The age of Western Imperialism CH 17 New Imperialism 1870’s-1919 “the policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations” The Age of British Imperial Dominance 1st half of the 19th century-settlements that became nations of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and expanded parts of India Focus on the Imperialism of free trade Britain becomes the “workshop” of the world Free trade and the absence of government controls-unlimited growth of wealth The Opium Wars with China British desire to import Chinese tea, silk, porcelain-Chinese disdain for British goods British sell opium to Chinese Manchu Dynasty resists 1839-1842-Opium Wars Unequal treaty systemsBritish get Hong KongChinese forced to open ports Most favored Nation status India-The Crown Jewel British India-Current day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Central to the Imperial strategy of the British empire India-vast non-white population with numerous political allegiances, complex social arrangements, and non-Western religions (Hinduism and Islam) 1st ruled by the British East India Company The Great Sepoy Mutiny-1857 Sepoys-Indian troops revolt against British officers Cultural issue of offense over cartridges used with soldiers muskets Pork or beef fat? 10,000 of Britons and Indians killed Government of India Act-1858-transferred political authority to the British crown Crown control of India Tried to restrain the “civilizing mission” of British Tried to work more closely with local Indian rulers 1/3 of India under rule of Indian princes that swore allegiance to crown More British troops stationed in India Queen Victoria-the Empress of India Indian nationalism 1885-Founding of the Indian National Congress 1887-Founding of the Muslim League The New Imperialism 1870-1900-west gained control of 150 million people 1/5th of the world’s area and 1/10 of population Included United States and Japan New techniques of direct or indirect control Direct Colonial rule Protectorates-placed officials in foreign state to oversee its government Spheres of influence-received special commercial and legal privileges Motives Economics?? Imperialism A Study J.A. Hobson Capitalists and bankers behind imperial ambitions Imperialism The Highest Stage of Capitalism Lenin “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism” Other motives 1. “civilizing mission” 2. Prestige and power of nation-state 3. The eastern Question of the decay of the Ottoman Empire 4. Weaknesses in the Qing Dynasty in China 5. Geopolitical strategic interests The Partition of Africa “Scramble for Africa” 1900-85% of Africa controlled by Europeans France and Italy Algeria-1st taken in the 1830’s-became the most important colonial possession of France-considered an extension of France Tunisia-1881-1882-Protectorate Morocco-1901-1912-Protectorate Local rulers retained as French puppets Italy-seized Libya from Turkey in 1911-1912 British in North Africa 1869-Suez Canal built by French engineers Connected med Sea to the red Sea India becomes more important market for British goods British government purchase controlling interest in canal Egypt in debt to European creditors 1881-Nationalist rebellion British send troops and defeat Egypt never an official colony, British dominate British in North Africa British desired political and military stability Built naval base at Alexandria Rise of Egyptian Islamic militancy-The Muslim Brother hood British determination to secure the Upper Nile and the Sudan 1898-Fashoda Incident-Tense incident between French and British in Sudan Fashoda Incident West Africa 1895-French West Africa had 12 million British had 4 West African Colonies-Sierra Leone, Gambia, The Gold Coast (Ghana), and Nigeria Nigeria run by indirect control-most successful for British missionaries-largest Christian population of Africa The Belgian Congo Personal property of King Leopold 2 of Belgium 1876-Formed the International African Association Recruited Henry Stanley-journalist who had searched and found Dr David Livingstone 1885-Berlin Conference gave Congo to Leopold Brutal economic exploitation and slave labor The Heart of Darkness The Berlin Conference 1885-The Partition of Africa Process of power sharing in Africa German entry into arena of imperial competition South Africa Dutch settlers in Cape Colony-1600s British dominance in the 1830’s Dutch farmers-Boers-Great Trek north and east of the cape Afrikaner states Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange free State 1886-Gold discovered 1899-Boer War British v Boers British Concentration Camps Boers Guerilla tactics Union of South Africa-1910 Racial system of Apartheid-decades of oppression, racial tensions, and economic exploitation Expansion in Asia Russia-Tsars consolidated control around Balkan Sea Russians did not regard the nomads of Asia as equals Transcaucasus regions Christian Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis The Muslim peoples of the Caucasus regionsChechnya, Dagestan, and Circassia Imam Shamil of Chechnya and Dagestan surrendering to Russian general Baryatinsky in 1859 Nomads of central Asia Vast Steppe of central Asia where the Kazakhs lived Southern Middle Asia-1860’s Present day Uzbekistan, Turkistan, and the areas bordering Afghanistan-Muslim Areas Russian-British Rivalry over Afghanistan “the Great Game”-Sometimes brought Russia and GB to the state of war Caption from a 1911 English satirical magazine reads: "If we hadn't a thorough understanding, I (British lion) might almost be tempted to ask what you (Russian bear) are doing there with our little playfellow (Persian cat)." French and IndoChina Indo China-Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia Roman Catholic Missionaries 1862-French forces controlled Saigon 1880’s-France controlled all of Indo China Vietnamese Catholic Converts-minority Large scale plantations-source of tea, rice, coffee, and rubber French in Indochina The United States and Imperialism 1853-Commodore Matt Perry and Japan 1867-US buys Alaska from the Russians 1893-American based coup in Hawaii 1898-Victory in the Spanish American War US has informal protectorate in Cuba, and annexes Puerto Rico US annexes the Philippines and Hawaii 1903-US secures canal zone in Panama from Columbia 1904-US starts building the Panama Canal 1907-Sailing of the Great White Fleet and (1914) completion of the Panama Canal China and the Boxer rebellion Qing Dynasty in state of near collapse Western powers had forced China to give special status 1899-US under SOS John Hay proposes Open Door Notes US feared that Europe and Japan would close China off to American interests Wanted free and equal access to Chinese markets Boxer rebellion Chinese Secret Society-the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists Hatred of foreign missionaries Kill the “foreign devils” 1900-Attack on the foreign legate in Beijing August 1900-Foreign army occupies China 1901-Qing agrees to execute the officials who had helped the rebellion 1912-Collapse of the Qing Dynasty French troops behead Boxers US Marines sent to China Russian Cannons firing Japanese Marines Troops of the Eight nations alliance of 1900. Left to right: Britain, United States, Australian colonial, British India, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Japan Tools of Empire Western domination based on technological domination Naval superiority 1830’s-rise of steam powered iron warships “gunboat diplomacy” Nemesis and the Opium Wars The “devil ship” Tropical Diseases Malaria constant problem for Europeans Quinine pills the solution Enabled the rapid exploration and partition of Africa Cultivated in Dutch East indies and British India Firearms Fully barreled rifles Mid 1850’s-British Lee-Enfield Rifle 1900’s-Use of maxim Machine guns Use of dum-dum bullets Missionary Movements 1900-Evangelical Protestant Missionaries- over 10,000 missionaries in India Providential moment for the evangelization of non-Christian peoples in the Asia and Africa French Roman Catholics-Society for the Propagation of the faith-Vietnam and China Over ½ million members Women and Missionary Activity Women and Cultural practices oversees 1. Ottoman empire-harems for affluent women 2. India-practice of sati 3. China-Foot binding of young girls Missionaries had “civilizing” intentions to try to help women, many female missionaries traveled abroad Sati Footbinding Issues with Missionaries Tensions with imperial administrations Missionaries established schools Fear that missionaries might be a destabilizing force Engaged local peoples in way that admin could not-learned languages Indigenous religious movements established Religious divide between northern and southern hemispheres takeaways 1. Missionary goals were dynamic and changed 2. enormous amount of printed materials 3. Skilled at pressuring their own governments for missionary freedomopposition to colonial authorities 4. Non-western Christians moving Christianity away from Western dominance 5. Made Christianity a world wide faith for the 1st time