XHTML is similar to HTML, but is designed to work with XML
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XML is designed to describe data and to focus on
what data is. HTML is designed to display data and
to focus on how data looks.
XML is created to structure, store, and to send
information
XML tags are not predefined. You must define your
own tags
XML uses a DTD or an XML Schema to describe the
data
•
•
XML was created to structure, store, and to send information
An Example:
<note date=“10/30/2007”>
<to>Chuck</to>
<from>Judy</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don’t forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
•
The above is just pure information wrapped in XML tags.
Someone must write a piece of software to send, receive or
display it.
XML can separate data from HTML
With XML, data is stored in separate XML files
XML is used to exchange data
XML and B2B. With XML, financial information can be
exchanged over the Internet
XML can be used to share data
XML can be used to store data
XML can be used to create new languages
All future applications will exchange their data in XML
<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“ISO-8859-1” ?>
<note>
<to>Chuck</to>
<from>Judy</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don’t forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
The first line – the XML declaration – defines the XML
version and the character encoding
The next line describes the root element
The next 4 lines describe 4 child elements of the root
The last line defines the end of the root element
All XML elements must have a closing tag
▪ The XML declaration is not a part of the XML document. It is not an XML
element, and it should not have a closing tag
XML tags are case sensitive
XML elements must be properly nested
XML documents must have a root element
XML attribute values must be quoted
With XML, white space is preserved
The syntax for writing comments in XML is similar to HTML
<!-- This is a XML comment -->
XML (EXtensible Markup Language)
Introduction to XML
• What is HTML
• What is XML
XML Syntax
• Elements must have a closing tag
• Elements must be properly nested
<book>
<title>XML (Extensible Markup Language</title>
<prod id="33-657" media="paper"></prod>
<chapter>Introduction to XML
<para>What is HTML</para>
<para>What is XML</para>
</chapter>
<chapter>XML Syntax
<para>Elements must have a closing tag</para>
<para>Elements must be properly nested</para>
</chapter>
</book>
XML elements are related as parents and children
An XML element can have element content, mixed content,
simple content, or empty content
An element can have attributes
XML documents often have a corresponding database, in
which fields exist corresponding to elements in the XML
document. A good practice is to use the naming rules of your
database for the elements in the XML documents
Attributes are used to provide additional information, which
is not relevant to the data, about elements
Try to avoid using attributes.
<note date=“10/30/2007”>
<to>Chuck</to>
<from>Judy</from>
<heading>Reminder</hea
ding>
<body>Don’t forget me
this weekend!</body>
</note>
<note>
<date>
<day>10</day>
<month>30</month>
<year>2007</year>
<to>Chuck</to>
<from>Judy</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don’t forget me this
weekend!</body>
</note>
XML with correct syntax is Well Formed XML
XML validated against a DTD is Valid XML
A valid XML document is a Well Formed XML document,
which also conforms to the rules of a DTD
XML DTD
A DTD defines the legal elements of an XML document
A DTD is used to define the document structure with a list
of legal elements
XML Schema
An XML based alternative to DTD
WITH CSS
Examples
WITH XSL
XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet
Language) is far more
sophisticated than CSS
Examples
The XML namespace attribute is placed in the start tag of an
element and has the following syntax. The syntax is:
xmlns:namespace-prefix="namespaceURI”
where namespaceURI provides the namespace a unique name
<h:table xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/">
<h:tr>
<h:td>Apples</h:td><h:td>Bananas</h:td>
</h:tr>
</h:table>
<f:table xmlns:f="http://www.w3schools.com/furniture">
<f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
<f:width>80</f:width>
<f:length>120</f:length>
</f:table>
Text inside a CDATA section will be ignored by the parser
A CDATA section starts with <![CDATA[
and ends with ]]>
<script>
<![CDATA[
function matchwo(a,b) {
if (a < b && a < 0) then {
return 1 }
else {
return 0 }
}
]]>
</script>
To let your XML parser understand foreign characters, you
should save your XML documents as Unicode
Windows 2000 Notepad can save files as Unicode using
“UTF-16” encoding
You will get error message
if your file was save as Unicode/UTF-16 but the encoding
attribute specified a single-byte encoding like Windows1252, ISO-8859-1 or UTF-8
If your document was saved with single-byte encoding,
but the encoding attribute specified a double-byte
encoding like UTF-16
XML Editors will help you to write error-free XML documents,
validate your XML against a DTD or a schema, and force you to
stick to a valid XML structure.
XML Schema to define XML structures and data types
XSLT to transform XML data
SOAP to exchange XML data between applications
WSDL to describe web services
RDF to describe web resources
XPath and XQuery to access XML data
SMIL to define graphics
Example: Altova XMLSpy
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