American Studies I CP
Midterm Review packet
Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments to the
Constitution
Northwest Ordinance
Established a process for territories to
become states, no state northwest of
Ohio could be a slave state
George
Washington/precedents
First President
Set good examples for future Presidents
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Can you name a few?
Cabinet
Group that advises the President
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president
Purchased Louisiana Territory
Expanded national government (even
though he fought against that)
Lewis and Clark
Started the two party system because
of disagreement with Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton
Started the Federalist party
Disagreed with Jefferson
Secretary of the Treasury
Hamilton’s financial plan
Established the First National bank
Federal Government assumed the debt
of the states
Remember the deal???
Jay’s Treaty
Although unpopular
Prevented war with Great Britain in
1795
Chapter 6
First National Bank
Formed by Hamilton
Benefited northern merchants
Not supported by all
Two-Party System
Formed by a difference in political
opinions between Hamilton and
Jefferson
Do you remember what they were?
Republicans
Political party that had faith in common
people
Jefferson stated this group
Known now in history as Jeffersonian
Republicans
Federalist
Party that favored a strong federal
(National) government
John Adams
2nd president and VP under Washington
Appointed the Midnight Judges
Whiskey Rebellion
Protest by farmers over excise/sales tax
on Whiskey
Washington send in troops to crush it
XYZ Affair
France wanted bribes to meet
Caused undeclared naval war between
US and France
Created negative feelings about
foreigners
Alien and Sedition Acts
Tried to protect Adams fro his critics by
restricting citizenship and free speech
Couldn’t speak up against the
government without proven facts
Wanted to stop immigration
Nullification
Said state could declare a federal law
unconstitutional
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolutions
Response to the Alien and Sedition
Acts, wanted states to have right of
nullification
Was never put in effect
States’ Rights
Led to the nullification crisis
Believed states should have more
power than national government
Midnight Judges
Judges appointed at Midnight by John
Adams on his last night as president
Part of the Judiciary Act of 1801
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Appointed by Adams
Judicial Review
Allows federal courts to judge if law
follows the Constitution
Marbury v. Madison
Court case dealing with Midnight Judge
appointment
Creates Judicial Review and the rights
of the Judicial Branch
Louisiana Purchase
Purchased from France for 15 million
Napoleon needed to sell
Bought by Jefferson
Doubled the size of the United States
Lewis and Clark expedition
Authorized by Jefferson
Goal was to explore the Louisiana
Purchase to find a western passage to
the Pacific
How did they travel..
Jefferson and Power
Originally believed the Federal
Government should be small and
limited, but he expanded the Fed
government with the Louisiana
Purchase
Embargo Act 1807
Passed by Jefferson
Outlawed trade with foreign countries
Hurt the US economy
Restriction of trade
Embargo
Restriction on trade
Assimilation
People of one culture merge into and
become part of another culture
What the whites wanted the Indians to
do
Tecumseh the Warrior
Native American
Believed native American should ban
together and fight American expansion
Battle of Tippecanoe
Shattered the morale of Native
Americans
Helped cause War of 1812
James Madison
Brought the US into the War of 1812
“Mr.. Madison’s War”
British Impressment
Forced American into military service for
Britain.
Always an issue between the US and
Britain (France too)
Chesapeake Incident
British warship captured the US warship
the Chesapeake.
The captain's battle cry was “don’t give
up the ship”
War of 1812 with Britain
Caused by impressment (forced military
service)
British encouraging Natives to revolt
Chesapeake Incident
Another cause was the British
encouraging Native Americans to resist
US expansion into Indian Territory
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war of 1812
Signed before the battle of New Orleans
James Monroe
President during the Era of good
feelings right after the war of 1812
Missouri Compromise
Decide the issue of admitting Missouri
to the Union as a state. Henry Clay
came up with Compromise
Missouri slave state
Main free state
Western territory north of 36 30 no
slaves
Chapter 7
Second Great Awakening
Religious movement in the US
Adams-Onis Treaty
Us obtained Flordia from Spain
Manifest Destiny
Believed that there is a divine right of
the US to expand west
Examples of this thinking…
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Louisiana Purchase
Oregon Territory
Texas Annexation
Bear Flag Revolt (CA)
Oregon Trail
Started in Independence and it was the
trail from Missouri to Oregon
Mountain Men
Trappers and guides that introduced
trails to westbound settlers
Adopted Indian dress and ways
Independence, Missouri
Jumping off point for pioneers leaving
for the west
Both Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail
started here!
California Gold Rush
Population explosion in CA
49-ers find Gold!
Brigham Young
Leader of the Mormons
Settled in Utah to get away from
religious persecution
Set up thriving trading community
Missionaries
Early settlers desiring to convert Native
Americans to Christianity
Created Spanish forts in California
The Alamo
Famous Texas fort captured by the
Mexicans under Santa Anna during the
Texas fight for independence from
Mexico
Texas Annexation
South supported-wanted territory
North did not. Debate over slavery
continues
Created tension about letting Texas be
a state.
Major territorial gain for US
Annexation means to become a state in
the United States
Chapter 8
Canals
Man made rivers used to transport
goods
Textile Mills
Northern factories which produced
fabric and cloth
Telegraph
First long distance communication
device
Used Morse Code
Invented by Morse
Cotton Gin
Led to an increase in slavery
Characteristics of slavery
Field slaves (most slaves)
Household slaves
Tradesmen (worked at trade, but the
master got the profits, ex: blacksmith)
Industrial North
Manufacturing center of economy
Agricultural South
Economy based on farming. Cash crops
like cotton and Tobacco
Cotton Belt
Lower south were economy and way of
life was tied to cotton.
Cotton was King Cotton in the first half
of the 1800’s
Nat Turner
Slave rebellion due to cruel treatment
of slaves
Whites killed
Frightened slave owners in South
James Monroe
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine
Named after James Monroe
The US would not involve itself with
foreign wars and European powers
should stay out of the western
hemisphere.
John Quincy Adams
Became president after the corrupt
bargain
Made Henry Clay Secretary of State
after the tie breaking vote between he
and Jackson
Corrupt Bargain
1824 election scandal
Called this by Jackson supporters
The Age of Jackson
Rise of the common man
New campaign style
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Dinners
Parades
Songs
National nominating
convention
Replaced the caucus as a way to select
the presidential candidates
Gave the common man more of a voice
in nominating candidates
Spoils System
Appoint supporters in government
position
Jackson did this
Mudslinging
Nasty campaigning by digging up dirt
on a candidate. Didn’t need to be the
truth
Remember the attacks on Jackson’s
wife and John Q Adams “gambling” in
the white house
King Andrew the First
Nickname for Jackson from getting too
much executive power
Like a King. Whigs fought against his
power
Indian Removal Act
Forced removal of natives from their
homeland in southeastern US (GA)
Jackson policy
Supreme Court said it was unconditional
Jackson did it anyway!
Known as the Trail of Tears
Whig Party
Wanted to limit the power of the
president
Martin Van Buren
8th president of the United States
Campaign manager for Jackson
Blamed for economic Panic of 1837
John Tyler
Took over after Harrison died
Didn’t have the support of his political
party
William Henry Harrison
President for one month (shortest term)
Died of pneumonia
His cabinet thought they would run the
country after his death
Chapter 9
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist writer
Civil disobedience
Opposed Mexican American war
Utopian Communities
Created by transcendentalists to create
prefect societies
Temperance Movement
Wanted people to avoid drinking alcohol
Felt many social problems were caused
by drinking
Horace Mann
Public education reformer
Education for all
Paid with tax money
Abolitionists
Wanted to get rid of slavery, strongly
supported by free African Americans
But, not all groups supported
abolitionists like northern factory
workers or southern plantation owners
Underground Railroad
Slaves ran from south to north into
Canada
Created to help slaves escape
Harriet Tubman
Conductor of the Underground Railroad
Helped slaves escape from southern
slave owners
Frederick Douglass
Outspoken African American abolitionist
North Star
William Lloyd Garrison
Had newspaper
“The Liberator”
Sojourner Truth
Religious female abolitionist
Gave speeches
Spoke out for women’s rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Fought for women’s legal rights
Sufferagist
Drafted Declaration of Rights and
Sentiments
Seneca Falls Convention
Meeting marked the start of the
women's suffrage movement and rights
movement
Nativism
Supported native born Americans
fear of immigrants
Afraid of immigrant workers taking
“American jobs”
Chapter 10
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Emotional
Showed how wrong slavery was
(emotional)
James K. Polk
President during the Mexican War
54 40 or fight
Negotiated Oregon Territory boundary
Mexican War
Texas believed that the border was the
Rio Grande
Santa Anna
Mexican leader during the Mexican war
Zachary Taylor
Set up camp on the Rio Grande border
Instigated the Mexican War
Compromise of 1850
Attempt to calm the debate over slavery
in the Territories
Introduced the Fugitive Slave Act
Henry Clay
Henry Clay
The Great Compromiser
Come up with the Missouri Compromise
Assisted in many compromise plans
about slavery
Was known as a war hawk
Border dispute
Lead to the Mexican War
Rio Grande
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican War
US paid 15 million to Mexico
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Gained NM
CA
Paid Americans with claims against Mexico
(for crops and land)
Mexican Cession (what we got
after Mexican War)
Land that made up New Mexico and CA
Large amount of land and extended the
united states to the pacific ocean
It is what we call the lands given to us
by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Long term effects of the Mexican
war
Major territorial gain
Increased tension between Mexico and
US
Increased tensions over debate of
slavery
Texas Annexation
South supported it, because they
wanted to add another state to the
Union where slavery had been
established
Oregon Territory
Border was settled at 49th parallel
Not 54 or fight!
Located in the Pacific North West
Gadsden Purchase
Sold to US for 10 million
Made rest of AZ and NM part of US
Small about of land, but created our
current boarder with Mexico
Millard Fillmore
President
“know-nothing” candidate of 1856
Promoted the Compromise of 1850
John C. Calhoun
Opposed the Compromise of 1850
Urged SC to secede
States Rights
States should have more power than
the Federal Government
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
For the seat in Illinois Senate
Over the issue of slavery
Free-soilers
Wanted to end slavery in the territories
These were settlers that lived in Kansas
and clashed with proslavery groups
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas-Nebraska-Act
Opposed by North, didn’t want slavery
in new territories
Written by Stephen Douglas
Called for popular sovereignty
Would repeal Missouri Compromise 3630 line
Fugitive Slave Act
Required all citizens to help with the
capture of escaped slave, regardless if
the slave in now in a free state
Republican Party
Believed slavery should not be allowed
to spread in NEW areas
Lincoln was a Republican and it helped
him to win the election in 1860
Popular Sovereignty
Let the people decide if slavery should
be in an area
Proposed by Stephen Douglas in the
Kansas-Nebraska Act
North opposed
Created tensions in Kansas
Dred-Scott Case
Slave that sued for his freedom
Once lived in a free territory with master, so
he argued he should be free
Court ruled: not citizen
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He was property can be taken away without due
process
Impact: Missouri Compromise is
unconstitutional..slavery can be any where
Factor in the start of the Civil War
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s
Ferry
Radical abolitionist
Raided Harper's Ferry
Wanted to start slave rebellion
Deepened divide between north and
south
Canning of Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner was a Massachusetts
Republican and a leading absolutist
Two days after a fiery speech titled the Crime
Against Kansas
He was beaten with a cane by Preston Brooks
to defend the honor of the South
Brooks resigned hi House seat, but was
reelected
Bleeding Kansas
Nickname for Kansas due to clashes
between pro/anti slavery groups
John Brown’s men played a role when
they massacred proslavery supporters
First battleground between anti and pro
slavery forces
Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas’s idea that if people
didn’t like slavery, they could pass laws
so that it wasn’t in practice,
REGARDLESS of what the Supreme
Court said
It was the downfall of Stephen
Douglas’s political career
Election of 1860
Won by Lincoln based on newly formed
Republican Party beliefs of preventing
slavery from spreading to new
territories
Democratic party was split North and
South on slavery issue
Southern states began to secede after
the election
Jefferson Davis
President of the South (confederacy)
Border States
MD
KY
DE
MO
Later West VA
Fort Sumter
Start of Civil War. First shots fired
4 more states secede and form the
Confederacy
Lincoln’s View on Slavery
Believed it was morally wrong
Did not want it to spread to new
territories
But was NOT going to remove it from
where it existed
Chapter 11
Advantages of the North
Industry and factories
Population (more men to fight and
more men to work in factories)
More money
More railroads
Advantages of the South
Best generals were from the south
Generals had better tactics
Morale (fighting for homeland and way
of life)
Used horses
Southern boys were more familiar with
guns
Anaconda Plan
Slowly squeeze the South
Naval blockade
Take the capital at Richmond
Divide the South in two
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Block Mississippi
Block Atlantic and Gulf coasts
 No goods in and no good (like cotton) out
Southern plan to win the war
Take Washington DC the capital of the
Union
Get support from France and Britain
Fight a war of attrition (Defensive war,
make the north come to them)
1st battle of Bull Run
At Manassas railroad Junction 30 miles
south west of Washington Dc
Confederate victory
Both sides realized that the war would
be long and bloody
Copperhead
Northern Democrats that sympathized
with the South
Like the snake they were poisonous to
the union
Antietam
Bloodiest single day of the Civil War
Iron Clads
Metal ships built on wooden frames
New technology for the Civil War
Industrial revolution makes more
deadlier weapons
Identification
Three facts let’s try a few examples
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XYZ
Monroe Doctrine
Manifest Destiny
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Fugitive Slave Act
Anaconda Plan
Big Picture Ideas
Louisiana Purchase = why Lewis and
Clark Expedition explored it
Remember into the west… Manifest
Destiny (getting new lands and
expanding) (think about the map)
Difference between North and South
(Manpower, Materials, and Morale)
Map of expansion
Gadsden Purchase
Mexican cession
Oregon Country
Texas Annexation
Louisiana Purchase
How it is set up…
Multi Choice 1-55
Matching 56-95
Map of expansion (Manifest Destiny)
Short Answer ID pick 5 facts and write
3 facts which relate to the term you
picked
Essay 20 pts (three paragraphs at least)