American Studies I CP Midterm Review packet Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments to the Constitution Northwest Ordinance Established a process for territories to become states, no state northwest of Ohio could be a slave state George Washington/precedents First President Set good examples for future Presidents Can you name a few? Cabinet Group that advises the President Thomas Jefferson 3rd president Purchased Louisiana Territory Expanded national government (even though he fought against that) Lewis and Clark Started the two party system because of disagreement with Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Started the Federalist party Disagreed with Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton’s financial plan Established the First National bank Federal Government assumed the debt of the states Remember the deal??? Jay’s Treaty Although unpopular Prevented war with Great Britain in 1795 Chapter 6 First National Bank Formed by Hamilton Benefited northern merchants Not supported by all Two-Party System Formed by a difference in political opinions between Hamilton and Jefferson Do you remember what they were? Republicans Political party that had faith in common people Jefferson stated this group Known now in history as Jeffersonian Republicans Federalist Party that favored a strong federal (National) government John Adams 2nd president and VP under Washington Appointed the Midnight Judges Whiskey Rebellion Protest by farmers over excise/sales tax on Whiskey Washington send in troops to crush it XYZ Affair France wanted bribes to meet Caused undeclared naval war between US and France Created negative feelings about foreigners Alien and Sedition Acts Tried to protect Adams fro his critics by restricting citizenship and free speech Couldn’t speak up against the government without proven facts Wanted to stop immigration Nullification Said state could declare a federal law unconstitutional Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, wanted states to have right of nullification Was never put in effect States’ Rights Led to the nullification crisis Believed states should have more power than national government Midnight Judges Judges appointed at Midnight by John Adams on his last night as president Part of the Judiciary Act of 1801 John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Appointed by Adams Judicial Review Allows federal courts to judge if law follows the Constitution Marbury v. Madison Court case dealing with Midnight Judge appointment Creates Judicial Review and the rights of the Judicial Branch Louisiana Purchase Purchased from France for 15 million Napoleon needed to sell Bought by Jefferson Doubled the size of the United States Lewis and Clark expedition Authorized by Jefferson Goal was to explore the Louisiana Purchase to find a western passage to the Pacific How did they travel.. Jefferson and Power Originally believed the Federal Government should be small and limited, but he expanded the Fed government with the Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act 1807 Passed by Jefferson Outlawed trade with foreign countries Hurt the US economy Restriction of trade Embargo Restriction on trade Assimilation People of one culture merge into and become part of another culture What the whites wanted the Indians to do Tecumseh the Warrior Native American Believed native American should ban together and fight American expansion Battle of Tippecanoe Shattered the morale of Native Americans Helped cause War of 1812 James Madison Brought the US into the War of 1812 “Mr.. Madison’s War” British Impressment Forced American into military service for Britain. Always an issue between the US and Britain (France too) Chesapeake Incident British warship captured the US warship the Chesapeake. The captain's battle cry was “don’t give up the ship” War of 1812 with Britain Caused by impressment (forced military service) British encouraging Natives to revolt Chesapeake Incident Another cause was the British encouraging Native Americans to resist US expansion into Indian Territory Treaty of Ghent Ended the war of 1812 Signed before the battle of New Orleans James Monroe President during the Era of good feelings right after the war of 1812 Missouri Compromise Decide the issue of admitting Missouri to the Union as a state. Henry Clay came up with Compromise Missouri slave state Main free state Western territory north of 36 30 no slaves Chapter 7 Second Great Awakening Religious movement in the US Adams-Onis Treaty Us obtained Flordia from Spain Manifest Destiny Believed that there is a divine right of the US to expand west Examples of this thinking… Louisiana Purchase Oregon Territory Texas Annexation Bear Flag Revolt (CA) Oregon Trail Started in Independence and it was the trail from Missouri to Oregon Mountain Men Trappers and guides that introduced trails to westbound settlers Adopted Indian dress and ways Independence, Missouri Jumping off point for pioneers leaving for the west Both Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail started here! California Gold Rush Population explosion in CA 49-ers find Gold! Brigham Young Leader of the Mormons Settled in Utah to get away from religious persecution Set up thriving trading community Missionaries Early settlers desiring to convert Native Americans to Christianity Created Spanish forts in California The Alamo Famous Texas fort captured by the Mexicans under Santa Anna during the Texas fight for independence from Mexico Texas Annexation South supported-wanted territory North did not. Debate over slavery continues Created tension about letting Texas be a state. Major territorial gain for US Annexation means to become a state in the United States Chapter 8 Canals Man made rivers used to transport goods Textile Mills Northern factories which produced fabric and cloth Telegraph First long distance communication device Used Morse Code Invented by Morse Cotton Gin Led to an increase in slavery Characteristics of slavery Field slaves (most slaves) Household slaves Tradesmen (worked at trade, but the master got the profits, ex: blacksmith) Industrial North Manufacturing center of economy Agricultural South Economy based on farming. Cash crops like cotton and Tobacco Cotton Belt Lower south were economy and way of life was tied to cotton. Cotton was King Cotton in the first half of the 1800’s Nat Turner Slave rebellion due to cruel treatment of slaves Whites killed Frightened slave owners in South James Monroe Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine Named after James Monroe The US would not involve itself with foreign wars and European powers should stay out of the western hemisphere. John Quincy Adams Became president after the corrupt bargain Made Henry Clay Secretary of State after the tie breaking vote between he and Jackson Corrupt Bargain 1824 election scandal Called this by Jackson supporters The Age of Jackson Rise of the common man New campaign style Dinners Parades Songs National nominating convention Replaced the caucus as a way to select the presidential candidates Gave the common man more of a voice in nominating candidates Spoils System Appoint supporters in government position Jackson did this Mudslinging Nasty campaigning by digging up dirt on a candidate. Didn’t need to be the truth Remember the attacks on Jackson’s wife and John Q Adams “gambling” in the white house King Andrew the First Nickname for Jackson from getting too much executive power Like a King. Whigs fought against his power Indian Removal Act Forced removal of natives from their homeland in southeastern US (GA) Jackson policy Supreme Court said it was unconditional Jackson did it anyway! Known as the Trail of Tears Whig Party Wanted to limit the power of the president Martin Van Buren 8th president of the United States Campaign manager for Jackson Blamed for economic Panic of 1837 John Tyler Took over after Harrison died Didn’t have the support of his political party William Henry Harrison President for one month (shortest term) Died of pneumonia His cabinet thought they would run the country after his death Chapter 9 Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist writer Civil disobedience Opposed Mexican American war Utopian Communities Created by transcendentalists to create prefect societies Temperance Movement Wanted people to avoid drinking alcohol Felt many social problems were caused by drinking Horace Mann Public education reformer Education for all Paid with tax money Abolitionists Wanted to get rid of slavery, strongly supported by free African Americans But, not all groups supported abolitionists like northern factory workers or southern plantation owners Underground Railroad Slaves ran from south to north into Canada Created to help slaves escape Harriet Tubman Conductor of the Underground Railroad Helped slaves escape from southern slave owners Frederick Douglass Outspoken African American abolitionist North Star William Lloyd Garrison Had newspaper “The Liberator” Sojourner Truth Religious female abolitionist Gave speeches Spoke out for women’s rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton Fought for women’s legal rights Sufferagist Drafted Declaration of Rights and Sentiments Seneca Falls Convention Meeting marked the start of the women's suffrage movement and rights movement Nativism Supported native born Americans fear of immigrants Afraid of immigrant workers taking “American jobs” Chapter 10 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe Emotional Showed how wrong slavery was (emotional) James K. Polk President during the Mexican War 54 40 or fight Negotiated Oregon Territory boundary Mexican War Texas believed that the border was the Rio Grande Santa Anna Mexican leader during the Mexican war Zachary Taylor Set up camp on the Rio Grande border Instigated the Mexican War Compromise of 1850 Attempt to calm the debate over slavery in the Territories Introduced the Fugitive Slave Act Henry Clay Henry Clay The Great Compromiser Come up with the Missouri Compromise Assisted in many compromise plans about slavery Was known as a war hawk Border dispute Lead to the Mexican War Rio Grande Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Ended the Mexican War US paid 15 million to Mexico Gained NM CA Paid Americans with claims against Mexico (for crops and land) Mexican Cession (what we got after Mexican War) Land that made up New Mexico and CA Large amount of land and extended the united states to the pacific ocean It is what we call the lands given to us by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Long term effects of the Mexican war Major territorial gain Increased tension between Mexico and US Increased tensions over debate of slavery Texas Annexation South supported it, because they wanted to add another state to the Union where slavery had been established Oregon Territory Border was settled at 49th parallel Not 54 or fight! Located in the Pacific North West Gadsden Purchase Sold to US for 10 million Made rest of AZ and NM part of US Small about of land, but created our current boarder with Mexico Millard Fillmore President “know-nothing” candidate of 1856 Promoted the Compromise of 1850 John C. Calhoun Opposed the Compromise of 1850 Urged SC to secede States Rights States should have more power than the Federal Government Lincoln-Douglas Debates For the seat in Illinois Senate Over the issue of slavery Free-soilers Wanted to end slavery in the territories These were settlers that lived in Kansas and clashed with proslavery groups Bleeding Kansas Kansas-Nebraska-Act Opposed by North, didn’t want slavery in new territories Written by Stephen Douglas Called for popular sovereignty Would repeal Missouri Compromise 3630 line Fugitive Slave Act Required all citizens to help with the capture of escaped slave, regardless if the slave in now in a free state Republican Party Believed slavery should not be allowed to spread in NEW areas Lincoln was a Republican and it helped him to win the election in 1860 Popular Sovereignty Let the people decide if slavery should be in an area Proposed by Stephen Douglas in the Kansas-Nebraska Act North opposed Created tensions in Kansas Dred-Scott Case Slave that sued for his freedom Once lived in a free territory with master, so he argued he should be free Court ruled: not citizen He was property can be taken away without due process Impact: Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional..slavery can be any where Factor in the start of the Civil War John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry Radical abolitionist Raided Harper's Ferry Wanted to start slave rebellion Deepened divide between north and south Canning of Charles Sumner Charles Sumner was a Massachusetts Republican and a leading absolutist Two days after a fiery speech titled the Crime Against Kansas He was beaten with a cane by Preston Brooks to defend the honor of the South Brooks resigned hi House seat, but was reelected Bleeding Kansas Nickname for Kansas due to clashes between pro/anti slavery groups John Brown’s men played a role when they massacred proslavery supporters First battleground between anti and pro slavery forces Freeport Doctrine Stephen Douglas’s idea that if people didn’t like slavery, they could pass laws so that it wasn’t in practice, REGARDLESS of what the Supreme Court said It was the downfall of Stephen Douglas’s political career Election of 1860 Won by Lincoln based on newly formed Republican Party beliefs of preventing slavery from spreading to new territories Democratic party was split North and South on slavery issue Southern states began to secede after the election Jefferson Davis President of the South (confederacy) Border States MD KY DE MO Later West VA Fort Sumter Start of Civil War. First shots fired 4 more states secede and form the Confederacy Lincoln’s View on Slavery Believed it was morally wrong Did not want it to spread to new territories But was NOT going to remove it from where it existed Chapter 11 Advantages of the North Industry and factories Population (more men to fight and more men to work in factories) More money More railroads Advantages of the South Best generals were from the south Generals had better tactics Morale (fighting for homeland and way of life) Used horses Southern boys were more familiar with guns Anaconda Plan Slowly squeeze the South Naval blockade Take the capital at Richmond Divide the South in two Block Mississippi Block Atlantic and Gulf coasts No goods in and no good (like cotton) out Southern plan to win the war Take Washington DC the capital of the Union Get support from France and Britain Fight a war of attrition (Defensive war, make the north come to them) 1st battle of Bull Run At Manassas railroad Junction 30 miles south west of Washington Dc Confederate victory Both sides realized that the war would be long and bloody Copperhead Northern Democrats that sympathized with the South Like the snake they were poisonous to the union Antietam Bloodiest single day of the Civil War Iron Clads Metal ships built on wooden frames New technology for the Civil War Industrial revolution makes more deadlier weapons Identification Three facts let’s try a few examples XYZ Monroe Doctrine Manifest Destiny Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Fugitive Slave Act Anaconda Plan Big Picture Ideas Louisiana Purchase = why Lewis and Clark Expedition explored it Remember into the west… Manifest Destiny (getting new lands and expanding) (think about the map) Difference between North and South (Manpower, Materials, and Morale) Map of expansion Gadsden Purchase Mexican cession Oregon Country Texas Annexation Louisiana Purchase How it is set up… Multi Choice 1-55 Matching 56-95 Map of expansion (Manifest Destiny) Short Answer ID pick 5 facts and write 3 facts which relate to the term you picked Essay 20 pts (three paragraphs at least)