How
can you go?
Objective - Explain LTA Regulations from:

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(a/k/a Federal Aviation Regulations [FAR])

Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Part 830 – Incident & Accident Reporting

Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
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Updates to the FAR/AIM
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Changes affecting the regulations can take
place daily
The AIM Changes every 6 months
Updates are posted on the ASA website
 http://www.asa2fly.com/farupdate
 Sign up for updates to be emailed to you
FAA website www.faa.gov to review
 Advisory Circulars (AC)
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Goals
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Try to make it A Learning Experience
To keep everyone Engaged for the next
7,200 seconds
Review with you the Parts of 14 CFR,
AIM, NTSB info that relates to you &
your pilot certificate.
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Four 14 CFRs for Flying –
One 49 CFR for things gone bad
A Partial Summary of the 470+ Pages of the Regulations (for Those Who Have Trouble Falling Asleep!)
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14 Part 1: General Definitions, Abbreviations,
Symbols and Rules of Construction
14 Part 43: Maintenance & Preventative
Maintenance
14 Part 61: Certification - Pilots & Instructors
14 Part 91: General Operating & Flight Rules
49 Part 830: Accident & Incident Reporting
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Part 1
Definitions & Abbreviations
1.1 - General Definitions
1.2 - Abbreviations & Symbols
1.3 - Rules of Construction
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
“Shall” is used in the imperative sense (action).
“May” is used in an permissive sense to state
authority or permission to do the act prescribed.
“Includes” means “includes but is not limited to”.
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General Definitions
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Administrator
*Aircraft
*Balloon
**Category
Ceiling
**Class
Commercial Operator
Controlled Airspace
Crewmember
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Flight Time
Maintenance
Night
Operate
Pilotage
Pilot in Command
Preventive Maintenance
Rating
**Type
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General Definitions

AIRCRAFT
A device that is used or intended to
be used for flight in the air
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General Definitions

BALLOON
A Lighter-Than-Air aircraft that is not
engine-driven, and that sustains flight
through the use of either gas buoyancy or
an airborne heater.
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General Definitions

BALLOON = AIRCRAFT
WHENEVER you read the word aircraft in
the text of a regulation – that regulation
applies to balloons.
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Definitions
With respect to the certification, ratings,
privileges and limitations of the airman
Categories are:
airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter-than-air
Class are by similar operating characteristics:
single engine, multiengine, land, water,
gyroplane, helicopter, airship, free balloon
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Definitions
With respect to the certification of aircraft
Categories are grouped based upon intended
use:
transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited,
restricted, provisional
Class are by similar operating characteristics
of propulsion, flight, landing:
airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon,
landplane, seaplane
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Categories of Aircraft / Airman
Aircraft
Airman
Category
Normal, Transport,
Utility, Acrobatic, Limited
Restricted, Provisional
Airplane, Rotorcraft,
Glider, Lighter-thanair
Class
airplane, rotorcraft glider, airship, free balloon;
balloon, land plane,
single engine, multi
seaplane
engine; land, water
Type
Aerostar RX-8,
Cameron C80
Airplanes DC7, DC10
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Abbreviations
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AGL- Above Ground Level
ATC- Air Traffic Control
FAA- Federal Aviation Administration
IFR- Instrument Flight Rules
MSL- Mean Sea Level
VFR- Visual Flight Rules
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Rules of Construction for 14 CFR
“Shall - Is used in an imperative sense.”
“May - Is used in a permissive sense to state
authority or permissions to do the act
prescribed.”
“Includes - Means included but not limited to.”
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Part 43
Maintenance/ Preventive Maintenance
 Maintenance – Inspection, overhaul,
repair, preservation and the
replacement of parts - excludes
preventive maintenance.
 Preventive Maintenance – Simple or
minor preservation operations and the
replacement of small parts not involving
complex assembly operations.
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14 CFR 43.3 (g)
Preventive Maintenance
The holder of a pilot certificate issued
under Part 61 may perform preventive
maintenance on any aircraft owned or
operated by that pilot which is NOT
used under PART 121, 129, or 135 of
this chapter.
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14 CFR 43.9
Maintenance Record Entries
 Description of work performed
 Completion date

Name, signature, certificate number, and
type of certificate of person approving
the work
i.e. Replaced batteries in flight instruments on February 20, 2007.
John Doe, Commercial Pilot #2750055.
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14 CFR 43.17
Preventive Maintenance

The owner or operator of an aircraft
holds primary responsibility for



Maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy
condition.
Having required inspections performed
Ensures that maintenance personnel make
required eteries in the aircraft maintenance
records – approved to return to serive.
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Appendix A to Part 43
(c) Preventive maintenance
7.
…making of small fabric repairs to envelopes not
requiring load tape repair or replacement.
In accordance with balloon manufactures instructions
9.
10.
11.
Refinishing decorative coating of balloon
baskets.
Applying preservative or protective material to
components where no disassembly is involved.
Repairing decorative furnishings of balloon
basket interior….
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More Preventive Maintenance
22.
24.
25.
Replacing prefabricated fuel lines.
Replacing and servicing batteries.
Cleaning of balloon burner pilot light
and main nozzles ….
In accordance with balloon manufactures instructions
27.
The interchange of balloon baskets and
burners on envelopes when they are
designated as interchangeable in
balloon type certificate data.
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Part 61
Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors
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A- General
B- Aircraft Ratings & Pilot Authorizations
C- Students
E- Private Pilots
F- Commercial Pilots
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61.15
Offenses Involving Drugs or Alcohol
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Denial of an application for any
certificate rating for up to 1 year after
the date of a conviction for the violation
Suspension or revocation of a certificate
Must notify FAA of conviction of the
violation within 60 days (written report)
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61.16
Refusal to Submit to Alcohol Test or
to Furnish Results
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Denial of an application for any
certificate rating for up to 1 year the
date of such refusal
Suspension or revocation of certification
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61.19
Duration of Certificates

Student Certificate good up to
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Temporary Certificate good up to
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For balloon - 60 calendar after the month of the date issued
120 days
Permanent Certificate good up to

No specific expiration date
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61.23(b)(2)
Medical Certificates

You are not required to hold a
medical certificate for lighter-thanair category airman certificate.

you only have to certify that you have no medical defect that would make
you unable to pilot a glider or balloon.
If flying outside the U.S., then a 3rd class
medical is required. (ICAO Rule)
International Civil Aviation Organization
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61.25
Change of Name

To obtain a new airman certificate that reflects a legal name change,
you must appear at an FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) for
positive identification
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You must present to an FAA Inspector either a:
Court order, photocopy of marriage license or other valid legal document name change
Current Airman certificate
Court order, marriage certificate
Submitted to an FSDO

1601 Randolph Rd. SE, (505) 764-1200
Can it be submitted on line? No
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61.35
Knowledge Test Prerequisites
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Endorsement for the written test
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From authorized instructor
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Ground training
Home study
Proper ID
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Photo
Signature
Date of birth
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61.39 & 61.43
Practical Testing Requirements
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Passed knowledge test within 24 months
Satisfactorily accomplish required training
Meet age and language requirement
Have endorsement by authorized instructor
Have a completed and signed application
Complete practical test within 60 days after date
the practical test was discontinued
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61.49
Retesting After Failure
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Received necessary training from an
authorized instructor
Received an endorsement from the
same authorized instructor that gave
the training
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61.51
Pilot Logbooks
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Training time & aeronautical experience
Includes date, time, description of training
or aeronautical experiences required for
certificate, rating, flight review, or recent
flight experience
 For training, need endorsement by
instructor with his/her certification number
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Must present required documents to
Administrator, NTSB, Federal, State or
local law enforcement officer.
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61.56
Flight Review
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One hour of flight training
One hour of ground training
Above given within 24 months before the
month in which the pilot acts as Pilot-inCommand
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Flight Rules Part 91
Review maneuvers and procedures
Must be given in an aircraft rated for
Must have proper endorsement in logbook
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Trivia Question

Does the satisfactorily completion
of one of the levels of the FAA
sponsored pilot proficiency award
program (WINGS) qualify for a
flight review? Yes
14 CFR 61.56(e)
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61.57
Recent Flight Experience
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Three takeoffs and landings within
preceding 90 days
If not current, can not carry passengers
Must be in the category and class
aircraft you are flying
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Category – Lighter-than-air
Class – Free balloon
Must be the sole manipulator of the
controls of the aircraft
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61.60
Change of Address
Within 30 days of the change
 Written notification to:
FAA Airman Certificate Branch
P.O. Box 25082
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
 Can be submitted on line
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
Create account on FAA, Login in, do it
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Student Pilot
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Eligibility 61.83
Be at least 14 years of age
 Read, speak, write, and understand the
English language
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Student Pilot Certificates 61.85
Obtain from Flight Standards District Office
 Or from Designated Pilot Examiners
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Do you need a student pilot certificate to take training? No
24 months good for
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61.87
Solo Requirements
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Written exam from instructor on:
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Applicable sections of Parts 61 & 91
Airspace rules and procedures for where solo will
occur
Flight characteristics and operational limitations of
aircraft to use on solo flight
Review all incorrect answers with student
prior to solo
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61.87(k)
Pre-Solo Requirements
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Layout and assembly
Proper flight
preparation
Ascents and descents
Landing and recovery
Emergency
procedures
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Operation of hot air
source
Use of deflation valves
Effects of wind on
climb and approaches
Obstruction detection
and avoidance
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61.87(n) & 61.89
Limitations on Student Pilots
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No solo flight without proper endorsements
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Endorsement on Student Pilot Certificate
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What if your “student” holds a Private Pilot Certificate?
 Make & model endorsement from authorized instructor
Endorsement in student’s logbook
Endorsement good for 90 days
PASSENGER CARRYING IS PROHIBITED
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61.103
Private Pilot Eligibility
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Be at least 16 years of age for Glider or Balloon
Able to read, speak, write and understand
English
Pass Aeronautical Knowledge (written) Test
Received a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor for
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Aeronautical knowledge 61.105
Flight proficiency
61.107(b)(8)
Aeronautical experience 61.109(h)(1) or (2)
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61.105
Pvt Pilot Aeronautical Knowledge
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Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations
Accident reporting requirements of the NTSB
Use of Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
and Advisory Circulars (AC)
Aeronautical charts and VFR navigation
Radio communications
Weather
Safe and efficient operations of aircraft
Aeronautical decision making & judgment
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61.107(b)(8)
Private Pilot Flight Proficiency
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Preflight preparation
Preflight procedures
Airport operations
Launch and landings
Performance maneuvers
Navigation
Emergency operations
Post-flight procedures
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61.109(h)(2)
Pvt Pilot Aeronautical Experience
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10 hours of flight training
Six training flights
Two training flights of 1 hr each within
the preceding 2 calendar months from
the month of the test
One solo flight
At least 1 flight involved a controlled
ascent to 2,000 ft. above launch site
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61.113
Private Pilot Limitations
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Can not carry passengers or property
for compensation or hire
No charitable rides unless you have
500 hours and do lots of paper work
(READ § 91.146 (b)(9)) – ?! ?! ?!

Event that raises money for the benefit of a charitable
organization recognized by Dept of Transportation.
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61.123
Commercial Pilot Eligibility
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Be at least 18 years of age
Able to read, speak, write and understand
English
Pass Aeronautical Knowledge (written) Test
Received a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor for
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Aeronautical knowledge
Flight proficiency
Aeronautical experience
61.125
61.127(b)(8)
61.129(h)
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61.125 & 61.127
Aeronautical Knowledge & Flight Proficiency
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Basically same as for Private Pilot
EXCEPT Commercial LTA Pilots must
also know
Fundamentals of Instructing
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61.129(h)
Com Pilot Aeronautical Experience
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At least 35 hours of flight time
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(some require more)
20 hours in balloons
10 flights
2 flights as PIC
10 hrs of flight training
10 training flights
2 training flights of 1 hr within 2 calendar
months preceding the month of the test
2 solo flights
1 flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000’
above the launch site
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61.133
Com Pilot Privileges and Limitations
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May act as PIC carrying persons or property
for compensation or hire
Give flight and ground training
Give endorsements for pilot certification with
a balloon rating
Endorse student certificate & logbook for solo
balloon flights
Give flight reviews, both ground and flight
time, and do endorsements
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61.189
Flight Instructor Records
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Instructor must sign logbook after giving
instruction (flight or ground)
 State tasks or elements of lesson accomplished
 Sign name and certificate number
Instructor must maintain records of instruction
 With name, date, and endorsements given
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(solo, written exam, flight exam)
Instructors shall retain records for 3 years
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Part 91
General Operation & Flight Rules
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A- General Rules
B- Flight Rules
C- Equipment, Instrument and
Certificate Requirements
E- Maintenance, Preventive
Maintenance and Alterations
Note: SFAR special Federal Aviation Regulations
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91.3
Responsibility and Authority of the
Pilot in Command
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
Directly responsible for, and is the final
authority as to, the operation of the
aircraft
In an emergency may deviate from any
rule to meet that emergency

A PIC deviates from a rule shall, upon
request of the Administrator, send a
written report of that deviation to the
Administrator
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91.7
Aircraft Airworthiness
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No person may operate a civil aircraft
unless it is in an airworthy condition
PIC is responsible for determining
whether that aircraft is in condition for
safe flight
PIC shall discontinue the flight when
unairworthy…conditions occur
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91. 13
Careless or Reckless Operation
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
No person may operate an aircraft
in a careless or reckless manner so
as to endanger the life or property
of another.
You cannot afford ($$$) to have this
on your airman record!
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91. 15
Dropping Objects

No PIC of a civil aircraft may allow any
object to be dropped from that aircraft in
flight that creates a hazard to persons
or property.
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91.17
Alcohol and Drugs

No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil
aircraft
 Person assigned to perform duty in an aircraft during
flight time.
 Aircraft moves under own power
 within 8 hrs after consumption of any alcoholic beverage
 while under the influence of alcohol
 while using any drug that affect the person’s faculties in any
way contrary to safety
 while having .04 percent by weight or more of alcohol in the
blood

Check 91.17 (b) allow person who appears; to be carried
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91.21
Portable Electronic Devices

Cell phones are not prohibited by
14 CFR, but are by the FCC
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91.103
Preflight Action
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Each PIC before beginning a flight
shall become familiar with all
available information concerning
that flight.

Weather during flight (even landing)
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91.111
Formation Flying
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No person may operate an aircraft
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
so close to another aircraft as to create a
collision hazard
in formation flight except by arrangement
with the PIC of each aircraft in formation
carrying passengers for hire in formation
flight

and then, there’s FIESTA!
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91.113
Right-of-Way Rules

An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic

Unless the aircraft are of different categories - the aircraft to the
right has the right-of-way. If aircraft are of different categories 

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
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Balloon has right-of-way over any other category
Glider has right-of-way over an airship, airplane, or rotorcraft
Airship has right-of-way over airplane or rotorcraft
Aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has right-of-way over all
other engine driven aircraft
Aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the pilot
of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course to pass well clear of the
other aircraft
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Larger
Version
Is in
Student
Notebook
at end of
slides
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91.119
Minimum Safe Altitude
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An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an
emergency landing without undue hazard to
persons or property
Over congested areas an altitude of 1,000 ft
above & 2,000 ft horizontally from highest
obstacle
Over other than congested areas, an altitude
of 500 ft above surface and in sparsely
populated area, not closer than 500 feet from
any person, structure, or vehicle
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91.123
ATC Instructions

When ATC clearance has been obtained
no PIC may deviate unless:
 Amended clearance is obtained
 Emergency
 Collision avoidance
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91.125
ATC Light Signals

Will be covered in presentation on
airport operations
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91.126 - 91.131 Air Space
(covered in other section of ground school)
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91.133
Restricted & Prohibited Areas

No person may operate an aircraft
within a restricted or prohibited area
without permission


Prohibited areas are the White House and
where the President is
FAR 91.141

NOTAMs issued for flight restrictions closed
to areas visited or traveled by President,
VP, other public figures
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91.137
Temporary flight restrictions
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The Administrator will issue a Notice to
Airmen (NOTAM)
Designate area of flight restrictions
The time of the flight restrictions
No one can operate an aircraft in the
designated area unless aircraft is
carrying event personnel?

Check out this one more
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91.141 – 91.145
Other flight restrictions

NOTAMs are also issued for 



President, Vice President, other public figures
Space operations
High barometric pressure conditions
Aerial demonstrations and major sporting
events

91.145 (a)(9) of this section lists Fiesta

Still called Kodak Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
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91.146(b)(9)
Charitable Flights


Private Pilots must have 500 hours of flight
time for airplanes or helicopters
No references to balloons or gliders
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91.151
Fuel Requirements – Airplanes & Helicopters

Enough fuel to fly to first point of
intended landing and at least 30
minutes after that during the day


Under IFR requirements, need fuel for 45
minutes of additional flight time.
These requirements DO NOT APPLY
Balloons or (strangely) Gliders
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91.155
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
Class B
3 statute miles
Clear of clouds
Class C
3 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
Class D
3 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
Class E
<10,000’
>10,000’
3 statute miles
5 statute miles
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
1,000’ below, 1,000’ above, 1 statute mile
Glass G
<1,200’ day 1 statute mile
>1,200’ day 1 statute mile
Clear of clouds
500’ below, 1,000’ above, 2,000’ horizontal
>10,000’
1,000’ below, 1,000’ above, 1 statute mile
5 statute miles
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91.159
VFR Cruising Altitudes

When >3000 ft AGL


On heading of 0-179° (going east)
odd thousand ft. MSL +500 ft.
i.e. 3500, 5500, etc.
On heading of 180-359° (going west)
even thousand ft. MSL +500 ft.
i.e. 4500, 6500, etc.
* * * Memorize This * * *
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91.203
Aircraft Certifications Required
No one may operate a civil aircraft unless it
has within it the following:
Note: (91.715 - foreign aircraft)



Airworthiness certificate
U.S. registration certificate
Current approved Aircraft Flight Manual or
Pilot Operating Handbook § 91.9
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91.209
Aircraft Lights



No person may operate during the period of sunset to sunrise
unless the aircraft has lighted position lights
For balloons, a steady white light and a flashing red or white
light is required § 31.65
Balloon lights can be Supplemental Type Certified or Form 337
must be filed with FAA to add them to the balloon


Form FAA 337 – Major repair & alternation
A supplemental type certificate (STC) is a type certificate (TC) issued when
an applicant has received FAA approval to modify an aircraft from its
original design
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91.211
Supplemental Oxygen




From 12,500 MSL to 14,000 MSL,
if >30 minutes
Above 14,000 MSL, for crew (pilot)
Above 15,000 MSL, for crew and each
passenger
How MUCH Oxygen do YOU need (l/min)?



Note: No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry
Provided with and uses
550 liters of pure oxygen (19 cubic feet) per day. 22.9 hr
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91.215
Transponders requirements

Required in Class A, B, and C airspace
for all aircraft



ABQ has waived this for balloons
Above 10,000 ft MSL for powered
aircraft
Must have altitude reporting equipment
(Mode C) with transponder

provides the aircraft's pressure altitude and is usually combined with Mode 3/A to
provide a combination of a 4-digit octal code and altitude as Mode 3A/C, often referred
to as Mode A and C
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91.307
Parachutes & Parachuting

Parachutes must be repacked within
180 days (a tag with a card shows last
date of inspection & repack)
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91.319
Aircraft with Experimental Certificates

Have operating limitations




NO carrying persons for compensation/hire
NO flying over densely populated area
PIC must advise each person carried of the
experimental nature of the aircraft
Operate under VFR, day only, unless
otherwise authorized
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91.403
Maintenance Responsibilities

The owner or operator of an aircraft is
primarily responsible for maintaining
that aircraft in an airworthy condition
including compliance with 14 CFR part
39 (Airworthiness Directives).
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91.409
Inspections – Annual & 100 hour


No person may operate an aircraft
unless within the preceding 12 calendar
months it has had an annual inspection
in accordance with Part 43
100 hour limitation may be exceeded by
not more than 10 hours while en route
to reach a place where the inspection
can be done.

Not applicable for Balloons
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91.417
Maintenance Records


Registered owner SHALL keep records
Records MUST include:




Description of work
Date work was completed
Signature and certification number of person
approving the aircraft for return to service
Current status of any airworthiness
directives (AD) for aircraft
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Airworthiness Directives (AD) &
Advisory Circulars (AC)
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Advisory Circulars (AC)


Advisory circulars are available to pilots
on line at www.faa.gov
Are numbered for subjects related to:




20
60
70
90
-
Aircraft
Airman
Airspace
Air Traffic Control & General Operations
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Part 830 (NTSB)
Notification and Reporting of Aircraft
Accidents or Incidents




A- General
B- Initial notification of accidents,
incidents or overdue aircraft
C- Preservation of aircraft wreckage,
mail cargo or records
D- Reporting of aircraft accidents,
incidents or overdue aircraft
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830.1
Aircraft Accident - Applicability

This part contains rules pertaining to:
(a) Initial notification and later
reporting of aircraft incidents and
accidents and certain other occurrences
in the operation of aircraft, wherever
they occur, when they involve civil
aircraft of the United States;….
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830.2
Aircraft Accident

An occurrence associated with
ballooning which takes place between
the time a person boards the balloon
for fly and the time of disembarkment
in which any person suffers



Death
Serious injury
Balloon received substantial damage
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Incident

Incident is an occurrence other than
an accident which affects or could
affect the safety of operation
Always call something an INCIDENT,
never an accident. Let FAA decide it
is an accident and not an incident.
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Definition of Serious Injury





Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hrs
within a 7 days from the date of the injury
Result in a fracture of any bone except simple
fractures of fingers, toes, or nose
Causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle,
or tendon damage
Involves any internal organ
Involves 2nd or 3rd degree burns, or any burns
covering more than 5% of the body
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Substantial Damage


Damage or failure which adversely
affects the structural strength,
performance or flight characteristics of
the aircraft
Damage which would normally require
major repair or replacement
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830.5
Immediate Notification Required

An aircraft operator must immediately
notify the nearest NTSB field office or call
1-800-WXBrief when:




An aircraft is involved in an accident
When flight control system malfunction or fail
An in-flight fire occurs (not the burner)
An aircraft is overdue and believed to have
been in an accident
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830.10
Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage

When notification of an accident or
incident must be given, the operator is
responsible for preserving the aircraft
wreckage as is, except:



To remove persons injured or trapped
To protect the wreckage from further damage
To protect the public from injury
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830.15
Reports and Statements to be Filed

The balloon operator must file a written
report for:
Accident - within 10 days
Incident - only as requested by the NTSB
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How
can you go?
We have gone a
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way!
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