Nature and Society
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
I. Cultural geography
II. Population geography
III. Settlement geography
IV. Economic geography
Ethnic diversity
Monarchies around the world 2011
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANKIND
II. Physical variances
1. Temperature (unpopulated polar areas, sparsely populated subarctic regions)
2. Oxygen (unpopulated high elevations)
3. Precipitation (unpopulated deserts, sparsely populated tropical rainforests)
III. Biological diversity
1. Human races: one species, more races
- Europid
- Mongoloid
- Negroid
- Veddo-Australoid
IV. Languages
1. Language groups: Indoeuropean, Chinese-Tibetan, Malay-Polinesian, Semitic-Hamitic,
Bantu, Altaic, Uralic
2. Most widely spoken languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Arabic,
Portuguese, Bengali, German, Japanese, Sudanese, French, Bantu, Javanese,
Italian, Korean
3. UN official languages: English, Russian, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic
V. Religions
1. Christianity (2 billion)
2. Islam (1.5 billion)
3. Hinduism (1 billion)
4. Buddhism (500 million)
5. Folk religions (500 milion)
6. Chinese folk religions (500 million)
VI. Forms of government
1. Monarchy
- constitutional monarchy
2. Republic
- centralised republics
- federal republics
IV. Environment and society
1. Less developed societies – resources necessary for subsistence
- areas near the Equator well provided for subsistance: slow development
- subarctic and arid places struggling for subsistance: slow development
2. More developed societies – resources necessary for good production
- areas in the temperate zone on the Northern Hemisphere: fast development
THE PRESENT PICTURE OF THE
WORLD
I. Use the appropriate map in your atlas to
fill in the gaps!
THE GROWTH OF THE POPULATION OF THE
EARTH
I. Definition and main concepts
1. Demography is a social science describing the growth,
the movements, the distribution and the main
characteristics of population.
2. Natural growth of the population is the difference
between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
II. The process of the growth of the population
1. Period of subsistance and slow increase
- low level of development
- wars, epidemics, famines
2. Agricultural Revolution
- First Agricultural Revolution, 8000 BC,
cultivation and farming instead of hunting and
gathering
- Second Agricultural Revolution, 1000 AD, three
course system, heavy plough, breast harness,
horseshoe
- Third Agricultural Revolution, 1750 AD, crop
rotation, fertilizers, engineering, new crops
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Medical Revolution, 1950’s
- developing coutries
Population of the Roman Empire in 1 AD: 10 million
Population of the Roman Empire in 400: 50 million
Population of Europe under Charlemagne: 30 million
Population of Europe in 1250: 100 million
Population of the world in 1830: 1000 million
1930: 2000 million
1975: 3000 million
Population of the world today: 6 billion
Population of Hungarian tribes at the conquest of the Carpathian Basin:
400 000
Population of Hungary under the reign of Mathias I: 4 million
Population of Hungary in 1700: 4 million
Population of Hungary in 1900: 24 million
III. Demographic transition
1. First stage
a, high CBR and CDR, life expectancy cc. 40 years
b, slow or no population growth
c, wars, famines, epidemics
d, -1750 AD in Europe
e, -1850 in Hungary
2. Second stage
a, high CBR, declining CDR
b, rapid increase of population
c, agricultural revolution, enhancing catering, improving health care
d, 1750 – 1850 in Europe
e, 1850 – 1920 in Hungary
3. Third stage
a, declining CBR, further declining CDR
b, slowing increase of population
c, industrial revolution, urbanisation, family planning, improving health
care
d, 1850 – 1950 in Europe
e, 1920 – 1980 in Hungary
4. Fourth stage
a, low and stable CBR, low and stable CDR, life expectancy 70-80
b, stable number of population
c, consumer society, globalisation, family planning, contraceptives,
declining fertility
d, 1950 – in Europe
e, 1980 – in Hungary
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
THE POPULATION OF THE EARTH
I. Main motives for high population density
1. Arable land
- plains
- rivers
- coasts
2. Healthy conditions
- arid areas
- temperate zone
3. Sparsely populated areas
- deserts
- polar regions
- tropical rainforests
II. Population concentrations
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Southeast Asia
4. Western Europe
5. Eastern North America
Philadelphia, Kōbe, Delhi, Bandung, Nairobi, Boston, Paris,
Ōsaka, Bombay, Montreal, Nanjing, Cairo, Berlin, Hongkong,
Jakarta, Chicago, Calcutta, Detroit, Tokio, Sŏul(Szöul),
Tianjin(Tiencsin), NY, Moscow, Manila, Lagos, Dhaka,
Liverpool, Kawasaki, Singapore(Szingapúr), Madrid,
Yekaterinburg(Jekatyerinburg)
III. Population density
1. 35 persons/km²
2. 75%
3. 90%
4. 25% + 25%
5. 80%
IV. Migration
1. International migration
2. Intranational migration
- interregional
- intraregional
3. Commuting
4. Nomadic livestock breeding
THE COMPOSITION OF THE
POPULATION
I. Definition
1. The population pyramid is a graph
showing the age and sex composition of
a countries population.
2. The structure of the occupied population
shows the way the population is divided
among the different sectors of the
economy and it reflects the level of the
development of the country.
II. Fill in the gaps!
Wordbank: triangle – oval shape, 4% - 0%, 2. stage – 4. stage, 40‰10‰ - 10‰-10‰, 50 – 75 years, developing – developed, tertiary –
primary sector, unemployment – financing pensions, 5-25-65-5% 75-10-15%, Uganda, Angola – Japan, Germany
Expansive
Shape of pyramid
Population growth rate
Stage of demographic
transition
CBR – CDR
Life expectancy
State of economy
Most important branch of
economy
Typical economical problem
Structure of the occupied
population
Examples
Constrictive
SETTLEMENTS
I. Types of settlements
1. According to lifestyle
a, Permanent (productive)
b, Temporary (nomadic)
2. According to the site of buildings
a, Nucleated
b, Dispersed (homesteads)
3, According to size
a, Villages
- small (-1000)
- medium (1000-10000)
- large (10000-)
b, Towns
4. According to ground-plan
a, Heap ground-plan (organic development)
b, Single-street (topography)
c, Chessboard ground-plan (settlement)
II. Urban areas
1.Urbanisation
- growth of the number of urban settlements
- growth of the number of urban population
- growth of the percentage of urban population
- spread of urban lifestyle
2. Main motives of urbanisation
- agricultural revolution
- industrial revolution
- medical revolution
- demographic transition
The most populous cities of the
world
1. Tokyo-Yokohama, Japan 33,200,000
2. New York, United States 17,800,000
3. Sao Paulo, Brazil 17,700,000
4. Seoul-Incheon, South Korea 17,500,000
5. Mexico City, Mexico 17,400,000
6. Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan 16,425,000
7. Manila, Philippines 14,750,000
8. Mumbai, India (formerly Bombay) -14,350,000
9. Jakarta, Indonesia 14,250,000
10. Lagos, Nigeria 13,400,000
11. Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12,700,000
12. Delhi, India 12,300,000
13. Cairo, Egypt 12,200,000
14. Los Angeles, United States 11,789,000
15. Buenos Aires, Argentina 11,200,000
16. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 10,800,000
17. Moscow, Russia 10,500,000
III. Types of towns according to their main
functions
1. Mining towns: Komló - Birmingham
2. Industrial towns: Dunaújváros - Leverkusen
3. Holiday resorts: Siófok – Las Vegas
4. Cultural centres: Pécs - Oxford
5. Religious centres: Esztergom - Rome
6. Bridge towns: Győr - Passau
7. Transportation centres: Szolnok – Frankfurt
8. Market towns: Debrecen – Edam
9. Administrative centres: Budapest - Washington
THE STRUCTURE OF TOWNS
I. The network of settlements in Hungary
1. Budapest with exclusive central functions
2. County towns (Debrecen, Győr, Miskolc,
Pécs, Szeged)
3. Smaller towns and villages
4. Villages with no central functions
II. The structure of a city - Budapest
1. Central business district
- governmental, jurisdictional and cultural institutions,
monuments, banks, luxurious hotels and shops, currency
exchanges, office buildings
- Parliament, ministries, Prime Minister’s Office, Curia
(Supreme Court), Constitutional Court, National Office
for the Judiciary, Prosecutor General’s Office,
Metropolitan Court, Hungarian State Treasury,
Hungarian National Bank, Budapest Stock Exchange,
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Archives of
Hungary, National Széchényi Library, Saint Stephen’s
Basilica, Buda Castle, Fisherman’s Bastion, Matthias
temple, headquarters of banks and international
organizations, Intercontinental, Hilton, Kempinski,
Gresham, Astoria
- I., V. districts
2. Central residential area
- multi-storeyed blocks of flats, markets, halls, small specialised
shops (second hand book-, antique-, do-it-yourself-, gift-,
flowershops, greengrocer’s, jewelry, shoe store), non-stop shops,
groceries, workshops (glazier, cobbler, tailor, carpenter), nightclubs,
pubs, bars discotheques, post and bank outlets, shopping malls,
small public parks, educational and health institutions, libraries,
cinemas, theaters, cabarets, hotels, busiest public transportation
lines
- Lehel square, Hunyadi square, Rákóczi square, Garay square,
Király street, Baross street, Szondi street, Kazinczy street,
Hungarian National Museum, Comedy, Opera House, MÜPA,
Millenáris, A38, Szóda, Szimpla, Moulin Rouge, Süss Fel Nap, ChaCha-Cha, Bahnhof, Fészek, Dürer-garden, Kertem, Kiadó, West
End, Aréna, Mammut, Allee, Récsey Center, ELTE, SOTE, Károli,
Pázmány, Szabó Ervin, Kino, Puskin, Művész, Corvin, Uránia,
Vörösmarty, Cirko-Gejzír, Bem, Radnóti, Thália, Bábszínház,
Karinthy, Katona, József Attila, Magyar
- VI., VII., VIII., IX. districts (Terézváros, Erzsébetváros, Józsefváros,
Ferencváros)
3. Outer business district
- industrial firms, office buildings,
warehouses, railway and bus stations,
vehicle depots, specialised shopping centres,
large markets, exhibition halls, public parks,
sports fields, large health institutions,
cemeteries, prisons, barracks
- X., XIII., XIV. districts
4. Outer residential area
- modern housing estates, garden city,
airports
- IV., XV., XVI., XVII. districts
5. Satellite settlements
- detached houses
- commuting population
- Pomáz, Pilisvörösvár, Érd , Dunakeszi,
Pécel, Vecsés, Gyál