http://www.chaseonlineinc.com/mpg_images/running_man.jpg
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_zG660dzV_rs/R-kGFKBShFI/AAAAAAAABww/9B6E-DkhIio/ECUADOR+(40).JPG
a.k.a energy
What, Where, and How?
•
•
•
•
What is it used for?
Active transport across the cell membrane
Cell division
Protein production
Movement
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Fig12_29UniCotransport.GIF
http://www.aolcdn.com/ch_kids/jennie-garth-dancing-with-the-stars-300v110807.jpg
Where does it come from?
• Heterotroph- gets energy from food
– Food energy = calories
– Carbohydrates, proteins = 4 cal/g
– Fat =9 cal/g
• Autotroph – gets energy from the sun
Calorimetry Lab
• Purpose: Which food source has the most energy available?
• Hypothesis: (remember biochemistry)
• Materials:
–
–
–
–
–
An iron ring
Tin can with glass rod
Thermometer attached to the ring stand with a clamp
Food stand (cork with a paperclip)
Candle or matches
• Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fill the can with 200ml of H2O (how many L is this?)
Choose a food item (peanut, corn chip, cheese puff, marshmallow)
Measure the initial mass of the food item on stand--record in grams
Measure the temperature of the water--record in ⁰C
Light a candle/match under the food item
Burn until the food catches on fire and goes out
Quickly measure the final temperature of the water--record
Measure the final mass of the item on stand--record
Calorimetry Data
Food
Source
Initial
mass (g)
Final
mass (g)
Change
in mass
Initial
water
temp
Final
water
temp
Change
in Temp
Energy
kcal/g
Calorimetry Results
• Calculate the amount of calories contained in
each food item
–
–
–
–
Change in mass of food (Δmass )= initial-final
Change in temperature (Δtemp)= initial-final
Energy (kcal) = (Δtemp)X(volume of water in L)
Energy/gram = kcal/Δmass
• Analysis/Results:
– What type of food held the most calories? Why?
– What is the unit used to calculate energy?
• Conclusion: (to your hypothesis)
Then what…
• Cells convert food calories to energy (ATP)
• ATP- adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine
P
P
P
• ATP is the currency of energy in both
heterotrophs and autotrophs
How it works
Adenosine
P
P
Energy
from
+
glucose
+
P
ADP + Glucose +P
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
Stores a
lot of energy
How it works…
Adenosine
P
P
ADP + Glucose + P
P
•Releases Energy
•Breaks Bonds
•Releases phosphate
Phosphatase
ATPase
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
How it works…
Adenosine
P
P
ADP + Glucose + P
•Requires energy
•Adds a phosphate
•Creates a bond
•Stores NRG
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
PO4
How it works…
Adenosine
P
P
ADP + Glucose + P
P
Phosphatase
ATPase
•Releases Energy
•Breaks Bonds
•Releases phosphate
•Requires energy
•Adds a phosphate
•Creates a bond
•Stores NRG
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
PO4
How it works…
Adenosine
P
P
ADP + Glucose + P
P
PO4
Phosphatase
ATPase
ATP
Adenosine
P
P
P
oAdd phosphate to store energy
oLose phosphate to release energy
The ATP cycle
• ATP cycle video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFzL061UBo
s
Getting ATP
•Plants: use photosynthesis to make
food( glucose)
– What is the waste produced in this process?
– Occurs in the chloroplasts
Photosynthesis Song
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_17euLU_EM&feature=related
Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab
Purpose: When is CO2 used and when is CO2 produced?
Hypothesis (in data table) (Bromothymol Blue indicates for the presence of carbonic
acid –YELLOW color change, CARBON DIOXIDE is present)
Materials: Bromothymol Blue indicator, test tubes, water, Elodea, snails, light source
Tube 1
Water
Hypothesis
Place in light
Hypothesis
Placed in dark
Tube 2
Elodea
Tube 3
Snail
Tube 4
Elodea and
Snail
Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab
Analysis/Results:
1. What was the control in this experiment?
2. What are the independent and dependent
variables?
3. In which test tube(s) was CO2 produced?
4. In which test tube(s) was CO2 consumed?
Conclusion:
Photosynthesis
• Light Dependent Reaction
– Happens when there is light
– Involves the chloroplasts
• Light Independent Reaction
– Doesn’t matter if there is light
+
Photosynthesis
Light-Dependent Reaction
Carbon dioxide + water + sun = glucose + oxygen
6 Carbon dioxide + 6 water
light
Chloroplast
glucose + 6 oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2
light
CO2
e-
Adenosine
ee-
O2
e-
Chlorophyll:
thylakoid
ATP
P
P
P
Photosynthesis
Plants
Aerobic Respiration (36 ATP)
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
2 types
• Aerobic –uses oxygen
– Makes lots of energy
• Anaerobic—without oxygen
– Makes a little
energy
http://www.kurtkoncepts.com/images/NoOxygen.jpg
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
• Needs oxygen to burn fuel
• Uses energy in food
• Converts food (glucose, sugars) into
mitochondrion
usable energy (ATP)
• Occurs in mitochondria
of cells
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/animal_mitochondrion.svg.p
ng
http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/Animal-Cell.jpg
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
3 steps
1. glycolysis – sugar splitting
1 glucose = 2ATP
2. Citric acid cycle –
creates CO2 and ADP
3. Electron Transport Chain –
ADP converted to 36 ATP
http://sugarmtnfarm.com/blog/uploaded_images/SplitGraniteWrongWay
3792-762807.jpg
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
1 glucose makes 36 ATP molecules
That is
Of energy
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glucose + oxygen makes carbon dioxide, water, and energy
http://nurmuhammad.com/Meditation/Medimage/LowRes/Breathing%20diag%20sufi%20lata
if.JPG
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
• Used when we cannot get enough oxygen, or
no oxygen available
• A.K.A. = Fermentation
• Produces a small amount of energy – not very
efficient (only 2 ATPs)
http://airlineworld.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/safety_oxygen_mask.jpg
Cellular Respiration Activity
• This activity measures the CO2 presence in
water by indicating for presence of acid.
• An increase in cellular respiration will produce
more CO2 and a lower pH
• Carbon dioxide becomes acid in water.
(produces Carbonic Acid).
Cellular Respiration Activity
Treatment
pH of water
pH of water after 10 breaths
Pre-exercise
Post-exercise
Change in pH (post – pre)
1. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the
water. Blow 10 large breaths into the water with a
straw. Test the pH of the water.
2. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the
water. Exercise vigorously for 2 minutes. Blow into the
water with a straw 10X (large breaths). Test the pH of
the water.
Energy Comparison
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
• Food synthesized
• Energy from Sun stored in
glucose
• CO2 taken in
• O2 given off
• Produces sugars (w/energy
bonds)
• Requires light
• Occurs only in presence of
chlorophyll
• Food broken down
• Energy in glucose broken
down
• CO2 given off
• O2 taken in
• produces energy (and CO2 and
H2O)
• does not require light
• occurs in all organisms
Fermentation
2 types of fermentation
1. Lactic acid fermentation – makes 2 ATPs / glucose
• occurs during strenuous exercise
• “Muscle burning”
• produces lactic acid in muscles
http://z.hubpages.com/u/105354_f520.jpg
www.allotment.org.uk/.../cheese-making/index.php
Making Cheese
Procedure
1.
Materials
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
500 mL whole milk
hot plate
fine-mesh cheesecloth
labels
50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL containers
50 mL buttermilk
thermometer
cotton twine
50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL measuring
devices
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Make sure all materials, equipment
and your hands are as clean as
possible. Wash hands before
handling any materials.
Pour 500 mL whole milk into your
600 mL container and 50 mL
buttermilk into your 50 mL container.
Heat the whole milk to 37 degrees C.
Add the buttermilk to the whole milk
and stir well.
Cover the container with cloth or
paper.
Incubate at between 25 and 35
degrees C for 48 hours or until a firm
curd has separated from the whey.
Fermentation
2. Alcoholic fermentation
– occurs in yeast
– used to make beer and bread
– produces CO2 gas bubbles
Making Root beer
• Materials:
–
–
–
–
–
2L bottle
1 cup sugar
¼ teaspoon yeast
1 Tablespoon root beer extract
Funnel
www.tomneilsonmusic.com/music.php
Procedure
1.Add 1 cup of sugar
2.Add ¼ teaspoon of yeast
3.Shake the bottle
4.Swirl the mixture to make a dip
in the sugar (concave)
5.Add 1 Tablespoon of root beer
extract
6.Rinse funnel and tablespoon
with water
7.Fill bottle with water
8.Store at Room Temperature for
3-5 days
Fermentation
Draw the demonstration in your notes
CO2 gas
Apple juice + yeast
Fermentation Observation
How does temperature affect a reaction?
Balloon Diameter
After 5 minutes
After 10 minutes
After 20 minutes
Conclusion:
Apple Juice + Yeast
Room temp
Apple Juice + Yeast
Warm
Cheese Day 3
1. Prepare a piece of cheesecloth that will be thick
enough and large enough to hold your curd.
2. Pour your curd into the cloth. Collect the whey
in the 500 mL container. Gather the edges of the
cloth to form a bag. Tie the bag with the twine
and hang it to continue draining. After it has
fully drained, discard the whey and place the
bag in the refrigerator.