Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Helmer Fjellvåg
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Helmer Fjellvåg
Professor, University of Oslo
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Helmer Fjellvåg
Overview of Norwegian Research on Materials
Technology for Energy Applications
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Academic institutions
University of Oslo
Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Trondheim
Applied research institutes
SINTEF (in Oslo and Trondheim)
Institute for energy technology (25 km N of Oslo)
Major companies
Norsk Hydro
Statoil
Elkem
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Natural resources; energy; oil and gas
Hydropower
113 TWh (1997)
Clean energy
Process industry
Population: 4.4 million
Area: 324 000 km2
GDP: 150 billion US $
Export
Polymers
Chemical conversion
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Structural materials
(constructions)
Cars, aeroplanes, reactors, tubes, platforms,...
Light metals
Aluminium
Magnesium
Offshore constructions
Steel
Concrete
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Light materials in transportation sector
Weight reduction  reduced fuel consumption
reduced emissions
Exchange of steel components in e.g. cars
by aluminium components
by polymer components
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Energy perspective
Fossil fuels remain most important in near future (30-50 y)
Of fossil energy sources,
natural gas is most
environmental friendly
1600
Exajoules
New energy sources not
expected on global scale to
provide major contributions
in a 30 y perspective
1200
800
400
0
1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100
Traditional bio
Hydro-electric
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Fossil
Nuclear
Renewable
Unknown
Present energy technology
in Norway
Energy sources
100 years
Fossil
Renewable
Oil, gas
Hydropower
Production/conversion
Refinary
Oil/gas
industry
Storage
Hydrocarbons
20-40 %
efficiency
Transport
Conversion
Use
CO2
NOx
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Motors
Heat
Electricity
Distribution
net for
stationary
users
Energy technology of the future
Environmental friendly; ”clean” energy
Renewable energy sources
Sun
Wind
sun
wind
waves
Hydro
Emissions
Global climate
Local climate
Research at intersection between energy
and environmental technology
Materials technology of highest importance
Materials for solar cells
Oxides for energy applications
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
New energy technology
Energy sources
Gas separation
Membranes
Catalysis
CO2-removal
H2-technology
Hydropower
Sun, wind, wave
Gas
Development hydrogen technology
2000 -------------------------------> 2100
Solar cells
Photolysis
Electrolysis
Storage
Improved
efficiency
Reduced
emissions
CO2 and NOx
Gas/liquid
fuel
Hydrogen
Efficient
Fuel cells
SOFC
PEM
USE
Electromotors
Heat
Electricity
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Sustainable
Environmental
and climate
friendly
New materials - the clue to new solutions
High Tc
Oxygen membranes
structure
yield
stability
CMR; SOFC
properties
Ferroelectrics
ABO3 oxides
perovskites
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Natural gas as energy source
Statoil
Norsk Hydro AS
Exchange of coal and oil by more environmental friendly natural gas
Natural gas for use in fuel cells
Natural gas as source for hydrogen (or hydrogen carriers)
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Catalysts for gas conversion
The UOP/Hydro Methanol To Olefins Process
Gas To Olefins (GTO)
Natural Gas
Methanol
Synthesis
Olefins
Synthesis
Ethylene
Synthesis
Gas
Production
Syn.Gas
Methanol
to MeOH
MTO
Propylene
By-products
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
C 2H 4
MTO Reactions
Methanol
CH3OH
Ethylene
Catalyst
Propylene
D oC
C 3H 6
Butenes
The unique pore size allows
selective conversion to
olefins and excludes heavier
compounds
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Catalysts for gas conversion
The Linde, Statoil, Borealis Propane DeHydrogenation process
Propane C3H8
Propylene C3H6 + H2
Hydrotalcite
+ catalyst
impregnation
Pt, Sn
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Heat
(Mg,Al)O support
Clean energy by means of advanced materials
Water + primary energy sources
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Hydrogen + oxygen --> water
Hydrogen as energy carrier
Gas; reforming
Synthesis gas
Pyrolysis
Electrolysis
Photolysis
Material challenges
Production
Pressurized gas
Liquid
Solid absorbers
Storage
Fuel cells
Combustion
H2 + 1/2O2  H2O
Chemical energy
 heat
 electrical energy
Use
Hydrogen society
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Catalysts
Alloys for reactors
Metal hydrides
Carbon
Microporous
materials
Fuel cells
Membranes
Catalysts
Hydrogen storage materials
High H-mass density
High H-volume density
Appropriate p,T stability
Reversible absorption/desorption
metal hydrides
carbon based materials
micorporous materials
Metal hydride forming elements
”Rule of 2 Å” for H-H separation
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Oxides for energy technology
Oxygen permeable membranes (ceramic membranes)
dense materials; oxygen transport by atomic diffusion
infinite O2 selectivity; operation at high temperatures
Mixed conductors; electron and oxygen ion transport
chemical stability; thermal and chemical expansion
Purification of air for use in oxidation processes
ultra clean syngas production (NOx reduction)
GTL; lowering of greenhouse gas emissions; CH4, CO2
Related materials used in SOFC; of interest as high Tc, CMR, etc
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Membrane
Materials for oxygen permeable membranes
Air
H2 O
+ CH4
O2-
O2
2e-
N2 xH2 + CO
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Net Process Yield
GTL - Ceramic Membrane Process
CO2
Conventional Syngas
Ceramic Membrane Syngas
CH4
Air
Syngas Reactor
Nat Gas / Steam
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
FT
Reactor
Separation /
Upgrading
Liquid Products
High Temperature
Solid State Proton Conductors
Applications
Fuel cells
Dehydrogenation pumps
Steam electrolyzers
Sensors (H2O, H2)
Mixed Proton Electron Conductors
as hydrogen separation membranes
- Natural gas to syngas
- Hydrogen extraction
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Carbon dioxide;
absorption, separation and sequestration
Oxygen; air
Fossil source
Carbon dioxide formation
Chemical energy conversion
Low-temperature absorption (post-capture of CO2)
traditional scrubbers
In the North Sea:
liquid amines (offshore)
150 gas turbines
carbon fibers
50 platforms
new materials
CO2 removal before combustion
high-temperature membranes
high-temperature absorption
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Si-based solar cells
Efficiency
Costs
Feedstock - availabilty
Purity requirements SoG-Si
Si-production
ELKEM
Solar silicon
Wafers
Solar cells
Scanwafer
ScanCell
Research & education
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Solar cell
panels
SolEnergy
Production of SoG-Si solar grade silicon
Prices in US$/kg Si
0.03
Quartz
)
(SiO2)
Carbon
1
60
Metallurgical Grade Silicon
MG-Si
Primary
process
Siemens
process
25
EG-Si
Silicon for
electronics
Feedstock limitations
from EG scrap
Current process
Quartz
(SiO2)
Carbon
Primary
process
New SoG-Si
process
MG-Si
Direct route to Solar Grade Si
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
SoG-Si
SoG-Si
Superconductor research
NTNU
Trondheim
UiO
Oslo
Basic research
Fundamental understanding
Theory and experiments
1 cm
MO-crystal
BiSrCaCuO
Silver
sheath
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Visualization of electric currents
Magnetooptical active oxide thin films
First MO-Image of individual flux quanta
Sample: NbSe2,
T= 4.3 K
Magnetic field: 0.5 G
(earth field)
University of Oslo,
March 3, 2001
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Materials
for new energy technology
Microporous
materials
Mixed
conductors
Energy sources
Hydropower
Sun, wind, waves
Gas
Hydrogen technology
Catalysts
Solid ionic
conductors
Electrodematerialc
Higher
efficiency
Reduced
Emissions of
CO2 and NOx
Nano-electrocatalysts
Metal hydrides
Carbon
Microporous
materials
Storage
Gas/liquid
fuel
Semiconductors
for solar cells
and
photolysis
Hydrogen
Ion conducting
polymers
Fuel cells
SOFC
PEM
Use
Electromotors
Heat
Electricity
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001
Sun + water
(El + water; gas)
“zero emission”
Summary
Materials for energy and environmental technology
Main research focuses in Norway:
renewable energy sources
Solar cells
Hydrogen storage
clean use of natural gas
Catalysts
Membranes
light constructions
Al/Mg alloys
Polymers/composites
Science and Technology Seminars in Tokyo March 27th 2001