WWI – The End
14 Points and Treaty of Versailles
AIM: Did Wilson accomplish his goals at the Paris peace
conference?
Vocab
14 Points
Henry Cabot Lodge
Treaty of Versailles
Four Power Treaty
Five Power Treaty
Nine Power Treaty
Kellogg Briand Pact
Dawes Plan
War Aims of the United States
The present war must first be ended; but...it makes a great deal of
difference in what way and upon what terms it is ended. The treaties
and agreements which bring it to an end must embody terms which will
create a peace that is worth guaranteeing and preserving, a peace that
will win the approval of mankind, not merely a peace that will serve the
several interests and immediate aims of the nations engaged.... It must
be a peace without victory....Only a peace between equals can least.
Only a peace the very principle of which is equality and a common
participation in a common benefit... – Wilson, January 22, 1917
The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted
upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends
to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities
for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely
make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We
shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the
faith and the freedom of nations can make them. - Wilson
GOALS OF THE 14 POINTS
GOALS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
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Essential Questions:
Document and Discussion Focus Questions
(1)Who had the stronger argument - Wilson
or Lodge?
(1) Return back to the war aims on the
board (from reading and video)- did
these war aims get accomplished
(1)Examine the treaties that were passed in
the 1920s and evaluate whether each
one was practical or not in maintaining
peace.
Wilson's 14 Points (1918)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
An end to all secret diplomacy
Freedom of the seas in peace and war
The reduction of trade barriers among nations
The general reduction of armaments
The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well
as of the colonial powers
The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to
the society of nations
The restoration of Belgium
The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine
The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of
nationality
Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia
Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all
nations through the Dardanelles
Independence for Poland, including access to the sea
A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence
and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike.”
Key parts to Wilson's plan
1-5 -No secret agreements between nations
-Freedom of the seas
-Nations reduce weapon building
-Countries boundaries to be redrawn
6-13 Factors of Self-determination
-Smaller countries decide if they want
outside rule.
14 - League of Nations
Reactions:
• Germany would have wanted this plan as it
would not punish them. Critics said this was
“peace without victory”
• Main Europeans did not want this plan as it
did not punish Germany, satisfy their quest for
revenge, or pay for damages and expenses
they incurred.
• Germany was not even at the Peace table to
express themselves.
The Treaty of Versailles
The three main countries wanted to punish
Germany.
• Break up German colonial holdings
• Take away German navy
• Reduce size of Germany
• Reparations bill of $33 Billion to be paid
All those things taken away will be distributed to
the Big Three.
OUTCOME:
Wilson worked for six months to get the other leaders
to agree to his League of Nations idea.
They were not interested in his 14 points, so they
agreed to the L of N to keep him quiet!
Wilson returned to USA and presented the plan to
Congress. He had signed the treaty but it needed
Congress’s approval.
Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles,
Wilson went on a personal tour around the USA to
get support, this caused stress that resulted in his
death.
USA never signed the peace plan to end WWI !
Disarmament Treaties
Four Power Treaty: All major territorial claims in the Pacific will belong
to their owners (the US, France, England, etc).
Washington Armaments Conference (Nov 1921–February 1922):
Five-Power Treaty: USA, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Italy
Limited the tonnage of their navies and placed a ten-year moratorium
on the construction of aircraft carriers and battleships. No restrictions
on the construction of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.
Nine-Power Treaty: Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, China, Belgium
pledged to support the Open Door Policy and respect the territorial
integrity of China.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: Outlawed “war” as a weapon of foreign policy
(although all 62 countries that signed said they reserve the right to
defend themselves if another country attacks).
Dawes Plan 1924