To support the erect
posture better, the femora
are oblique, directed
inferomedially within the
thighs.
So, when standing the
knees are adjacent and
placed directly inferior to
the trunk.
2
Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Head
Neck
2 trochanters
Greater & Lesser
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
quadrate tubercle
fovea for the ligament of head
The body of the femur is slightly bowed (convex) anteriorly.
Femur has 3 surfaces @ the 1/3 middle part:
1) Anterior 2) Medial (Posteromedial) 3) Lateral (Posterolateral)
Femur has 4 surfaces @ 1/3 upper part & 1/3 inferior part:
1) Anterior 2) Posterior 3) Medial 4) Lateral.
4
The body has medial, lateral, and posterior borders more prominent in the middle.
The medial and lateral borders are rounded, whereas the posterior border forms a
broad roughened crest-the linea aspera.
5
Between femur’s body and neck
While connecting with body, the neck
projects inferiorly-posteriorly & laterally.
125-130° between the longitudinal
axis of femur’s body and neck of
femur
90-130° in women
pelvis is wider in women.
Collodiaphysial angle
The orientation of the neck relative to
the body increases the range of
movement of the hip joint.
wider in children.
decreases over the years through life.
6
Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Medial and lateral lips of linea aspera
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Pectineal line
Superior (proximal) end of the femur
Adductor tubercle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial and lateral condyles
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Medial and lateral femoral condyles
Patellar surface
PATELLA (Knee cap)
Its posterior surface articulates with the femur. It has medial and lateral facets. They slope
away from a raised smooth ridge.
The lateral facet is larger than the medial facet for articulation with the larger
corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the femur.
Proximal end of tibia
widens to form
medial & lateral condyles (1,2)
flat superior articular surface
tibial plateau (3)
articular surfaces separated by
intercondylar eminence (4)
formed by 2
intercondylar tubercles
medial and lateral (5,6)
flanked by relatively rough
anterior and posterior
intercondylar areas (7,8)
5
4
6
Anterolateral view of left tibia
Body of tibia
The tibial body is thinnest at the
junction of its middle and distal
thirds.
Body has 3 surfaces and 3
margins.
1) Medial surface
2) Lateral surface
3) Posterior surface
1) Anterior margin (L.margo)
2) Medial margin
3) Interosseus margin
The body of the fibula is twisted. It
is marked by the sites of muscular
attachments.
Just like tibia it has three margins
(borders).
Anterior, interosseous, and
posterior margins (borders)
Fibula also has three surfaces.
Medial, posterior and lateral
surfaces.
The posterior surface is the widest
one.
It is between the interosseous and
posterior margins.
Trochlea of talus
superior surface of body of talus
between lateral malleolus (of fibula) and the medial malleolus (of tibia)
receives the body weight from tibia. In turn, talus transmits the body weight dividing it
between calcaneus and forefoot.
13
Anterior articular talar surface (Facies
articularis
talaris anterior) is
(L., heel
bone)
located anterior to the facies articularis talaris posterior.
Middle articular talar surface (Facies articularis talaris media) is
located on the sustentaculum tali.
15
33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
A typical vertebra consists of
A Vertebral body
A Vertebral arch
7 processes
3-4
1
7
2
5-6
Vertebral notches (Incisura vertebralis)
Indentations observed in lateral views of the vertebrae
Superior and inferior to each pedicle
Between the superior and inferior articular processes posteriorly
Between the corresponding projections of the body anteriorly.
FEATURES TYPICAL FOR
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1) Smallest of the 24 movable vertebrae
2) Relatively larger intervertebral discs
discs are thin, but relative to their small size; thick.
3) Greatest range & variety of
movement of all the vertebral regions
4) foramen transversarium in the
transverse process
No body
No spinous process
Widest of the cervical vertebrae
The kidney-shaped, concave superior articular surfaces of the lateral
masses articulate with occipital condyles.
FEATURES TYPICAL FOR
articulation with ribs.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
1) Bilateral costal demifacets on the vertebral bodies
for articulation with heads of ribs
2) Costal facets on the transverse processes
for articulation with tubercles of ribs
FEATURES TYPICAL FOR
articulation with ribs.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
3) Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae extend vertically
with paired, nearly coronally oriented articular facets define an arc.
greatest degree of rotation is permitted here!
FEATURES TYPICAL FOR
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
4) Heart-shaped bodies
5) Long, inferiorly slanting spinous processes
1 COMPLETE SUP. COSTAL FACET
1 COMPLETE SUP. COSTAL FACET
NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET
 1 COMPLETE COSTAL FACET
 NO INF. COSTAL DEMIFACET
 NO COSTAL FACET ON TRANSVERSE
PROCESS
FEATURES TYPICAL FOR
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
1) massive bodies
2) transverse processes project posterosuperiorly as well as laterally.
3) mammillary processes & accessory processes
A
•
•
•
•
CRANIAL SHIFT
A cervical rib articulates with C7
Rib 12 is small.
L5 partially "sacralized" .
S5 partially freed
B Common arrangement
C CAUDAL SHIFT
• Rib 12 is large.
• A small lumbar rib is present.
• S1 partially "lumbarized" .
• Co1 is incorporated into the sacrum
First rib (L. Costa prima)
Broadest/Widest, most sharply curved rib and shortest of the 7 true ribs
Nearly horizontal
Has a small head.
The articular surface @ head is not divided into two parts by a ridge (crest).
The head articulates with T1 vertebra only.
Has two transverse grooves crossing its superior surface for the subclavian vesses.
There is a tubercle separating the grooves: Scalene tubercle (L.tuberculum musculi
scalenis anterioris). Sulcus arteria subclaviae is posterior to the scalene tubercle.
Sulcus venae subclaviae is anterior to the scalene tubercle.
There is no costal groove (sulcus costae) in the inferior surface. Its inferior surface is
smooth.
Second rib (L. Costa secunda)
Curved as the first rib, but approximately two times longer than
the first rib
Thinner than the first rib.
Has a small head and a round neck.
Around the centre of the lateral surface there is an elevation:
Tuberosity for serratus anterior [muscle]
(L. tuberositaas musculi serratus anterioris).
Has a costal groove, but short and shallow.
10th rib (L. Costa decima)
The head of rib has only 1 articular surface.
11th-12th ribs (L. Costa undecima, Costa duodecima)
Have a large articular surface on the heads, not divided by a crest
(crista).
Just like the first rib, they articulate with one single vertebra.
They have no neck of rib or tubercle of rib.
11th rib has a small angle, and a shallow costal groove. 12th rib has no
angle and costal groove.
1) Manubrium
2) Body
3) Xiphoid process
Feature
General
Structure
Male pelvis
Female pelvis
Thick & Heavy
Thin & Light
Greater
pelvis
Deep
Shallow
Lesser
pelvis
Narrow and deep,
tapering
Wide and shallow,
cylindirical
Heart-shaped, narrow
Oval and rounded, wide
Comparatively small
Comparatively large
Project further medially
into the pelvic cavity
Do not project as far medially
into the pelvic cavity & smooth
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic outlet
Ischial
spines
Feature
Male pelvis
Obturator
foramen
Round
Oval
Acetabulum
Large
Small
Narrow, inverted V
(approximately 70
degrees)
Almost 90 degrees
Smaller
(50-60 degrees)
Larger
(80-85 degrees)
Prominent
Not prominent
Greater
schiatic
notch
Subpubic
angle
Sacral
promontory
Female pelvis
Diagonal conjugate (from inferior pubic lig. to promontory)
Measured by palpating sacral promontory with the tip of the middle
finger, using the other hand to mark the level of the inferior margin of
the pubic symphysis on the examining hand.
After the examining hand is withdrawn, the distance between the tip of the
index finger (1.5 cm shorter than the middle finger) and the marked level of the
pubic symphysis is measured to estimate the true conjugate, which should be
11.0 cm or greater.