Instructor E-Sources
PowerPoint™ Presentation
Chapter 9
Early Twentieth-Century Texas
The History of Texas
Harlan Davidson, Inc.
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
1
Learning Outcomes (9)
• Cite key reasons for the transformation of
Texas,
• account for the differences between the
rural and urban character and how
concerns were politicized,
• understand how and why labor
organization developed,
• appreciate the impact of the Black
Bourgeoisie as well as the Black Migration.
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
2
Early 20th Century Texas
• The Texas Economy
– Oil
• Corsicana strike
• Spindletop ~ 1901
• Oil related industries
– Refining
– Oil field equipment
– Natural gas
• Texas boomtowns
Gladys City
Spindletop
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
3
Early 20th Century Texas
• The Texas Economy
– Extraction industries
•
•
•
•
•
Slaughtering
Oil drilling
Coke mining
Cotton seed pressing
Four milling
– Manufacturing
• Ship building
• Oil & petrochemicals
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
4
Early 20th Century Texas
• The Texas Economy
– Urban Growth
• Texas cities ~ Houston, Dallas, San Antonio,
Ft. Worth, & El Paso
• Galveston
– 1901 Hurricane
– Commission Plan governance
• Modernization
– “city beautiful” movement
– Urbanization & new technologies
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
5
Early 20th Century Texas
• The Texas Economy
– Workers
• 48 hour work-week
• Wage increase and cost of living
• Women and work
– new technologies
– “women’s work”
– the New Woman
– Labor Unions
• Factors influencing decline
• 1920 Galveston dockworkers strike
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
6
Early 20th Century Texas
• The Texas Economy
– Agriculture & rural life
•
•
•
•
Cotton remains king
Livestock
Mechanization
Tenant farming
– “Halfers” & “croppers”
– The diversification challenge
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
7
Early 20th Century Texas
• Texas Society
– Farm laborers
• Migrant Hispanic workers
• Day laborers
– Farm women & families
• New technologies minimal impact
– Less then 5% electrification of farms
– Less than 15% water in kitchen
– Family Patterns ~ changing demographics
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
8
Ethnic Texans
• Blacks in Texas
– Racism
– Urbanization
• Political “bosses,” Charles Bellinger & San Antonio
• Nixon v Herndon, ruling & denial
– Segregation
• Public facilities
• Neighborhoods
– Violence
• Race riots
• lynching
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
9
Ethnic Texans
• Blacks in Texas
– Rural Blacks
• Farmer’s Improvement Society
• The cooperative movement
– Urban Life
• Black migration
• Escape routes
– Cities
– Northern states
– Africa
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
10
Ethnic Texans
• Blacks in Texas
– The Black bourgeoisie
• Professionalization
• Negro Business League
– Social, Religious, & Fraternal Organizations
• Black Churches
– cornerstone of social life
– Leadership training
• Fraternal organizations & Lodges
– Black Masons
– Black chapters of Knights of Pythias
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
11
Ethnic Texans
Tillie Brackenridge in
San Antonio, ca. 1900
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
12
Ethnic Texans
• Blacks in Texas
– Education
• School Segregation
• Teacher accreditation
“Rube” Foster
Calvert native
– Social, Cultural &
Recreational life
•
•
•
•
•
Juneteenth celebrations
Baseball & Boxing
Sports heroes
Texas Blues
Black newspapers
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
13
Ethnic Texans
• Tejanos
– Discrimination
– Working Conditions & Organized Labor
• Migrant pickers
• The “Big Swing”
• Industrial unionism
– Self-help organizations
• Social services & political bosses
• League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
14
Ethnic Texans
• Tejanos
–
–
–
–
Social, Cultural, & Recreational Activities
Tejano sports
Festivals & holidays
Music
• Corridos
• Conjunto
• Orquestra
• Other ethnic groups
Conjunto Alamo: Leandro Guerro & Frank Corrales
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
15
Ethnic Texans
1905 Confirmation class, Temple B’nai Israel, Galveston, Texas
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
16
Early Twentieth-Century Texas
• Literature and the Arts
– Frontier adventure tales
– Historians, writers, & the arts
• 1897 Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
• Texana
– J. Frank Dobie
– Walter Prescott Webb
– Roy Bedicheck
• Novelists & poets
– Katherine Anne Porter
– Francis D. Allan
• Elizabeth Ney
• Texas Music
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
17
Key Words & Terms (9)
Magnolia Petroleum Co. (Mobil)
Lone Star Gas Co. (ran 1st pipeline)
Humble Oil Co.
Texas City
Desdemona ("Hog Town")
Fort Worth ("Cow Town")
commission form of govt.-Galveston
city-manager form of govt.
Houston Ship Channel
Texas State Federation of Labor
mechanization of agriculture
boll weevil
Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
Jesse Washington
NAACP
George Pierce Garrison
TSHA
J. Frank Dobie
Walter Prescott Webb
Maury Maverick
de jure segregation
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
Marcus Garvey
Liberia
The Black Bourgeoisie
Prairie View A & M
1906 racial disturbance in Brownsville
Longview race riot (1919)
Andrew "Rube" Foster
"greaser"
“halfers" or "croppers"
"King Cotton," la pizca
Jim Wells, Manuel Guerra
conjunto, corridos
Paulino Bernal
"folk islands"
Little Joe y La Familia
Freddie Fender
Katherine Anne Porter
Elizabeth Ney
Henry A. McArdle
Robert Jenkins & Julian Onderdonk
18