Bio 20
Kingdom Fungi
For many years fungi were classified as plant.
However, there are some characteristics that
separate these two groups:
1) Plants have ___________________l which is used for photosynthesis. Fungi
do NOT have chlorophyll and get their food from their environment.
2) Plants have ___________ roots, leaves, and stems, fungi do NOT.
3) Plants have cell walls made from ________________, while fungi have cell
walls made from ___________ (a tough sugar that is also used for shells of
insects).
Characteristics of Fungi:

All are _______________

Heterotrophic

Multi-cellular

Cannot _________ on their own

Are ____________________ (or detritivores) since they feed on dead or
decaying matter. Some are _______________________.
Physical Structure:
 Made of up of long strands of ________________. Hyphae consist of
chains of cells or one long cell with many nuclei. Cytoplasm flows within the
hyphae. The hyphase is surrounded by a plasma membrane and a cell wall.

Mycelium is a ___________ of hyphae.
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
Mycelia can produce ____________ _____________. This is a
reproductive structure of the fungus that grows above ground level. An
example is a __________________.

Rhizoid is a root like structure. Rhizoids are hyphae that act in
___________________ of water and aids in support.

As fungi grow, their hyphae extend over the food source, releasing
_______________ to digest the food. The nutrients can then be absorbed
across the cell ________. Fungi can take in large amounts of food due to
their ________________.
The Kingdom of Fungi is very diverse. Usually it is divided
into Five main groups:
1. Primitive Fungi (Phylum Chytridiomycota)
 Smallest and _______________

Mostly aquatic

Spores have _____________

Some are decomposers

Others are __________________ of protists, plants and animals.
2. Sac Fungi (Phylum Ascomycota)
 All form a sac called an ascus. The ascus contains ____________ for
reproduction.
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
Some examples are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Penicllium
chyrysogenum (mold found on oranges), and Aspergillis flavus (mold that
makes a toxin, which can contaminate cereals, nuts and milk.
3. Bread Molds (Phylum Zygomycota)
 Most get food from decomposing dead, ___________________ matter.

Some species form mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic relationships between
fungi and roots of ____________. The fungi gain carbon while the plant
gains inorganic nutrients.
4. Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)
 Their fruiting bodies are club-shaped.

Includes mushrooms, ______________,
and bracket fungi.
5. Imperfect Fungi (Phylum Deuteromycota)
 Have no known sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction by ______________

Resemble sac fungi

Example: penicillium

Athlete’s foot, and yeast infections

This phylum is now used informally. Any of the fungi that do not reproduce
sexually in the Phylum Basidiomycota or Phylum Ascomycota are placed into
this group.
Bio 20
Fungi Reproduction
 Depending on the favorability of _________________, fungi will reproduce
either sexually or asexually.
 During favourable conditions, fungi reproduce ________________. During
non-favourable conditions, fungi will lean towards ________________
reproduction.
 We will focus on two main groups (phyla) of fungi and their life cycles: Club
Fungi and Bread Molds.
In Multi-cellular Fungi
 Club Fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota)
o Have club-shaped structures known as _____________ (are found
on the underside of mushrooms). Spores are produced from the
basidia during sexual reproduction.
o
Haploid nuclei (1n) within the basidia fuse to form diploid (2n)
______________.
o
Zygotes (2n) then undergo meiosis to form haploid spores (1n),
which are then released and _______________ by the wind.
o
Upon contact with the ground, the spores grow into hyphae of opposite
____________ __________, fusing to form a diploid (2n) mycelium
underground.
o
The mycelium grows a new _______________ _________ (the
mushroom), and the cycle repeats itself.
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read Molds (Phylum Zygomycota)
o Reproduce sexually when their food supply is low, but will also
reproduce asexually.
o
They produce spores in structures known as
_________________. These structures are at
the tips of hyphae.
o
Sexual reproduction occurs between two hyphae
that are of separate types. The hyphae ________
their nuclei together which produces a diploid
_____________________.
o
During the right conditions, a sporangium will
form and produces _____________ __________.
o
Spores are released and grow into new haploid hyphae.

B
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o
The hyphae can then reproduce ________________ by fusing hyphae
nuclei together to produce a zygospore, OR they can reproduce
__________________ by forming haploid spores in sporangia.
Fungi and Symbiotic Relationships
A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between ____________ and
_________. It consists of fungal hyphae and some algae cells. The algae cells are
photosynthetic, making ____________ for both the algae and fungi. Lichens grow
on rocks, soils, and trees. These structures are able to withstand severe
temperatures.
Lichens are used as indicators of the amount of _________________, since
they are very sensitive to the affects of pollution. Lichens are also both a
_______________ and a __________________.