfy powerful interest
groups; and consider race, gender, and ethnic
background.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
How could a president’s relationships with
cabinet secretaries in the first term of
office affect the appointment process in
the second term?
The president could make changes based on
relationships with current cabinet members.
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End of Section 3
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
The Executive Office
Key Terms
central clearance, national security adviser,
press secretary 
Find Out
• What historic changes have made the
Executive Office of the President
necessary? 
• In what ways are the members of the
White House Office similar to and
different from the president’s cabinet?
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
The Executive Office
Understanding Concepts
Political Processes Who are
among the president’s closest advisers
on administration policy? 
Section Objective
Describe the components of the Executive
Office of the President.
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Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.
Introduction
• The Executive Office of the President
(EOP) consists of individuals and agencies
that directly assist the president. 
• Modern presidents rely on the EOP to
provide specialized advice and information
needed for decision making. 
• They also use the EOP to help them
implement presidential decisions and to
gain more control over the executive
branch.
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Executive Office Agencies
• During the Great Depression, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt immediately
proposed a vast number of federal
programs to deal with the country’s serious
economic problems. 
• Roosevelt and his few White House
assistants felt overwhelmed because they
could not coordinate all the new programs
and gather all the information the president
needed.
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Executive Office Agencies (cont.)
• In response, Congress passed the
Reorganization Act of 1939 that created the
EOP. 
• As another part of the EOP, Roosevelt
established the White House Office, which
he intended to be a small group of advisers
working directly with the president on dayto-day matters.
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Organization and Growth
• Today the EOP consists of the White
House Office and several specialized
agencies that all report directly to the
president. 
• Agency staffs include attorneys, scientists,
social scientists, and other highly technical
or professional personnel. 
• The EOP currently has more than 1,500
full-time employees.
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Organization and Growth (cont.)
• The Executive Office of the President has
grown rapidly for three reasons: 
– Every president has reorganized it, adding new
agencies or expanding existing ones in
response to the problems of the day. 
– Some problems facing the nation’s industrial
society are so complex, presidents have wanted
experts available to advise them about issues
related to those problems. 
– Many of today’s huge federal programs require
several executive departments and agencies to
work together. EOP staff members have been
added to help coordinate these efforts.
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Organization and Growth (cont.)
• The three oldest agencies in the EOP–the
Office of Management and Budget, the
National Security Council, and the Council
of Economic Advisers–have played the
greatest role in presidential decision
making.
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The Office of Management
and Budget
• Before 1970 the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) was called the Bureau
of the Budget. It is the largest agency in
the EOP. 
• Its director, usually a trusted supporter of
the president, has become as important
as the cabinet secretaries. 
• The OMB prepares the national budget
that the president proposes to Congress
each year.
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The Office of Management
and Budget (cont.)
• The OMB’s budget indicates what
programs the federal government will pay
for and how much it will spend on them. 
• Thus, the budget is a key way for a
president to influence the government’s
direction and policies. 
• Since the Reagan administration, the
budget director has taken an active role in
shaping national policy.
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The Office of Management
and Budget (cont.)
• Each year all executive agencies submit
their budgets to the OMB for review before
they go into the president’s budget. 
• OMB officials then recommend to the
president where to make cuts in each
agency budget. 
• The OMB also reviews all legislative
proposals that executive agencies prepare
to make sure they agree with the
president’s policy objectives. This review is
called central clearance.
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The National Security Council
• Congress created the National Security
Council (NSC) in 1947 to advise the
president and help coordinate American
military and foreign policy. 
• Headed by the president, the council also
includes the vice president, secretary of
state, and secretary of defense. 
• A special assistant for national security
affairs, commonly called the national
security adviser, directs the NSC staff.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The National Security Council (cont.)
• Perhaps more than most other advisory
groups, the importance of the NSC has
varied with the president’s use of it. 
• During President Nixon’s first term from
1969 to 1973, National Security Adviser
Henry Kissinger and his staff had a great
deal of authority. 
• Working closely with Nixon, Kissinger
developed the NSC into a kind of alternate
State Department in the White House.
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The National Security Council (cont.)
• During the Reagan administration, the NSC
staff conducted a secret operation to sell
arms to Iran in exchange for the release of
United States hostages. 
• Profits from the arms sales were diverted
to Nicaragua to contras, who were fighting
the socialist government. 
• The resulting congressional investigation
into the Iran-contra affair decreased the
power of the NSC to conduct foreign policy.
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The Council of Economic Advisers
• Since the Great Depression, the president
has been the nation’s chief economic
planner. 
• Created in 1946, the Council of Economic
Advisers helps the president formulate the
nation’s economic policy. 
• The Council assesses the nation’s
economic health, predicts future economic
conditions, and aids other executive
agencies involved with economic planning.
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The Council of Economic Advisers
• It also proposes solutions to
specific problems, such as
unemployment or inflation. 
(cont.)
• The Council also helps prepare an annual
report that is included in the Economic
Report of the President and transmitted to
Congress.
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Other EOP Agencies
• The number and size of EOP agencies
varies from administration to
administration. 
• Recently the EOP included the following
executive agencies in addition to the four
agencies already noted: 
– Domestic Policy Council 
– National Economic Council 
– Office of Environmental Policy 
– Office of Science and Technology Policy 
– National Science and Technology Council
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Other EOP Agencies (cont.)
– Office of the United States Trade
Representative 
– Office of Administration
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The White House Office
• The nation’s first presidents had no
personal staff. George Washington hired
his nephew at his own expense to be his
personal secretary. 
• During the 1890s both presidents
Cleveland and McKinley personally
answered the White House telephone.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The White House Office (cont.)
• In its 1937 study of the executive branch,
the President’s Committee on
Administrative Management concluded: 
“The President needs help. His immediate staff
assistance is entirely inadequate. He should be
given a small number of executive assistants
who would be his direct aides in dealing with
the managerial agencies and administrative
departments.”
–The President’s Committee on
Administrative Management, 1937
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Organization and Growth
• Unlike the selection of cabinet members,
the president appoints White House staff
without Senate confirmation. 
• Key aides usually are longtime personal
supporters of the president. 
• The White House Office has become the
most important part of the Executive Office
of the President. 
• President Clinton’s White House Office
consists of about 380 people, a small
number of whom report directly to the
president.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Organization and Growth (cont.)
• These top assistants have become an
inner circle around the president. Chief
among them are the president’s chief of
staff, deputy chief of staff, White House
counsel, and press secretary.
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Duties of the White House Staff
• White House aides perform whatever
duties the president assigns them, allowing
some to become very influential. 
• One task of the White House Office is to
gather information and provide advice
about key issues facing the president. 
• Some staffers are policy specialists in
specific areas such as foreign affairs or
energy problems. Others are political
strategists, mainly concerned with the
political impact of policy decisions the
president makes.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Duties of the White House Staff (cont.)
• Top staff members also act as enforcers,
trying to make sure the executive agencies
and departments carry out key directives
from the president. 
• Other key White House staffers present the
president’s views to the outside world. 
• A press staff headed by the press secretary
handles the president’s relations with the
White House press corps, sets up press
conferences, and issues public statements
in the president’s name.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Duties of the White House Staff (cont.)
• Other staff people work directly with
members of Congress. For example, some
staff members lobby the lawmakers to gain
support for presidential programs. 
• The executive departments and agencies
write the president thousands of reports
and memos. In addition, key aides decide
who and what gets through to the
president. 
• Recent presidents have given their top
White House staff increased authority over
actual policy-making.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
What historic changes have made the
Executive Office of the President
necessary?
Expanding agencies, complex problems, and huge
programs have made the Executive Office of the
President necessary.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
In what ways are the members of the
White House Office similar to and
different from the president’s cabinet?
Both gather information and provide advice. The
president appoints White House staff without
Senate confirmation. White House staff are
usually longtime supporters of the president and
lack the large constituencies that many cabinet
members have.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
End of Section 4
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
What special benefits does the
president receive while in office?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
use of Air Force One and other transportation
free medical, dental, and health care
use of White House with free entertainment
use of White House staff
free office space
free mailing services
funds for office help
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Why are candidates who win the
presidency usually moderate in their
political views?
Parties select moderate candidates because
their views are more like those of the majority;
therefore, moderate candidates have a better
chance of winning.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
How does the winner-take-all system of
the Electoral College operate?
The candidate who wins the most popular
votes in a state wins all of that state’s
electoral votes.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What is the process by which cabinet
members are selected and appointed?
Key presidential aides screen candidates and
make recommendations to the president. The
president selects a nominee and sends that
name to the Senate, which holds hearings with
testimony for and against the nominee. The
Senate votes and most often confirms the
nominee.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Identify three reasons why the cabinet
has not functioned well in advising the
president.
1. conflicting loyalties
2. internal disputes
3. lack of secrecy and trust
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Why does conflict exist in a president’s
cabinet?
The interests of two or more departments’
constituent groups may clash; secretaries
compete for the president’s time and
influence; secretaries may oppose the
president’s action.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What function does the inner cabinet
perform?
The inner cabinet members head departments
concerned with national issues.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Why has the Executive Office of the
President grown?
Every president has reorganized it, adding
agencies or expanding existing ones as
complex new problems arose; it has grown as
experts are needed to handle complex
problems; today’s huge federal programs
require several departments and agencies to
operate under the EOP.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What are the two major functions of the
Office of Management and Budget?
1. The OMB prepares the president’s budget
proposals.
2. The OMB reviews legislation proposed by
executive departments and agencies for
compliance with the president’s policies.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
What are the four key positions on the
White House Office staff?
1. chief of staff
2. deputy chief of staff
3. White House counsel
4. press secretary
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Candidates for president are not usually
drawn to the office because of the salary.
Why do you think these people run for the
office?
Reasons for running include the power of the
office, the sense of public duty, the opportunity
to influence the course of history, and the mark
of success in political life.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Chapter Bonus Question
What three inaugural parades were
canceled and why?
1. 1921: Canceled by president-elect Warren
Harding out of concern for outgoing
president Woodrow Wilson’s health.
2. 1945: Canceled because of World War II.
3. 1985: Canceled due to extremely cold
weather that even drove Ronald Reagan’s
second swearing in inside the Capitol.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
End of Chapter Assessment
Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Use the MindJogger videoquiz as a
preview, review, or both.
Click the Videodisc button to play the
MindJogger video if you have a
videodisc player attached to your
computer.
Disc 1
Side 2
Chapter 8
If you experience difficulties, check the
Troubleshooting section in the Help
system.
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videodisc player attached to your computer.
Powers of the President
The First Lady
Powers of the President
Presidential Vacancy
Powers of the President
The Vice President
Click a blue hyperlink to select an ABCNews Interactive video segment.
Powers of the President
The First Lady
This segment explores the
changing role of the First Lady.
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Side 2
Chapter 5
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attached to your computer.
Powers of the President
Presidential Vacancy
This segment explores John F.
Kennedy’s assassination and
Johnson’s swearing in.
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Side 1
Chapter 15
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Powers of the President
The Vice President
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roles a vice president plays.
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Chapter 4
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Powers of the President
The Electoral College
This segment explores the
constitutional mechanics of
electing a president.
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Chapter 14
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Powers of the President
Cabinet Nominations
This segment explores the
power of the president to select
members of the cabinet.
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Chapter 20
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Powers of the President
The White House
This segment explores the
historic and symbolic importance
of the White House.
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Chapter 5
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Your Chief Executive In 1971, 18-yearolds were granted the right to vote
nationwide. If you are not already eligible
to vote for president, you soon will be.
There are formal and informal requirements
for this powerful office, and ways for you to
become involved in the selection process.
The Chapter 8 video lesson The
Presidency will show you about the formal
and informal powers of the presidency.
Click the forward button or press the space bar to access
the Democracy In Action preview and activities.
The Presidency
Disc 1
Side 1
Chapter 8
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anytime throughout this
section to play the complete
video if you have a videodisc
player attached to your
computer.
Click inside this box to play the preview.
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view the discussion questions
and other related slides.
The Presidency
Disc 1
Side 1
Chapter 8
Objectives
• Understand that formal powers of the president
are only part of the president’s real power. 
• Recognize the significant power the media
has for projecting the president’s image. 
• Realize there is often a significant difference
between the president’s public image and
his or her actual accomplishments.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Presidency
Disc 1
Side 1
Chapter 8
Activity
Which article of the Constitution outlines
the formal powers of the president?
Article II outlines the formal powers of the
president.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Presidency
Disc 1
Side 1
Chapter 8
Activity
How does a president’s popularity affect
his or her relations with Congress?
Popular presidents have more influence in
Congress.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Presidency
Disc 1
Side 1
Chapter 8
Activity
Indicate the president associated with these
events: Camp David Accords, Persian Gulf
War, Iran hostage situation.
Camp David Accords:
Jimmy Carter
Persian Gulf War:
George Bush
Iran hostage situation:
Jimmy Carter
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
End of Why It’s Important
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Government: Democracy in Action textbook. When you finish
exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation.
If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
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Explore on-line news resources to find
out what is currently happening in the
United States and around the world.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
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numerous links to different news agencies. When you finish
exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation.
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launch your Web browser and go to
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Section Focus Transparency 8-1 (1 of 2)
1. The previous
president may have
died or resigned.
2. Theodore Roosevelt,
Calvin Coolidge,
Harry S Truman, and
Lyndon B. Johnson;
because they served
an additional term as
president.
3. Gerald R. Ford
Section Focus Transparency 8-1 (2 of 2)
Section Focus Transparency 8-2 (1 of 2)
1. California, New York,
and Texas
2. No; Washington, D.C.,
has three electoral
votes.
3. Three; FL (25),
NJ (15), and NC (14)
Section Focus Transparency 8-2 (2 of 2)
Section Focus Transparency 8-3 (1 of 2)
1. Secretary of State;
because six
Secretaries of State
later became
president.
2. Answers will vary but
may include that the
government was
small and the
president and cabinet
worked closely
together.
3. Answers will vary but
may include that the
government is very
large; most Cabinet
secretaries are
political appointees
and not close
advisers of the
president.
Section Focus Transparency 8-3 (2 of 2)
Section Focus Transparency 8-4 (1 of 2)
1. peace, or the desire
for peace
2. There are 13 arrows,
13 leaves and 13
berries on the olive
branch, 13 stripes on
the shield, 13 stars
and 13 circles above
the eagle’s head.
They represent the
original 13 states.
3. The encircling stars
represent the 50
states; Alaska and
Hawaii became states
in 1959.
Section Focus Transparency 8-4 (2 of 2)
Political Symbols
Favorite Sons
First Vice President
Political cartoonist Thomas Nast popularized the donkey
and elephant as national political symbols in Harper’s
Weekly in the late 1880s.
In order to prevent electors from voting for “favorite sons”
of their home state, at least one of their votes must be for
a person outside their state. However, this is seldom a
problem, since parties usually nominate presidential and
vice-presidential candidates from different states.
The United States had its first vice president before it had
its first president. John Adams took the oath of office as
vice president nine days before George Washington was
sworn in as president.
Election by
Commission
The 1876 presidential election was the only time the
presidency was decided by a special commission.
Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote, receiving
4,288,546 votes to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes’
4,034,311 votes. The result was that Tilden had 184
electoral votes to Hayes’ 165, with 20 other electoral votes
being contested by both parties. Tilden needed only 1 more
electoral vote to capture the presidency and Hayes needed
all 20. Two sets of election returns existed–one from the
Democrats and one from the Republicans. Congress had to
determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. Unable
to decide, Congress established a 15-member,
“nonpartisan” commission, which eventually accepted the
Republicans’ count giving Hayes the presidency.
United States Population Growth, 1980–1995
Population Growth and Loss in Major Cities
United States Foreign Trade, 1980–1996
Crime and the Justice System
Bills Introduced, Passed, and Enacted by Congress, 1961–1998
Federal Revenue by Source, 1999
Federal Expenditures by Category, 1999
Federal Government Revenues and Expenditures, 1960–1998
Gross Federal Debt, 1960–1998
National Debt per Capita, 1940–1998
Executive Department Civilian Employees
State Revenues and Expenditures
State and Local Expenditures for Education
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