(a)
by:
MARNIE G. SARONO

OBJECTIVES:
General Objective:
Within 3 successive periods, the second year students will be able to gain knowledge about human anatomy and physiology as well as identify the body parts and its functions at 70% level of accuracy.

 Cognitive: The second year students will be able to: b.
c.
a.
d.
Differentiate anatomy and physiology of the human body
List the different systems in the human body
Describe the functions of the different systems of the body
Illustrate the anatomy of each body system

Affective:
 The second year students will be able to: a.
b.
Share the importance of human anatomy and physiology
Synthesize the connection of one body system to another

Psychomotor: b.
c.
 a.
The second year students will be able to:
Identify the specific body parts and its functions
Make a diagram of each body system
Locate the different organ systems using a model

HUMAN ANATOMY
 study of structure of body: the branch of science that studies the physical structure of a human body

PHYSIOLOGY
 study of functioning of living things: the branch of biology that deals with the internal workings of living things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction.

Structures
Skin



Epidermis
Dermis
Apocrine gland






Subcutaneous tissue
Arrector pili muscle
Eccrine sweat gland
Melanocytes
Hair
Nails
(Continued)

Functions
What are the major functions of the integumentary system?





Protect
Fluid balance
Absorption
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Sensation/communication with external environment



Thermoregulation
Immunity
Excretion

Functions
 Nasal cavity: warms, humidifies, and filters air
 Pharynx: passageway between nose and larynx, and mouth and esophagus
 Larynx: passageway; contains voice box
(Continued)

Functions
 Trachea: airway between larynx and bronchi
 Bronchi: airways with primary, secondary, and tertiary branches
 Bronchioles: transitional airways; some gas exchange occurs here
(Continued)

Functions
Alveolar ducts and sacs: functional units for gas exchange
 Pleura: serous protective lining of the lungs; reduces friction and helps maintain negative pressure

C. Cardiovascular System

Functions
 Heart: four chambers (right and left atria and ventricles), double pump
 Atria (right and left): pump blood to the ventricles
(Continued)

Functions
 Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
 Veins: carry blood toward the heart
 Ventricles: right pumps blood to pulmonary circulation; left pumps blood to systemic circulation
 Valves: AV valves (the tricuspid and mitral),
Semilunar valves (the pulmonic and aortic)
(Continued)

D. Gastrointestinal System

Function
What are the functions of…
 Stomach: churns food, intrinsic factor for B12, hydrochloric acid begins digestion
 Small intestines: primary site for digestion
 Large intestines: absorbs sodium and water
(Continued)

Function
What are the functions of…
 Liver: metabolism; produces bile, clotting factors; detoxifies drugs & alcohol; converts glucose to glycogen; stores vitamins
 Pancreas: produces insulin and glucagon, pancreatic enzymes
(Continued)

Function
What are the functions of…
 Gall bladder: stores and concentrates bile
 Spleen: stores RBCs, produces RBCs and macrophages
(Continued)

Function
What are the functions of…
 Bladder: stores urine
 Kidneys: remove wastes, help control B/P, produces erythropoietin

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Mons pubis: subcutaneous pad over symphysis pubis for protection
 Labia majora/minora: folds of adipose and connective tissue that protect and lubricate external genitalia
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Clitoris: erectile tissue for sexual stimulation


Urinary meatus: opening to urethra
Skene’s glands: lubricate and protect
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Vaginal introitus: opening of the vagina


Vagina: muscular tube for copulation, birth canal, and menses
Bartholin’s glands: secretes alkaline mucus that improves viability & motility of sperm

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Cervix: end of the uterus into vagina
 Uterus: hollow, muscular organ; site for fertilized egg implantation; protects fetus
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Tubes: passage for ovum to uterus, site of fertilization
 Ovaries: produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
 Kidneys: filter and excrete wastes
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Ureter: connects kidneys to bladder
 Bladder: hollow muscular structure; holds urine
 Urethra: connects bladder to urinary meatus opening

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Scrotum: sac that contains testes
 Testes: produces sperm and testosterone
 Vas deferens: duct from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Spermatic cord: protective sheath around the vas deferens
 Seminal vesicles: produce 70% of semen
 Bulbourethral gland: secretes alkaline substance to neutralize vaginal secretions
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Prostate: produces 20% of semen
 Epididymis: stores sperm until it is mature
 Kidney: filters blood and removes wastes
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Ureter: tube connecting kidney to bladder
 Bladder: hollow, muscular structure, holds urine
 Urethra: passageway for urine
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Penis: male sex organ and urine elimination
 Glans penis: important for sexual arousal
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Inguinal area: canal for vas deferens from scrotum through the abdominal muscles, inguinal lymph nodes

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Bones (206): structure; protection; act as levers; produce blood cells; store calcium
 Muscles (650): allow for movement and position; produce heat
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Joints: point of articulation of two bones; provide ROM
 Tendons: connect muscle to bone
 Ligament: connects bone to bone
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Cartilage: supports and shapes; acts as a shock absorber
 Bursae: sacs filled with synovial fluid; cushion and reduce friction between joints

Types of Joints
 Pivot
 Condyloid
 Ball and socket
 Hinge
 Plane/gliding
 Saddle

G. NERVOUS SYSTEM

Structures








Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Limbic system
Occipital lobe
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Meninges








Cortex
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
RAS
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Medulla
Ventricles

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Cerebrum: largest part of brain


Cortex: outer layer of cerebrum; controls most conscious processes
Frontal lobe: emotional expression, Broca’s area (expressive language)
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Temporal lobe: hearing, taste, smell, memory,
Wernicke’s (language comprehension)
 Limbic system: emotions, sexual arousal, behavioral expression, recent memory
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Parietal: sensory input
 Occipital lobe: vision and spatial relationships
 RAS: wakefulness
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Thalamus: clusters multiple sensory stimuli
 Hypothalamus: controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
 Cerebellum: coordination, equilibrium
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Brainstem: involuntary survival behaviors; includes midbrain, medulla and pons
 Midbrain: visual, auditory, pupils, and eye movements
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Medulla: regulates heart, respiratory rates, B/P, and protective reflexes
 Pons: helps with respiratory function, facial sensation and movement
(Continued)

Functions
What are the functions of…
 Meninges: three layers (pia, arachnoid, dura); protect brain and spinal cord
 Ventricles: four cavities; capillaries produce and reabsorb CSF
(Continued)

END….