Benchmark Review
SOL 2
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Colonization led to what two ideas?
Who settled New England and why?
On what was the Plymouth “covenant community” based?
Which colonies were the most intolerant (not tolerant) of religious dissent?
Where did New Englanders practice their direct democracy?
Who settled the Middle colonies?
Why were the Southern colonies founded?
What types of people settled in the Southern colonies (especially Jamestown)?
What are “cavaliers?”
Who settled in the Appalachian mountains?
What are indentured servants?
Why is Jamestown important?
What was the first elected assembly in the New World?
What was the interaction most often experienced by Indians and the first settlers?
What killed most Indians?
How is French colonization in Canada different from that of the English and Spanish?
When did the first Africans arrive in Virginia? For what purpose?
SOL 3
18. What geographic factors shaped each colonial region?
19. What are two reasons why African Slavery was used in the Southern colonies?
20. What are six economic characteristics of the New England colonies?
21. What are four economic characteristics of the Middle Colonies?
22. What are five economic characteristics of the Southern Colonies?
23. What was the British economic theory called that allowed them to buy raw materials from the
colonies and sell the colonists manufactured goods?
24. What are two important characteristics of colonial life in the colonies?
25. On what was New England’s society based?
26. What was the most religiously tolerant of the New England colonies?
27. Which ethnic groups settled the Middle colonies?
28. On what two ideas was Southern social structure based?
29. What was the religion in the Southern colonies?
30. What was the Great Awakening?
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How did the Great Awakening change colonial society?
On what model was the New England town meetings based?
Who were in charge of colonial government in the Southern Colonies?
What ethnic groups made up the majority of indentured servants?
What was the route that brought African slaves to the colonies?
What caused the conflict of the Civil War?
SOL 4
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What new idea helped justify the Declaration of Independence?
What two ideas inspired the American Revolution?
What was the Enlightenment?
What are John Locke’s “natural rights?”
According to the Social Contract, what is the purpose of government?
What do people promise to do in the Social Contract in order to create “ordered liberty?
According to the Social Contract, what are people obligated to do in the government takes their
natural rights?
What ideas did Locke’s ideas challenge?
What idea did Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” challenge?
Who write the Declaration of Independence?
From whose ideas did Jefferson get his ideas?
What eight ideas did the Declaration of Independence influence over time?
13. Who won the French & Indian War?
14. What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?
15. What was the purpose of the taxes levied by the British on the colonies at the end of the French
& Indian War?
16. Why is the First Continental Congress important?
17. What happened in the Boston Massacre?
18. Who were the Minutemen?
19. In what did the Patriots believe?
20. In what did the Tories (loyalists) believe?
21. What is Ben Franklin’s contribution to the American victory in the Revolution?
22. What was George Washington’s role in the war?
23. What kind of aid did the French give us after the turning point at Saratoga that helped us win
the war?
24. What is the last major battle of the American Revolution and the biggest American win?
SOL 5
1. Why did the American political leaders create a weak government in the Articles of
Confederation?
2. One criticism of the Articles of Confederation is that it gave too much power to which
governments?
3. List the five weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
4. What kind of government did the Constitution create?
5. Which government is the most powerful according to the Constitution?
6. How did the Great Compromise balance power between big and small states, ending
controversy between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?
7. What did the 3/5 Compromise say about the slavery issue?
8. How did the Constitution avoid having a too powerful central government?
9. What was George Washington’s role at the Constitutional Convention?
10. What was James Madison role at the Constitutional Convention?
11. What did Madison’s Virginia Plan propose?
12. What two documents influenced Madison when he wrote the Bill of Rights?
13. What did George Mason write? What did it say?
14. What did Thomas Jefferson write? What did it say?
15. Who were the Federalists?
16. Why were the Anti-Federalists against the ratification of the Constitution?
17. Name two leading Federalists.
18. Name two Anti-Federalists.
19. Who was the leading Federalist Supreme Court judge?
20. What idea was created in the Supreme Court ruling of Marbury v. Madison?
21. What idea was created in the Supreme Court ruling of McCullouch v. Maryland?
22. What idea was created in the Supreme Court ruling of Gibbons v. Ogden?
SOL 6
1. Why did George Washington issue his Neutrality Proclamation? What was he afraid would
happen?
2. Who led the Democratic-Republican party?
3. Why is the election of 1800 important?
4. Who led the Federalist Party?
5. What are four characteristics of the Federalist party?
6. What are five characteristics of the Democratic-Republican party?
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Define “Manifest Destiny.”
Why is the Louisiana Purchase important?
Who were sent to explore the Louisiana territory?
Who was their guide?
The American win in the War of 1812 increased feelings of ______________, meaning national
pride.
12. The War of 1812 gave the US claims to what two territories?
13. What are four things the Monroe Doctrine said (summarize)?
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Why did American settlers move west?
From which country did the US gain most of its western territory?
What two transportation improvements helped people move west?
What was the result of Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin?
What is the most famous battle of the Texas War for Independence?
What are two causes of the War of 1812?
Why did the Federalists oppose the War of 1812 in the Hartford Convention demands?
What two parties replaced the Democratic-Republicans after the Era of Good Feelings?
Why did the North like tariffs?
Why did the South hate tariffs?
What are the three provisions (parts) of the Missouri Compromise?
25. What did the Compromise of 1850 say?
26. What idea did the Kansas-Nebraska Act create to decide the slavery issue? What does this
mean?
27. What happened in Bleeding Kansas?
28. What was the issue in the Nullification Crisis?
29. How did Jackson resolve the Nullification Crisis?
30. What was the result of slave revolts such as those of Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser?
31. What did William Lloyd Garrison argue in his newspaper “The Liberator”?
32. What did the Fugitive Slave Act make northerners do?
33. What did Women’s Suffrage advocates create to demand the right to vote?
34. Who are the two most famous women’s suffrage advocates?
SOL 7
1. List four advantages o the North on the eve of the Civil War.
2. List four advantages of the South on the eve of the Civil War.
3. What are five causes of the Civil War?
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What triggered the start of the Civil War?
Why did the Southern states secede?
Why is Ft Sumter important?
Why is Antietam important?
Why is Gettysburg important?
Why is Appomattox important?
Who was president of the Union during the Civil War?
Who was president of the Confederacy during the Civil War?
Who was the winning general of the North during the Civil War?
Who was the leading Confederate general during the Civil War?
How did Lee feel about secession?
What role did Frederick Douglass serve during the Civil War?
What did Lincoln say was the purpose of the Civil War in his Gettysburg Address?
What are three reasons why the Emancipation Proclamation was important?
18. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in which states?
19. Why did the Southern states believe they could secede?
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What did Lincoln believe was the purpose of Reconstruction?
What was Lincoln’s reconstruction plan called?
Who came to power after Lincoln’s assassination?
What did the Radical Republicans believe was the purpose of Reconstruction?
Over what issue led to Andrew Johnson’s impeachment?
What did the 13th Amendment do?
What did the 14th Amendment do?
What did the 15th Amendment do?
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What ended Reconstruction?
What was the result of the Civil War on the South?
What was the result of the Civil War on the North?
What did the Transcontinental Railroad do?
32. How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the participation of African Americans in the Civil
War?
33. What are two results of the Civil War on common soldiers?
34. What are three roles for women during the Civil War?
35. How did US Grant view Reconstruction?
36. What did Robert E. Lee believe the South should do at the end of the war?
37. What did Fredericks Douglass do at the end of the Civil War?
SOL 8
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What was the purpose of the cattle drives?
What did the Homestead Act do?
Which two groups moved west in the largest numbers after the Civil War?
Which two new inventions helped farmers be more profitable?
What continued to happen to Indians during this period?
Immigrants from which five countries made up the Old Immigrants?
7. Immigrants from which eight countries made up the New Immigrants?
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For what two reasons did immigrants come to the United States?
Which immigrants built the transcontinental railroad?
Which immigrants worked in the coal mines?
Where did European immigrants enter the United States?
What is the melting pot idea?
Which institution was created to aid in the assimilation of immigrants?
Why did native born Americans fear and resent immigrants?
What two laws led to a huge decrease in immigration during this period?
Where did most workers live?
17. What are five new public services created in cities to help deal with the rapid urbanization?
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What is a corporation?
What did the Bessemer process do?
Who perfected the light bulb?
Who invented the telephone?
Who invented the airplane?
What did Henry Ford perfect?
What are four alternate names for large corporations that control all of an industry?
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Who is the steel robber baron?
Who is the finance robber baron?
Who is the oil robber baron?
Who is the railroad robber baron?
What was the government economic policy called?
What did Jim Crow laws do?
What idea did the Plessey v. Ferguson ruling create?
What was the Great Migration?
Who led the anti-lynching campaign?
Who accepted social segregation in order to achieve equality through vocational education and
economic success?
Who created the NAACP in order to achieve political equality and end segregation?
What problems led to the creation of the Progressive movement?
Who were two Progressive presidents?
What are 8 working conditions that Progressives wanted to reform?
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What are two new forms of government created at the local level to improve urbanization?
What did referendums do?
What did the recall do?
What did the initiative do?
What did the 17th amendment do?
What is a muckraker? Give two examples.
What strike ended the Knights of Labor?
Who led the American Federation of Labor?
What strike involved the AFL?
Who led the American Railway Workers Union?
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What strike was the ARWU involved in?
What are two successes of labor unions?
How did the Sherman Anti-trust Act try to break up monopolies?
How did the Clayton Anti-trust Act try to break up monopolies?
What amendment led to women’s suffrage (voting)?
What is the movement called that resulted in the national government increasing its
involvement in national affairs by passing laws aimed at reform?
SOL 9
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What ensure America’s new role as a world power?
What did the Open Door Policy in China do?
What did President Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy do?
What two things did the United States get from the Spanish-American War?
How did President Roosevelt get the land to build the Panama Canal?
What was President Roosevelt’s foreign policy called that used the navy to police Latin America?
What are two new territories gained by the United States in the Pacific?
Who are the three members of the Central Powers during WWI?
Who were our Allies during WWI?
What finally caused the United States to end our neutrality and declare war in WWI?
Why did Wilson say the US was fighting WWI?
What was the result of the arrival of American military resources and soldiers in the war?
What was Wilson’s 14 Points?
List the four key points of his plan.
15. According to Wilson, what was the most important of his 14 Points aimed at preventing future
wars?
16. What are three things accomplished by the Versailles Treaty which ended WWI?
17. Why did the US Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?
SOL 10
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What were the Fireside chats?
What effect did newspapers and magazines have on American culture?
What was the trial over modern Darwinian science and traditional religion?
What were flappers?
Against which groups was the New Klan?
What movement promoted African American culture by focusing on artistic contributions?
What amendment created the prohibition of alcohol?
What caused the stock market boom of the 1920s?
What are the five causes of the Stock Market Crash?
10. List three consequences of the stock market crash?
11. What was the result of the Federal Reserve’s failure to prevent collapse of the banking system?
12. What is the highest tariff in American history?
13. What are five results of the Great Depression on people?
14. What are three ways the New Deal permanently altered the role of the American government in
the economy?
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What percentage of workers was unemployed?
What did FDR say to rally the nation during his fireside chats?
Name one example of a relief agency.
Name one example of a recovery program.
Name two examples of relief programs.
SOL 11
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What event started WWII?
What was the US’ official status during the first two years of the war?
What was the Battle of Britain?
What did Hitler do when he broke the Non-Aggression pact?
What aid did the US give to Britain prior (before) we declared war on Japan?
What did the Led-Lease Act do?
What did FDR call the Lend Lease Act?
Which two regions did Japan invade during the 1930s?
What did the US do in response to Japanese aggression?
What event caused the US to declare war on Japan?
What did FDR call this event?
Who declared war on the US?
What US foreign policy did US entry into WWII end?
What was the Allies’ strategy in Europe called?
What was the US strategy in the Pacific called?
What was the German strategy in Europe and North Africa?
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Where did Japan invade after Pearl Harbor?
Name the battle which was the turning point in North Africa.
Name the battle which was the turning point in Eastern Europe.
Name the battle which was the turning point in Western Europe.
Where did the Allies come ashore during the D-Day invasion?
Name the battle which was the turning point in the Pacific.
Why are the battles of Iwo Jima & Okinawa important?
What did Japanese soldiers and civilians do instead of surrendering?
Why did Truman decide to use the atomic bomb?
On what two cities were the atomic bombs dropped?
How did WWII change the role of women?
What was the most famous African American fighting unit called?
What were segregated Japanese units called?
What role did the Navajo serve?
Which is the only minority group not to serve in segregated units?
How did African Americans who served in the military during WWII act towards segregation at
the end of the war?
What did the Geneva Conventions do?
What happened in the Bataan Death March across the Philippines?
Define Genocide.
Define the Final Solution.
List five groups affected by the Holocaust.
38. * What was Kristallnacht? How did it demonstrate persecution of the Jews in Germany?
39. What did the Nuremberg Trials do?
40. Which country was created at the end of the war as a homeland for Europe’s Jews?
SOL 12
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What was the purpose of rationing?
What are two methods of financing (paying for) the war?
What was created by the Selective Service Act?
What is the stereotype of women war workers called who joined the workforce to replace men
serving abroad in the military?
What is the movement of African Americans to work in Northern war factories between WWI &
WWII called?
What are two reasons for the creation of Japanese internment camps?
What court case upheld the constitutionality of the internment camps?
List three ways that the media and communications helped maintain support for the war effort.
49. What action was taken by the US government to help Europe’s military recover after WWII and
prevent the spread of communism?