AP Biology 2010
Week 11 Part I Animal Homeostasis: Focus on the Excretory, Endocrine
Reproduction Systems
Chapter 44: Regulating the Internal Environment
Chapter 45: Chemical Signals in Animals
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Describe the structure and function of various organs in the excretory and endocrine
systems.
 Explain how thermoregulation involves physiological and behavioral adjustments.
 Explain how an animal's nitrogenous wastes are correlated with its phylogeny and
habitat.
 Explain how nervous and hormonal feedback circuits regulate kidney functions.
 Explain how diverse adaptations of vertebrate kidney have evolved in different
habitats.
 Explain how interacting regulatory systems maintain homeostasis.
 Explain the structure and function of hormones.
 Explain how the endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally, chemically,
and functionally related.
 Explain how the hypothalamus and the pituitary integrate many functions in the
vertebrate endocrine system and allow for homeostasis.
 Explain how antagonistic hormones allow for homoeostasis.
College Board Lab Objectives:
 Explain the relationship between temperature and rates of physiological processes.
 Relate the basic anatomy of various circulatory systems.
 Measure heart rate and blood pressure in a human volunteer.
 Describe the effect of changing body position on heart rate and blood pressure.
 Explain how exercise changes heart rate.
 Determine a human's fitness index.
 Analyze pooled cardiovascular data.
 Discuss and explain the relationship between heart rate and temperature.
thermoregulation
conduction
convection
radiation
evaporation
Ross 2010 SJDA
Key Words
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
cortical nephrons
prolactin
renal cortex
renal medulla
nephron
follicle-stimulating hormone
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AP Biology 2010
ectotherm
endotherm
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
counter-current heatexchanger
nonshivering
thermogenesis
brown fat
acclimatization
stress-induced proteins
heat-shock proteins
torpor
hibernation
estivation
ammonia
urea
uric acid
osmolarity
osmoconformer
osmoregulator
stenohaline
euryhaline
anhydrobiosis
filtration
reabsorbtion
secretion
protoetanephridium
malpighian tubes
renal artery
renal vein
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Ross 2010 SJDA
juxtamedullary
nephrons,
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
vasa rects
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
juxtaglomerular
apparatus- (JGA)
angiotensin II
aldosterone
rennin-angiotensinaldosterone system
(RAAS)
atrial natriuretic factor
-(ANF)
endocrine system
endocrine gland
neurosecretory
cellsecdysone
juvenile hormone
nitric oxide (NO)
growth factors
prostaglandins
signal-transduction pathways
tropic hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis
releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis
luteinizing hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
gonadotropins
adrenocorticotropic
hormonemelanocyte-stimulating
-hormone
endorphins
iodothyronine
thyroxine (T4)
calcitonin
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
islets of Langerhans
alpha cells
glucagons
beta cells
insulin
type I diabetes mellitus
type II diabetes mellitus
adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine
catecholamines
corticosteroids
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androgens
testosterone
estrogen
progestins
growth hormone
insulin-like growth
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AP Biology 2010
Week 11 (Assignment)
Chapter 44 Regulating the Internal Environment 44
1. Define osmoregulation, excretion, and thermoregulation.
2. Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
3. Compare osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fishes.
4. Describe the anatomy of the kidney and the structure of the nephron.
5. Describe what happens during each of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
6. Explain the effect on the urine of the transport of materials in the proximal tubule,
descending limb, ascending limb, distal tubule, and collecting duct.
7. How do the solute concentration gradients in the kidney contribute to the formation of
urine?
8. How do the solute concentration gradients contribute to the conservation of water?
9. Why is some urea allowed to diffuse back into the interstitial fluid from the collecting duct?
10. Why does the blood not dissipate the high salt concentration in the inner medulla?
11. How does the hypothalamus contribute to osmoregulation?
12. What is the role of ADH in maintaining osmolarity?
13. How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus contribute to kidney function?
14. Describe the roles of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone.
15. What are the effects of each hormone in the RAAS?
16. What different problems are handled by ADH and the RAAS?
18. What are the three nitrogenous wastes produced by animals?
19. How is an animal's nitrogenous waste correlated with its habitat? Why does this correlation
exist?
20. Distinguish between endotherms and ectotherms. (note: warm-blooded and cold-blooded is
NOT a good answer here)
21. Explain the value of each of the following in thermoregulation: adjusting the rate of heat
exchange, evaporative heat loss, behavioral mechanisms, metabolic rate.
22. Briefly describe the mechanisms of thermoregulation observed in insects, amphibians,
reptiles, fishes, birds, and mammals.
23. Briefly outline the feedback mechanisms at work in thermoregulation.
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AP Biology 2010
Chapter 45: Chemical Signals in Animals
1. What is a hormone? Endocrine gland? Target cell?
2. What are the three main chemical groups of hormones?
3. What is endocrinology?
4. How do pheromones differ from hormones? How might pheromones be used in insect
control?
5. What are the two basic mechanisms of hormone action?
6. List two general principles that govern hormone action.
7. Explain how cyclic AMP acts as a "second messenger"in a cell.
9. What does a "tropic" hormone do in vertebrates?
10. What part of the brain is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine
system?
11. Why is the pituitary gland called the "master gland"?
12. What is a neurosecretory cell? Where would you go to find one?
15. Where are the following hormones produced and what do they do.
Hormone Where Produced Function
- thyroxine
- calcitonin
- PTH
- insulin
- glucagon
- epinephrine (=adrenalin)
- norepinephrine
- (=noradrenalin)
- testosterone
- estrogen
- progesterone
- prolactin
- oxytocin
- melatonin
17. What are endorphins? What is "runners high"?
18. What is a goiter? What item at the grocery store is responsible for the decline in
goiters in the U.S.?
19. Where are the islets of Langerhans(islet cells)? What do they produce?
20. Using insulin and glucagon, explain negative feed back and the regulation of blood
sugar levels.
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AP Biology 2010
Part II - Animal Reproduction and Development
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
Chapter 47: Animal Development
College Board Performance Objectives:
 Describe the structure and function of the reproductive system.
 Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction.
 Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
 Explain how hormones regulate the reproductive cycle.
 Explain the stages of embryonic development.
AP Laboratory
Pacing Guide:
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction—2 days
Chapter 47: Animal Development—2 days
asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
ovum
spermatozoon
fission
budding
fragmentation
regeneration
parthenogenesis
hermaphroditism
fertilization
pheromones
gonads
testes
seminiferous tubules
scrotum
epididymis
ejaculation
urethra
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
Ross 2010 SJDA
Key Words
human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)
parturition
labor
lactation
contraception
performation
epigenesis
acrosomal reaction
cortical reaction
fertilization membrane
slow block polyspermy
zona pellucida
blastomere
yolk
vegetal pole
animal pole
gray crescent
morula
blastocoel
blastua
meroblastic cleavage
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AP Biology 2010
bulbourethral gland
penis
ovaries
follicle
ovulation
corpus luteum
oviduct
endometrium
cervix
vagina
mammary glands
spermatogenesis
acrosome
oogenesis
menstrual cycle
estrous cycle
menstruation
mentrual flow
proliferative phase
secretory phase
ovarian cycle
ovulation
luteal phase
gestation
embryos
conception
trimesters
cleavage
blastocyst
holoblastic cleavage
gastrulation
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
invagination
archenteron
blastopore
dorsal lip
involution
yolk plug
notochord
neural tube
somites
amniotes
blastodisc
primitive streak
extraembryonic membranes
yolk sac
amnion
chorion
allantois
blastocyst
inner cell mass
trophoblast
convergent extension
adhesion molecules
fate maps
apical ectodermal ridge
Week # 11 Assignment Chapters 46 & 47
Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
1. Outline the production of sperm in the testis and trace the path of sperm from the testis
until they leave the body in semen.
2. Using a diagram, describe the sequence of events in the menstrual cycle of a human
female. Be sure to specify the successive levels of the hormones involved, and the effect
each hormone has on the follicle, the uterine lining, or the production of other hormones.
3. Discuss the role of the hypothalamus in the female reproductive cycle.
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AP Biology 2010
Chapter 47: Animal Development
1. Describe the events triggered by the penetration of an animal egg by the sperm, and
discuss the process of fertilization. Explain what happens to prevent more than one sperm
from fertilizing the egg.
2. Using diagrams, describe the principal events occurring during the cleavage stages of
the animal embryos. Indicate whether the embryos increase in size during cleavage, and
explain how the amount of yolk in the egg affects the cleavage pattern.
3. Using diagrams, point out the morula, gastrula, blastula, ectoderm, endoderm,
mesoderm, archenteron, blastopore, and neural folds.
4. Name the three primary cell layers, and indicate which primary cell layer gives rise to
each of the following adult structures or tissues:
- fingernails
- hair
- brain lining of digestive tract
- notochord nerve cord
- lungs muscle
- liver skin (epithelial portion)
- connective tissue bone
- blood
5. Define metamorphosis, and explain the adaptive significance of the larval stage.
Distinguish between complete and gradual metamorphosis in insects.
6. Outline the events that occur between the time an egg is fertilized in the oviduct and
the birth of the baby. In doing so, use the following terms: corpus luteum, oxytocin,
placenta, oviduct, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG), uterine lining, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lactation,
estrogen, and implantation.
7. Contrast the embryonic membranes in a human with those of a reptile or a bird.
Specify which of the following are present in both: amnion, chorion, shell, allantois,
placenta, yolk sac.
8. Explain what is meant by embryonic induction, using an example the role of the dorsal
lip of the blastopore in a salamander or the role of optic vesicles in the induction of lenses
in a frog or mammalian eye.
9. Cite evidence to indicate that cells have positional information to ensure proper pattern
formation.
10. Why do cells with identical sets of genes develop into such widely different types of
cells?
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