BAHAN PAKAN, DESKRIPSI DAN
KANDUNGAN ZAT MAKANANNYA
No. Sumber
1.
Protein
Deskripsi
Dried Brewer’s Yeast is the dried, non-fermentative, non-extracted yeast of
the botanical classification Saccharomyces resulting as a by-product from the
brewing of beer and ale. Dried Brewer’s Yeast is a high-quality protein rich in
B vitamins, minerals and palatability factors. It can be used to improve
acceptability and is an exceptionally good source of water soluble vitamins;
one of the most potent natural sources of biotin and folic acid.
Guaranteed Analysis
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Moisture
43.0% min.
0.1% min.
3.0% max.
9.0% max.
Typical Analysis
Amino Acids
Arginine
Cystine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Vitamins
2.28%
0.61%
1.16%
1.15%
2.96%
2.41%
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Trypotophan
Valine
B-1
95.00 mcg/g Inositol
B-6
37.70 mcg/g
Pantothenic
Acid
B-12
0.01 mcg/g
Choline
Biotin
1.17 mcg/g
Folic Acid
Niacin
575.40 mcg/g
0.68%
2.08%
2.26%
0.54%
1.59%
2667.60
mcg/g
81.10
mcg/g
6084.80
mcg/g
11.10
mcg/g
Gambar
2.
Energi
Beet Pulp is the vegetable matter, which remains after sugar is extracted from
sliced sugar beets. This vegetable matter is then made into pellets to improve
its nutritional value and handling characteristics. It is high in fiber and unique
in that its fiber is extremely digestible
Typical Analysis
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Ash
Moisture
TDN
NEL
Calcium
Phosphorus
7.0%
0.5-0.6%
15.0-20.0%
4.0-5.0%
8.0-12.0%
74.0%
0.81
Mcal/lbs.
0.6%
0.1%
3.
4.
Protein
Protein
Blood meal is produced from clean fresh animal blood, exclusive of all
extraneous material such as hair, stomach contents, etc. Blood meal may be
dried by several processes, but most often by spray drying.
Spray dried blood meal comprises of approximately:
· crude protein level of 85 percent;
· crude fat, 0.5-3 percent;
· crude fibre, 2.5 percent;
· ash, 6 percent;
· lysine, 9-11 percent, with an availability of 80-90 percent.
Whole blood meal is produced by spray drying at low temperatures, the fresh
whole blood from animal processing plants. The fresh blood is collected in onsite cooling tanks that utilize agitation to prevent coagulation of the fresh
blood. Once delivered to the drying plants the whole blood is centrifuged to
remove foreign material and then circulated through a disintegrator to rid all
remaining foreign particles prior to spray drying.
Typical Analysis
Crude protein
Crude fat
Crude fiber
Ruminant digestible protein
80 %
1%
1%
63.1 %
Typical Amino Acid Profile
Methionine
Crystine
Lysine
Tryptophane
Isoleucine
Histidine
Valine
Leucine
Arginine
Glycine
1.0 %
1.4 %
6.9 %
1.0 %
0.8 %
3.05 %
5.2 %
10.3 %
2.35 %
4.4 %
Storage and Handling
Whole blood meal is available in bags or as bulk material. Whole blood meal
is packaged in 50 pound poly-lined paper bags.
5.
Bone meal is a mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as
an organic fertilizer for plants and in animal feed. As a fertilizer, bone meal is
primarily used as a source of phosphorus.
Bone meal once was often used as a dietary calcium supplement. Research in
the 1980s found that many bone meal preparations were contaminated with
lead and other toxic metals, and it is no longer recommended as a calcium
source.
Guaranteed Analysis
Phosphorous, min.
Calcium, min
Fluorine, max
14 %
23 %
.05 %
Typical Trace Element Analysis (measured in ppm)
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybenum
Copper
Aluminum
Vanadium
Sodium
Sulfates
Potassium
Cobalt
Zinc
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chlorides
Bulk Density
Moisture
Color
Packaging
400
120
50
5
5
200
5
300
2000
20
0.5
100
2.5
25
.05
0.5
0.8
400
40 – 50 lbs./cu.ft.
less than 2.0 %
white
Multi-wall paper bags 50 lbs. net
Steamed Bone Meal is the most natural form of calcium and phosphorus
available for animal health. This dried and ground product is sterilized by
cooking with steam under pressure. This material is produced exclusively
from bones.
Standard Packaging
Steamed Bone Meal is packed in 50 lb. paper bags. 2,500 lbs. are on each
pallet. Pallets are to be exchanged. Steamed Bone Meal is also available in one
ton super sacks.
Guaranteed Analysis
Calcium
23% minimum
Phosphorus
13% minimum
Crude Protein
6% minimum
Moisture
7% maximum
Particle Size:100% will pass through a 40 mesh screen with 98% through
a 100 mesh screen.
Pricing
Steamed Bone Meal could be priced either FOB Austin, MN. in 2000 pound
totes or FOB Grafton, WI in 50 lb. bags. Delivered prices to the location of
your choice are available. Contracts will be accepted for shipment up to one
year in advance.
6.
Protein
Bone Phosphate is the residue of bones that have been treated first in a
caustic solution then in a hydrochloric acid solution, and thereafter
precipitated with lime and dried.
Typical Analysis
Phosphorus
Calcium
Calcium
Fluorine
18.5 % min
22.0 % min
25.0 % max
0.05 % max
Feeding and Usage
Bone Phosphate should be added to livestock rations to balance for calcium
and phosphorus needs according to the specific ration.
Storage and Handling
Bone Phosphate is delivered in 50 lb valve-packed paper bags. It is palletized
and shrink wrapped for ease of handling and should be stored in a cool, dry
environment.
7.
Ca
Calcium sulfate is used as a source of sulfur and calcium in animal feeds. In
addition to the variety of gypsum with the analysis indicated above, two other
varieties are commonly available. One contains 20.3 percent calcium and 16.7
percent sulfur. The other contains 21.4 percent calcium and 17.1 percent
sulfur.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
85 %
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
26.4 %
0%
21.1 %
0%
0 Mcal/100 lbs
8.
Protein
Dried brewers grains is the dried extract residue of barley malt alone or in
mixture with other cereal grains from the manufacture of wort or beer. It may
contain pulverized dried spent hops in an amount not to exceed 3%, evenly
distributed.
Typical Analysis
Crude Protein
Fat
Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
24.0%
5.0%
15.5%
0.6%
1.0%
70.0 %
.72 mcal/lb.
Feeding and Usage
Dried brewers grains are a medium level protein feedstuff used in various
animal feeds. They are an excellent source of high quality by-pass protein and
digestible fiber. Dried brewers grains have a good amino acid, mineral and Bvitamin content. This feed ingredient is known for putting "milk in the pail".
Suggested feeding levels are 30-40% of the ration for dairy cows.
Storage and Handling
Dried brewers grains are available in 50# bags or as bulk material. A sacked
truckload will be approximately 22 tons while a bulk load is 16-19 tons. They
will flow through normal feed or grain handling systems. Grains should be
stored in a cool dry place.
BREWERS YEAST, DRIED
Protein
Fat
Ash
Moisture
Based on sucrose
Color:
Characteristics:
Odor:
Packaging:
40.0 - 45 %
0.2 - 1.5 %
5.0 - 10.0 %
7.0 - 10.0 %
100 - 87 %
Light Brown
Free flowing 98% through 100 mesh
Standard Yeast odor
Multi-walled bag
9.
Protein
Whole cottonseed is high in protein, fat, fiber and energy. This combination
of nutrients in one feedstuff is unusual. Whole cottonseed with the lint still
attached is white and fuzzy in appearance. It sometimes is called "fuzzy seed,"
and has the analysis shown below. Whole cottonseed from which the lint has
been removed is called delinted seed, is black and smooth in appearance, and
tends to be slightly higher in protein and fat than the fuzzy seed.
Research at the Universities of California and Pennsylvania has shown that
feeding whole cottonseed to milking cows can stimulate higher milk fat test
and help maintain milk persistency. It should be fed at the rate of 4 to 7
pounds (1.8 to 3.1 kg) per cow per day. Mechanically delinted seed has the
same effect as fuzzy seed.
Whole cottonseeds do not need to be crushed or processed in any way before
feeding.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
93 %
21.0 %
17.0 %
24.0 %
40.9 %
30.8 %
0.14 %
0.68 %
91.0 %
94.1 Mcal/100 lbs
10.
11.
Protein
Fiber
Cottonseed meal is the byproduct remaining after cotton is ginned and the
seeds crushed and the oil extracted. The remaining meal is usually used for
animal feed. However, the meal can be fed only to adult ruminants because it
contains a compound called gossypol. The compound is highly toxic to
monogastrics and even sometimes to calves which are really "pre-ruminants"
in terms of their developing digestive systems.
Cottonseed meal is produced in three protein levels. Cottonseed meals are
classified as low gossypol if they contain less than 0.04 percent free gossypol.
Forty-one percent cottonseed meal has a crude protein. level of 41 percent;
crude fat, 2 percent; and crude fibre, 12 percent. Forty-eight percent
cottonseed meal has a crude protein level of 48 percent; crude fat, 1 percent;
and crude fibre, 8 percent. Although all three cottonseed meals are solvent
extracted, the lower protein meals may contain some hulls.
Cottonseed hulls are used mostly in the southern area of the U.S. They are
low in protein, calcium, phosphorus and energy and high in fiber. Cottonseed
hulls are palatable and are used as a roughage for cattle, especially in areas
where good quality forages are scarce. They occasionally are included in grain
mixes to increase the bulk density and crude fiber content. They can be helpful
in supporting fat test in low fiber or low roughage rations.
Typical Analysis
12.
Protein
Dry matter
91 %
Crude Protein
03.7 %
Fat
01.5 %
Crude fiber
44.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
81.9 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
66.4 %
Calcium
00.1 %
Phosphorus
00.1 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
40.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
40.4 Mcal/100 lbs
Cottonseed meal is a high protein by-product from the extraction of oil from
whole cottonseed. There are two different processing methods used to extract
the oil from the cottonseed, and they differ in the amount of oil (fat) they leave
in the meal. The amount of oil left in the meal affects its energy value.
Cottonseed meal is palatable and commonly is used in cattle rations in the
southern and western U.S. Solvent extracted cottonseed meal is the more
common of the two types and has about 89 percent of the energy value of 44
percent protein soybean meal.
Cottonseed meal contains gossypol. Under typical conditions, though, even
high-producing cows will not consume enough cottonseed meal to suffer from
gossypoltoxicity.
Cottonseed meal is used as a protein supplement and can replace all of the
soybean meal in the ration.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
TDN
Net energy—Lactation
Expeller process:
Solvent process:
94 %
92 %
41.0 %
41.5 %
04.5 %
01.5 %
12.5 %
12.5 %
26.3 %
23.9 %
18.8 %
17.5 %
0.15 %
0.15 %
1.10 %
1.10 %
72.0 %
70.0 %
76.3 Mcal/100 lbs
72.6 Mcal/100 lbs
13.
Fiber
Soybean hulls are a by-product of soybean processing for oil and meal
production. Soybean hulls have urease activity, which can be a problem in
rations containing urea. Heat treatment destroys the urease activity. Soybean
hulls which have been heat treated are referred to as soybean mill run.
Soybean mill run is a palatable feedstuff for cows and calves. It contains a
high level of very digestible fiber. It has slightly more TDN than beet pulp and
oats, 93 percent of the TDN value of barley, and 88 percent of the TDN value
of corn.
Soybean mill run may be included in the grain mixture at a rate of up to 14
pounds (6.5 kg) per cow per day. Because of its bulky texture, caution should
be taken when feeding over 12 pounds (5.5 Kg) per cow per day.
14.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
91 %
Crude Protein
10.0 %
Fat
02.0 %
Crude fiber
36.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
61.1 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
45.5 %
Calcium
0.45 %
Phosphorus
0.16 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
71.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
73.8 Mcal/100 lbs
Soybean meal is the product remaining after extracting most of the oil from
whole soybeans. The oil may be removed by solvent extraction or by an
expeller process in which the beans are heated and squeezed. The nutrient
composition of the oil extracted soybean meal 48 is shown in the table below.
Soybean meal is high in protein and energy and is one of the most commonly
used protein supplements in North America. It is a palatable feedstuff and may
be used as the major protein supplement in rations for dairy cattle.
Typical Analysis (Solvent extracted
soybean meal 48)
Dry matter
89 %
Crude Protein
48.0 %
Fat
01.0 %
Crude fiber
03.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
07.1 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
15.
05.3 %
00.2 %
0.65 %
78.0 %
81.1 Mcal/100
Net energy—Lactation
lbs
Corn gluten feed is a by-product from the manufacture of cornstarch and corn
syrup. It is a medium protein feed, which contains almost the same Total
Digestible Nutrients level as barley. The protein in corn gluten feed is
degraded relatively rapidly in the rumen.
Corn gluten feed has medium palatability and may be included in the grain
mixture up to a level of 50 percent or fed to cows at a rate of up to 12 pounds
(5.4 kg) per cow per day.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible
Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
TDN: Beef
TDN: Dairy
Fat
Ash
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur
Crude Fat
Lysine
Tryptophan
Methionine
90 %
18.0 %
03.5 %
08.0 %
45.0 %
13.0 %
00.3 %
1.00 %
83.0 %
.87 Mcal
88.0%
87.0%
3.5%
7.2%
0.5%
1.5%
0.3%
3.5%
0.6%
0.2%
0.5%
Cystine
0.4%
Applications
Corn Gluten Feed is commonly used as a medium level protein and energy
source. It may be used in ruminant feeds, pet foods, poultry (replacement
chicks, layer and breeder), turkey and swine.
16.
Corn gluten meal is a by-product from the manufacture of corn starch and
corn syrup. It is very high in protein supplement in feeds for livestock, poultry
and pets. It contains slightly more TDN than corn. The protein in corn gluten
is degraded relatively slowly in the rumen.
A variety of corn gluten meal with 41 percent protein is available in some
areas. It is higher in crude fiber (5 percent) and lower in TDN (78 percent)
than the variety with 60 percent protein.
Corn gluten meal usually is not included in mixtures at levels greater than 15
percent or fed at a rate greater than 15 percent or fed at a rate greater than 5
pounds (2 ¼ kg) per cow per day due to poor palatability above these levels.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
90 %
60.0 %
02.5 %
02.0 %
12.6 %
06.2 %
04.5 %
00.5 %
83.0 %
84.1 Mcal/100 lbs
Guaranteed Analysis
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
60.0% minimum
1.0% minimum
3.0% maximum
Appearance
Color Golden Yellow
Texture Fine Granular
Typical Analysis
Xanthophyll
Metabolize Energy
Methionine
Digestible Protein
100 to 225 mg./lb.; varies seasonally
1,756 calories/lb.
1.6%
98%
Advantages
-Permits the manufacture of higher nutrient density broiler, layer, and turkey
feeds
-Xanthophyll and protein analysis certificate on each load
17.
Hominy Corn. Hominy feed is a by-product from the manufacture of pearl
hominy, hominy grits or table meal from corn. It is similar in appearance to
ground corn, has slightly more energy and protein, and has similar feeding
characteristics.
Hominy should be analyzed for its fat content, which can vary considerably
due to the type of manufacturing process. As fat content drops, so does TDN.
For example, hominy containing 1.5 percent fat will have 82 percent TDN.
Hominy is a palatable feedstuff. It is safe to feed in large quantities and can be
included in the grain mixture at high levels.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
90 %
10.0 %
05.0 %
05.6 %
49.5 %
11.7 %
0.05 %
00.5%
18.
Total Digestible Nutrients
84.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
86.1 Mcal/100 lbs
Citrus Pulp is the dried residue of peel, pulp and seeds of oranges, grapefruit
and other citrus fruit. As with most feeds, citrus pulp is dried to a moisture
content of approximately 10%.
Dried Citrus Pulp is second only to corn as a source of concentrated feed
nutrients for dairy and beef cattle, and sheep. It is a good source of calcium,
but very low in phosphorus and carotene. Based on these data, dried or
pelleted citrus pulp is one of the most desirable energy feeds and can be
considered in feeding programs as being:
1. A dry carbohydrate concentrate with high total digestible nutrient
(TDN) content averaging about 74 %
2. A bulk energy feed with a high degree of water absorption
3. Having an above-average palatability for cattle.
As a general rule, 40 – 45 % of the ground snapped corn in a dairy ration can
be replaced by dried citrus pulp or pellets.
Typical Analysis
19.
Protein %
Fat
Crude Fiber
Ash
Moisture
Canola Meal
Range
Average
5.0 – 9.3
1.3 – 9.1
6.4 – 16.8
3.1 – 8.4
3.5 – 13.7
Dry Matter
Crude Protein
Ether Extract
Crude Fiber
Ash
6.16
3.74
12.28
4.68
8.58
91.5%
36.0%
3.5%
11.7%
6.8%
Amino Acids
Avg.
Crude Protein
Methionine
Std. Dev.
% CV
36.0
1.09
3.0
0.74
0.03
4.1
Cystine
TSAA
Lysine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Arginine
Isoleucine
20.
0.91
1.65
2.10
0.46
1.61
2.12
1.38
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.09
0.05
5.5
4.8
2.5
4.3
3.1
4.2
3.6
Minerals
Major
Trace
mg/lb
mg/lb
Calcium
0.66% Copper
4.7
10.4
Phosphorus
1.14% Iron
72.2
159.2
Sodium
0.03% Iodine
0.36
0.8
Chloride
0.02% Manganese
24.5
53.9
Potassium
1.29% Selenium
0.45
1.0
Magnesium
0.64% Zinc
32.4
71.4
Cassava is used as animal feed extensively in Asia, South America, Africa,
and Europe. Especially in places such as Thailand, China, Nigeria, Brazil, etc.
Cassava hay, is hay which is produced at a young growth stage, 3-4 months
and being harvested about 30-45 cm above ground, sun-dried for 1-2 days
until having final dry matter of at least 85%.
The cassava hay contains high protein content, 20-27% CP and condensed
tannins, 1.5-4%.
21.
It is used as a good roughage source for dairy, beef, buffalo, goats, sheep by
either directing feeding or as a protein source in the concentrate mixtures.
Copra is the dried meat, or kernel, of the coconut. The name copra is derived
from the Malayalam word kopra (ക ൊപ്ര) for dried coconut. Copra meal is
also used as fodder for horses and cattle. Its high oil levels and protein are
very fattening for stock and it is popular among horse enthusiasts.
The Philippines is the world's largest coconut producer and supplies much of
the demand of copra meal around the globe. For example, copra meal exports
totalled 586,173 mt in 1994 with 96% being exported to Europe, mainly to the
Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, and Italy. An additional 23,700 mt
of unmilled copra (equivalent to around 7,347 mt of copra meal) was also
exported mainly to Korea.
The volume of copra meal utilized locally for feeds is estimated to be at least
600,000 mt per year.
22.
Corn - Maize: Feed Ingredients
Corn also known as Maize is a cereal grain that was domesticated in
Mesoamerica and then spread throughout the American continents. In the
United States and Canada, the primary use for maize is as a feed for livestock,
forage, silage or grain. Silage is made by fermentation of chopped green
cornstalks
23.
Corn Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles
This product is obtained by removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the
yeast fermentation of corn or corn mixture by condensing and drying at least
75 percent of the solids of the resultant whole stillage. Corn distillers dried
grain with solubles has a crude protein level of 26-27 percent; crude fat, 7-8
percent; and crude fibre, 8.5-9.5 percent.
Feather meal a poultry by-product has been used as an ingredient in the
manufacture of feeds.
Feather meal contains about 80-85 percent protein and is a relatively good
source of sulphur-containing amino acids.
Whether these amino acids are completely available has not been
demonstrated. Good results have been reported when it is used in catfish diets
at the 15 percent level. Poultry by-products are lower in lysine than fishmeal,
and trout diets containing over 75 percent poultry by-products would be
deficient in the amino acid.
24.
That some of the sulphur-containing amino acids in hydrolyzed feather meal
are available to salmonids was recently demonstrated in feeding tests at the
University of Washington. In these experiements, trout grew much better on
mixes of feather meal and yeast SCP than when either of these commodities
was used as the sole source of protein.
Egg Dried
Pasteurized, spray- dried whole- egg solids, produced from eggs that do not
meet the USDA standards for human consumption. Eggs are denatured with a
small quantity of certified caramel coloring that imparts a light- brown shade
to the finished product.
Product Standards:
Chemical
Protein
Fat
Fiber
Ash
46.0% minimum
33.0% minimum
.1% maximum
6.0% maximum
Moisture
Physical
Particle Size
Color
Microbiological
Packaging
Storage
6.0% maximum
100% through #16 USBS Screen
Light Brown
Salmonella: Negative by approved method
This product is packed in 50 lb.net weight polycoated bags. Bulk packaging is also available
Store in a cool dry place.
25.
Inedible eggs are which the USDA has stated cannot be used in human foods
due to broken shells or eggs which do not meet human standards in terms of
blood spots, etc. These eggs are centrifuged and the resulting liquid is
pasteurized, spray dried, and packaged in our own facility.
Ingredients
Inedible eggs (can be denatured with edible FD&C approved green dye or
without, at the customer’s request.)
Specifications
Moisture
Protein
Fat
Standard Plate Count
Salmonella Free
Packaging
5 % or less
50 – 58 %
25 – 30 %
less than 100,000 total
All product is tested for salmonella in our USDA
supervised lab and a certificate is available upon
request.
50 lb bags or 50 lb boxes
26.
Fish Meal. Menhaden is the major source of fish meal produced in the U.S.
The fish are taken in Atlantic coastal waters from Maine to Florida and in the
Gulf of Mexico. Menhaden are not used for human food but for oil used in
paints, soaps, and lubricants and as an ingredient in margarine in Europe. The
fish are ground, cooked and processed to yield three products: presscake, fish
solubles and oil. The final fish meal product may be simple presscake meal,
full meal (all the soluble are added back into the presscake), or some
combination of presscake and soluble.
Fish meal used for animal feed should be stabilized with an antioxidant such
as ethoxquin to prevent the fish oil from becoming rancid.
The protein in fish meal has a high rumen bypass value. The bypass protein
itself is high in quality because it is rich in the essential amino acids lysine and
methionine. For this reason, it makes a good combination with alfalfa or earlycut grass silage, which tend to be higher in rumen degradable protein.
Feeding
Fish meal should be introduced into the ration gradually to avoid feed refusal.
Since the greatest benefit from feeding fish meal comes during the first half of
lactation when protein requirements are highest, it is useful to start adapting
the cows to it during the latter part of the dry period.
Fish meal can be fed to milking cows at a rate that supplies up to a maximum
of 100 grams (3.5 ounces) of fish oil (fat) per cow per day. Higher levels of
fish oil tend to lower fat test. The fat content of fish meal varies among
suppliers. Therefore, it is important to know the fat content of the fish meal
being used. A practical guideline is to feed it at a rate of up to 1 ½ pounds (0.7
kg) per cow per day.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
92 %
62.0 %
09.8 %
01.0 %
00.0 %
00.0 %
05.0 %
03.0 %
71.0 %
70.0 Mcal/100 lbs.
Others: Herring, Anchovy, Redfish, and Whitefish meal
Herring and anchovies also are oil-type fish and are processed similarly.
Redfish meal is the filleting waste from ocean perch. Ocean perch are not an
oil fish. They are caught for human food off the eastern coast of Canada and
the U.S. After the fillets are removed, the heads and racks are ground, cooked
and dried to produce redfish meal.
The term whitefish refers to cod, haddock, hake, flounder and pollack. Like
ocean perch, these also are caught for human food. After the fillets are
removed, the heads and racks are ground, cooked and dried to produce
whitefish meal.
Low Ash Menhaden meal differs from conventional commodity fishmeal by
the additional process developed to remove a large amount of the bone. The
resulting meal has a significantly reduced ash content, and a corresponding
increase in protein. This meal is ideal in situations where a lower mineral
content is needed. This process results in a meal with a much smaller particle
size.
Proximate Composition
Micro and Macro
Minerals
Typical Guaranteed
Crude Protein
70.0
68 min
Calcium %
Fat
9.0
Phosphorus %
Moisture
9.7
Potassium %
Ash
13.0
Magnesium %
Digestibility (0.2%) 97.8
Sodium %
Digestibility
91.1
90 min
Manganese- PPM
(0.0002%)
TVN
0.16
0.18 max
Iron- PPM
Boron- PPM
Copper-PPM
Amino Acids % of Sample
Zinc- PPM
Aspartic Acid
6.4
Chromium- PPM
Threonine
3.0
Selenium- PPM
Serine
2.7
Strontium- PPM
Glutamic Acid
9.2
Barium- PPM
Proline
3.5
Aluminum- PPM
3.4
2.2
1.0
0.2
0.7
45.2
924.0
4.5
7.8
94.8
4.0
2.0
66.2
14.3
774.4
Glycine
Alanine
Cystine
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
5.4
4.6
0.7
3.5
2.3
3.0
5.1
2.2
2.8
Histidine
2.0
Lysine
5.6
Arginine
4.4
Tryptophan
0.7
Taurine
0.6
Hydroxyproline
1.3
Vitamins- MG/LB- Literature Values
Botin
Choline
Folic Acid
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B1Thiamine
Vitamin B2Riboflavin
Vitamin B6Pyridoxine
Vitamin B12
a- Tocopherol
(IU/#)
0.1
1360.0
0.1
25.0
4.0
0.3
2.2
2.7
0.1
9.5
27.
Fish silage is a liquid product made from whole fish or parts of fish that are
liquefied by the action of enzymes in the fish in the presence of an added acid.
The enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, and the acid
helps to speed up their activity while preventing bacterial spoilage. Silage
made from white fish offal that does not contain much oil, but when it is made
from fatty fish like herring it may be necessary to remove the oil at some
stage.
The composition of fish silage is very similar to that of the material from
which it is made. A typical analysis of white fish offal is:
· 80 per cent water,
· 15 per cent protein,
· 4.5 per cent ash
· 0.5 per cent fat,
and the composition of silage from offal is virtually the same.
Whole fatty fish like sprats and sand eels have a higher protein and fat content,
and correspondingly lower water and ash content.
Production of fish silage is a viable alternative to fish meal, especially in
location where small amount of fishery waste or by-catch is produced It has
been shown that by-catch or fish wastes, whole, chopped or ground, preserved
in molasses or as fermented or acid silage, in the form of a paste or block, can
replace more conventional sources of protein for pigs, ducks, sheep, cows,
beef cattle and even camels!
While the technology for the preparation offish silage exists. Its commercial
application will depend on extension to producers and on its opportunity cost
versus that of other conventional protein sources, as well as on the existence
of other means of processing to meet environmental regulations. At the
moment it is not commericially available on a widescale.
28.
29.
Meat meal is only available where offal is not valued for human food; may be
contaminated and spoiled before use; may also contain animals condemned as
unfit for human consumption.
Meat scraps and trimmings after fat removed are dried into meat meal. This is
inferior to fish meal or soybean meal and is prone to damage (evidenced by
low available lysine) by poor processing. If refrigeration is available or the
waste can be collected daily both it and blood are potential moist feed
ingredients.
Meat and bone meal is prepared from the wastes materials associated with
slaughtering operations (carcass trimmings, condemned carcasses, condemned
livers, inedible offal (lungs) and bones) and also from the rendering of dead
animals. There can be a wide variation between plants and batches in what
goes into the meat and bone meal that is being prepared.
If the ash content is high, this indicates that it contains a higher amount of
bones and is referred to as meat and bone meal. If the ash content is lower it is
referred to as meat meal. Typically when the phosphorus content is above 4.5
% P, then it is called meat and bone meal and when it is below that level it is
referred to as meat meal or some other term. In addition to the protein (amino
acids) meat and bone meal is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus
and some other minerals (K, Mg, Na, etc.).
The ash content of the meat and bone meal normally ranges from 28 to 36 %;
calcium is 7 to 10 % and phosphorus 4.5 to 6 %.
When using meat and bone meal as the primary supplemental protein source
the mineral levels may limit its use in some diet formulations. Meat and bone
meal like with other animal products is a good source of Vitamin B-12. Like
other animal protein sources meat and bone meal has a good amino acid
profile.
Digestibility of the protein fraction is normally quite high, ranging from 81 to
87 % (Kellems, 2000). Its protein quality is lower than fish meal or soybean
meal for applications in feeding swine or poultry when used to supplement CP
in cereal based diets. In ruminant it can readily be used to replace most other
supplemental protein sources.
The CP is less ruminally degradable, and will pass thorough the rumen
without being degraded when compared to many other supplemental protein
sources. Processing temperature will also effect the availability of the protein
fraction. Often pepsin digestibility of the protein fraction is used as a means of
determining the extent of processing and availability of the protein fraction.
Excessive heating during processing can reduce the digestibility of the CP.
Meat and bone meal is the dried and rendered product from mammal tissues. It
does not contain horn, hair, hide trimmings, manure, stomach contents, added
blood meal or poultry by-product. The calcium content should not be more
than 2.2 times the phosphorus content. A calcium content higher than this
indicates additional calcium from a source other than bone.
The protein in meat and bone meal is degraded relatively slowly in rumen.
Meat bone meal can be fed as a protein source. It may be included in the grain
mix at a rate of up to 5 percent or fed at up to 1 ½ pounds (0.68 kg) per cow
per day. It is not very palatable and should be introduced into the ration
gradually.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
92 %
50.0 %
09.5 %
02.5 %
--- %
--- %
10.1 %
04.8 %
65.3 %
68.1 Mcal/100
lbs
30.
Liver Meal is a high protein specialty product manufactured from whole
livers. These materials are processed under controlled time and temperature
conditions and then dried to provide a fine meal product. The protein and fat
content of this product provide for an exceptional source of energy and a real
liver flavor for specialty pet food formulas.
Usage
Liver Meal performs as an excellent ingredient in pet food formulas, as well as
aquaculture feeds. Suggested usage levels of 1 to 3% will provide significant
palatability increase when applied externally if mixed with fat prior to joint
application. Internal application can also result in increased palatability at
usage levels of 3 to 6%.
Typical Analysis
Protein
Moisture
Fat
Ash
Amino Acid Profile
Aspartic Acid
Serine
Hydroxyproline
Proline
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Tyrosine
Hydroxylysine
Arginine
Storage and
Handling
Standard
Packaging
62.0% min.
10.0% max.
20.0% max.
7.0% max.
5.60%
Tryptophan
0.93%
3.09%
Threonine
3.08%
0.01%
Glutamic Acid 10.28%
3.29%
Glycine
3.79%
3.48%
Cystine
0.91%
3.75%
Methionine
1.23%
2.04%
Leucine
5.41%
2.22%
Phenylalanine 2.08%
0.01%
Histidine
2.17%
4.41%
Lysine- Total 4.34%
Storage in unopened containers may be
indefinite. However to maintain full
nutritional value recommended storage at
room temperature is three months.
Liver Meal is packaged in 50 lb. poly- lined
double wall paper bags. Other packaging
arrangements are negotiable.
31.
Palm oil milling is a major industry in countries in SE Asia. The industry,
besides producing palm oil, also produces by-products usable as animal feed.
These are palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge (POS) and palm pressed fibre
(PPF). The most useful is palm kernel cake, which is the solid residue left
behind after the extraction of oil from the kernels of the palm fruits. It is now
well entrenched as a major feed ingredient in beef and dairy feed in theese
producing countries.
The palm kernel cake is obtained out from two stages of oil extraction from
the palm fruit. The first stage is the primary extraction of palm oil from the
pericarp portion of the fruit, which also produces the kernel and by-products
palm oil sludge and palm pressed fibre. The extraction of oil from crushed
kernel then results in the production of palm kernel cake as by-product. Two
methods are used for the extraction of oil from the crushed kernels. These are
the conventional mechanical screwpress method that results in the expeller
pressed palm kernel cake and the solvent (usually hexane) extraction method
that results in the solvent extracted type.
Although palm kernel cake supplies both protein and energy, it is looked upon
more as a source of protein. palm kernel cake by itself is a medium grade
protein feed and with its high fibre content it is often consider as suitable for
feeding of ruminants. palm kernel cake was ranked a little higher than copra
cake but lower than fish meal and groundnut cake especially in its protein
value.
Suitability of palm kernel cake as feed for cattle has been much proven.
Invariably, it has become the basic feed in most rations for fattening cattle in
feedlots in SE Asia. It is also the primary constituent supplementary feed for
dairy cattle, mixed together with other ingredients such as ground maize and
soybean meal.
PKC is a reasonably good economic feed for cattle, both for fattening and
supplementary feeding. It is an agro-industrial by-product that is being
produced locally and within the Southeast Asian region in sizeable quantity
and should thus be exploited fully.
32.
Peanut meal is obtained by grinding the cake, chips or flakes obtained by
removal of most of the oil from peanut kernels by a mechanical or solvent
extraction process. Peanut meal will have a crude protein level of about 46
percent; crude fat, 1-7 percent; and crude fibre, 10-13 percent.
33.
Feather Meal
Hydrolyzed poultry feathers or feather meal is produced by hydrolyzing clean,
undecomposed feathers from slaughtered poultry.
The most important factor affecting the quality of hydrolyzed poultry feathers
is the extent of hydrolyzation. If less than 75 percent of the crude protein
content is digestible by the pepsin digestibility method, then hydrolyzation
was incomplete and protein quality is reduced.
The protein in feather meal is degraded slowly in the rumen compared to most
other protein sources. In research at Purdue University, a combination of
feather meal and urea produced average daily gains in growing beef cattle
similar to that achieved with soybean meal.
There is very little experience with feather meal in dairy cattle rations. It is not
very palatable and should be introduced into the ration gradually. It may be
fed to milking cows at an average rate of up to 1 ½ pounds (0.7 kg) per cow
per day.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
92 %
85.0%
03.0 %
03.0 %
--- %
16.2 %
0.45 %
0.31 %
63.0 %
64.0 Mcal/100 lbs
34.
Poultry by-products of slaughter - such as feet, head and undeveloped eggs can be processed in the same way as other slaughterhouse waste if the
quantities are large enough. Gizzards and intestines can be used as well if the
contents are removed. The dry- rendering method is usually preferred for
processing poultry by- products.
Poultry tankage and meat meal are about equal in value to the same byproducts from larger animals. They can be used as the only protein component
in growing and finishing rations for swine with good results. Poultry byproduct meal is remarkably rich in the vitamin choline and is often included
up to 5% in poultry diets.
Poultry byproducts are primarily used by the pet food industry.
They appear to be excellent protein and lipid sources containing:
· 69 percent crude protein,
· 10-21 percent lipid
· and about 10 percent ash.
Poultry by-products are lower in lysine than fishmeal, and trout diets
containing over 75 percent poultry by-products would be deficient in the
amino acid.
35.
Rapeseed oilcake The cultivated varieties of rape are mainly varieties of B.
Maps and B. campestris. Both may be grown as annuals or biennials,
depending on the variety and time of sowing. The plants are from 0.6 to 1 m
high and have thick succulent stems and leaves, although the leaves of B.
campestris are thinner, less succulent and greener or less glaucous. The seed
contains about 40% semi-drying oil. The oil is used as salad and cooking oil or
in the manufacture of margarine.
Rapeseed oilcake contains compounds that are potentially toxic to certain age
groups or classes of livestock and poultry, but experiments in recent years
have indicated numerous ways in which the meal can be used without
detriment to animals. The toxic factors derive in part from glucosides, which
yield toxic substances when hydrolysed enzymatically. One of these
substances inhibits the uptake of iodine by the thyroid and thus causes goitre.
Rapeseed may also be contaminated with mustard seeds so that the press cake
will contain residual mustard oil that may be harmful. B. campestris meals
contain a considerably smaller amount of the glucoside than B. napus meals.
One detoxification method involves moistening the ground seed and allowing
the enzyme to hydrolyse the glucosides. After the oil has been extracted, the
cake is steamed, This treatment removes most toxic factors, but the substance
causing goitre remains in the cake. Other methods involve extraction of the
toxic factors from the cake with hot water or ethyl alcohol. The safest method
of avoiding the total effect of the toxic factors is to limit use of the oilcake. An
almost glucoside-free variety has been developed (Brassica napus L. cv.
Bronowski); the growth responses to the oilcake of this variety are reported to
be equal to the results from soybean oilcake. The content of toxic constituents
differs greatly between varieties and may also depend on the processing
method.
Feeding trials with cattle and sheep have shown that ruminants are less
susceptible than other classes of livestock to the toxic effects of rapeseed
meal. Adult cattle can be given from 1 to 1.5 kg a day without detrimental
effects on feed consumption, growth or milk flavour. Young or pregnant
animals should be given less.
Rapeseed meal is not very palatable to sheep and therefore should not exceed
20% of their total ration.
Solvent-extracted meal can constitute up to 4% of the total ration for young
pigs (up to 20 kg) and up to 10% of the total ration for market pigs (20-90 kg).
It should not be used in rations for breeding stock during reproduction and
lactation.
Rapeseed meal should not be used in starter rations for poultry, but it may be
used to fatten birds or layers, for which the maximum desirable level is about
10% of the total ration. It should be noted that oilcakes produced by the
expeller process may be low in lysine. Poultry fed rapeseed oil meal are likely
to have enlarged thyroid glands; however, this condition will usually be of no
economic importance if a stabilized iodine is incorporated in the diet. Some
strains of layers may produce eggs with a fishy taste when they are fed
rapeseed meal.
36.
37.
Rice groats are the ground rice kernel, without the bran. Rice groats contain
approximately a crude protein level of 8.6 percent; crude fat, 1.2 percent; and
crude fibre, 1.0 percent.
Rice bran with germ is primarily the pericarp or bran layer and the germ
portions of the rice kernel.
· crude protein level is approximately 13.3 percent;
· crude fat, 15.0 percent;
· crude fibre, 11.0 percent.
Description
Rice bran is a by-product of the milling of rice. It consists mostly of the bran
layer and germ of the rice with some fragments of hull and broken rice.
The calcium level in rice bran will vary with the amount of added calcium
carbonate. When the amount of added calcium carbonate exceeds 3 percent
(total calcium exceeds 1.2 percent), then the percentage of calcium carbonate
must be stated in the product name.
Rice bran is similar to oats in crude protein, fat, fiber and energy. It is a
palatable feedstuff, which can be included in the grain mixture at a rate of up
to 25 percent or fed at a rate of up to 8 pounds (3.6 kg) per cow per day.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
38.
90 %
13.0 %
13.0 %
13.0 %
29.7 %
16.2 %
1.00 %
1.54 %
68.0 %
70.0
Net energy—Lactation
Mcal/100 lbs.
Rice polishings are the outer portions of the rice kernel produced by the
process used in producing polished white rice.
Rice polishings have:
· crude protein level of 11.8 percent;
· crude fat, 13.2 percent;
· crude fibre, 3.0 percent.
39.
Sesame Cake: After extraction of the oil from the seeds, the resulting oilcake
is a valuable high- protein feed. Combined with groundnut meal it provides a
well-balanced protein supplement. Mixed with an equal amount of cottonseed
meal, it has been included up to 15% in chick rations. Supplemented with
blood meal and energy this feed has been quite successful.
The oilcake is palatable to all classes of livestock and has a mildly laxative
effect. If it forms too large a part of the ruminant or swine ration, it will
produce soft butter and pork. It is recommended that dairy animals be given
no more than 3 kg of sesame cake per day, as larger amounts will give the
milk a disagreeable taste. It should not be wetted when fed, as the meat will
acquire an unpleasant taste.
Sesame meal is frequently used as the principal protein in both growing and
fattening rations for swine, constituting up to 30% when 5% of the ration is a
lysine-rich ingredient, such as meat meal. Excessive use of sesame meal may
produce soft pork.
As sesame cake is rich in methionine and arginine, it has great potential as a
poultry feed when mixed with lysine-rich materials. It has a high content of
phytic acid and appears to bind calcium; hence the amount of calcium in diets
containing sesame meal should be increased. The cake will become rancid if
stored for any length of time.
40.
Shrimp meal can be made from either cull shrimp that are being processed
before freezing or from whole shrimp that is not of suitable quality for human
consumption. A dried meal similar to fish meal, made from the waste heads
and shells of large prawns or shrimps, or from whole small shrimps or
crustacea of no human food value.
Its true protein value is only about 50-70% (depending on the proportion of
heads to shells in the original material) of the apparent, or 'crude' protein
content. This is because much of it derives from an indigestible (nitrogen
containing) polysaccharide, chitin.
However, it is an important source of this chitin for shrimp feeds, it is high in
choline and it is used for pigmentation as it contains important carotenoids.
Both shrimp and fish meals, unless finely ground, give poor stability to
aquaculture feeds.
Again, as with fish meals, it is important to know the source of the material
and to analyse it. Some meals are nearly all shells, with little value. Waste
shrimp heads and shells can, if available fresh or refrigerated, be used as
excellent ingredients in moist aquaculture feeds, especially for shrimp.
41.
Milk contains almost all nutrients required by animals. Although milk
products are excellent feeds, their cost prohibits extensive use for all but
young animals.
Skim milk is milk from which most of the fat has been removed but in which
all the protein remains. The protein has a high biological value and is very
digestible. Skim milk is a good source of Water Soluble Vitamins, whereas the
Fat Soluble Vitamins (A and D) are removed with the fat.
Various viable options are available for using skim milk in feeding systems
for calves (bucket, cooling, formic acid treatment, etc.) and swine. Skim milk
is an excellent feed for swine and would be a viable feed ingredient when the
price is competitive or when there is an excess supply. Gains in growing swine
were increased when skim milk was fed . Normally it is more economical to
feed liquid skim milk than dried skim milk and the normal bacterial
acidification was found to be the cheapest method of stabilization.
Liquid skim milk that had been stabilized with formic acid was found to be
more palatable in swine feeding applications as compared to hydrochloric acid
stabilized skim milk . Formaldehyde stabilization of skim milk fed to calves
has been evaluated and shown to increase gains.
42.
Sorghums are grown for grain and also for forage in areas with inadequate
rainfall for satisfactory maize cropping. There are two general types: the sweet
sorghums, which have stems filled with a sweet juice, and the grain sorghums,
which usually have pithy stems. Sweet sorghums are grown for forage rather
than grain.
There are many varieties of grain sorghum, but the composition of their grain
does not differ enough to affect significantly their feed qualities. All varieties
are annual maizelike gasses more than 2 m high. Sorghum requires similar soil
conditions to maize but can grow in drier climates.
When properly supplemented, sorghum grains are excellent for all classes of
livestock. The grains have to be processed before being fed to cattle, else a
large proportion of the grains will be swallowed whole and the waxy bran
covering the grain will make digestion difficult.
Grinding is the simplest, least expensive method of preparing sorghum grain
for cattle; other methods include dry-rolling, steam-rolling, flaking and
popping. All methods produce end products with different degrees of
digestibility. Sheep can be given whole sorghum grains as they masticate them
more thoroughly.
Whole grain can also be fed to pigs and poultry, but cracked or ground grain
gives somewhat better feed efficiency especially with small-seeded varieties
or very dry grains. For best results the grain must be ground only moderately
fine, as too finely ground grain decreases consumption.
When sorghum grain is replacing maize, it must be borne in mind that
sorghum lacks carotene and should therefore be supplemented with about 3%
dried green feed. Sorghum has the disadvantage of tending to cause
constipation.
43.
Squid Meal if available, this is an excellent ingredient for shrimp feeds, but
expensive. It appears to have growth promoting properties. Fresh squid can
also be used in moist diets.
In a growth trial (1 to 48-days) with chicks squid meal based diet was found to
out perform fish meal and meat and bone meal based diets. Squid meal was
found to be a good source of supplemental protein for prawns . When shrimp
were fed diets containing squid meal feed conversion and gain was increased.
In trials with gilthead seabream squid meal was found to be an excellent
supplemental protein source.
While the benefit sof using squid meal are very good, the high expensive of
this ingredient could prhobot it's use.
44.
Sunflower Meal: The composition of the oil meal varies with the quality of
the original seed and the method of processing. A wide variety of products are
available on the market, ranging from low-quality strawlike meals to highquality flours.
The use of high-fibre sunflowerseed oilcakes is restricted to the feeding of
adult ruminants, whereas the decorticated cake is a digestible high-protein
feed that can be used freely in balanced mixtures for all livestock.
As the cakes are hard, they are best fed ground and incorporated in
compounds.
Meals with a high fat content tend to produce soft pork if fed in large amounts.
If limited to about one third of the protein supplement, the meal gives good
results in pigs, especially those weighing over 45 kg.
The oilcake does not keep well. Supplementary lysine will be necessary if
large amounts are to be fed to nonruminants, and for poultry a rich source of
energy has to be added.
45.
Sweet potato is a creeping plant with perennial vines and adventitious roots,
some of which produce swollen tubers. It is an ancient food plant from
tropical America and the Pacific islands, and several varieties of sweet potato
are now extensively cultivated in many parts of the world.
The major producing countries are Japan, Indonesia, Brazil, Korea, China,
India and Uganda, with their production ranging between one and four million
tons per year. Substantial quantities are also produced by the Philippines, the
USA, Malaysia and several other countries.
Chemical composition: Low protein, fat and fibre were found in the roots, but
the high nitrogen-free extract fraction in this tuber is indicative of its potential
value, mainly as an energy source. The vines have a lower carbohydrate
content but higher in fibre and protein and their principal nutritive value is as a
source of vitamins and protein.
Carbohydrates generally make up between 80 to 90 % of the dry weight of
sweet potato roots but the uncooked starch of the sweet potato is very resistant
to the hydrolisis by - amylase. When cooked, their susceptibility to the
enzyme increases.
Thus, after cooking, the easily hydrolysable starch fraction of sweet potato
increases from 4 % to 55 %. The content of trypsin inhibitors of the raw sweet
potato roots could decrease the protein digestibility in mixed feed. The vines
will not produce this effect because they do not contain them in great
quantities. This trypsin inhibitor could be destroyed or lowered by preheating
raw sweet potato roots.
Roots: Cooking sweet potato increased pig live-weight gain when compared
with raw sweet potato and Pigs grazing sweet potatoes require 500 g protein
concentrate per pig per day for optimal growth.
Several results have confirmed that the performance of pigs fed diets
containing dried sweet potato chips was not comparable to that of pigs fed
corn but daily gain and feed/gain ratio were acceptable when the pigs were fed
diets where sweet potato chip substituted half of the corn or at levels near 40
% in the diet.
However, cooked and mashed sweet potatoes may totally replace maize for
fattening pigs provided an adequate protein supplementation is used. Sweet
potato root meal can be included up to 50 % in poultry feeds with good results
if properly supplemented with protein. The fresh tubers are palatable for cattle
and sweet potato meal was found to be 90 % efficient as a feed for lactating
cows when compared to corn meal feed.
Foliage: The vines serve as a nutritive and relished green feed for cattle. The
feeding value of vines is close to that of alfalfa.
Fresh sweet potato vines are palatable to cattle and a cow of 400-500 kg can
consume 50-70 kg daily. An increased proportion of fresh sweet potato vines
produced more milk. The supplementation of sweet potato-forage improves
feed intake and weight gain of young bulls fed sugar cane stalks.
Sweet potato vine meal can be used in poultry rations both as a source of
protein or xantophyll pigment. The xantophyll of sweet potato vines is a good
pigmentation agent for egg yolks and broiler skins.
Sweet potato fresh foliage has been used for weaned piglets substituting 10 %
of the cereal concentrate with satisfactory animal performance both from the
point of view of weight gain and feed conversion and also related to mortality
and herd culling.
The supplementation of standard diets with sweet potato foliage did not
improve the performance of pigs.
The use of fresh foliage, substituting 25 and 50 % of soybean meal as a
protein source in sweet potato roots-soybean diets, decreased the intake of dry
matter probably due to the bulkiness of this feed. Nevertheless, with the low
level of substitution of soybean, meal, feed conversion was similar to that
obtained using sweet potato-soybean diets.
46.
Dried Potatoes are composed of potato by-products from a food processing
plant. The main component is potato skins that have been steam extracted
without the use of chemicals or artificial aids. Other components could be
misshapen pieces as well as limited amounts of fryer skimmings. The product
is mixed, dried, and cooled. Uncooled dry material is used as feedstock for the
wet products going into the dryer.
Typical Analysis
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Moisture
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassiuim
Magnesium
TDN
9.0% minimum
3.5% minimum
4.0% maximum
12.0% maximum
0.20%
0.40%
2.50%
0.29%
80.0%
Usage
Dried Potato product is equal to corn in energy value while having 1 ½ times
the protein value. The heat treatment of the product greatly increases the bioavailability of the nutrients. Specific use recommendations depend on the
species and size of animal being fed.
47.
Oil Cake is the solid residue that can be removed from various types of oily
seeds. The residue is usually extracted by being pressed, removing the oil. Oil
cake is valued for being rich in minerals and protein. Their most common use
is in animal feed. Among the kinds of seeds that oil cake is obtained from are
soybeans, peanuts, linseed, cottonseed, coconuts, and sunflower seeds.
However, some specific kinds may be toxic, and are rather used as fertilizer.
Even cottonseed contains a toxic pigment, gossypol, that must be removed
before processing.
The major oil-bearing seeds contribute large quantities of by-products which
are used in animal feeds, all of which have potential as aquaculture feed
ingredients. The following is a list of the major plants contributing products to
this category of ingredients:
Common Name
Of Oilcake Or
Meal
Groundnut
(Peanut)
Mustard)
Rape)
Coconut
(Poonac)
Oil Palm
Soybean
Cotton
Sunflower
Safflower
Para Rubber
Flax (Linseed)
Sesame
(Gingelly)
Special Characteristics
methionine deficient; prone to aflatoxin development; extensively used in
carp diets.
also used in carp diets but need great care, as non-detoxified meals contain a
range of toxins.
prone to rancidity; absorbs water, thus water unstable feeds; low in protein;
high in fibre.
kernel high in protein; fats saturated; (African oil palm).
high protein; low lipid; generally good source of EAA's including lysine but
methionine deficient; contains a trypsin inhibitor and urease but these are
destroyed during processing; with EAA supplementation it is a potential
partial replacement for fish meal.
screw-press cake contains high level of free gossypol which is toxic; high in
fibre; potentially valuable but knowledge of effect of gossypol on fish not
adequately known (see ADCP, 1983).
richer in methionine and cystine than soybean; lysine deficient; no toxins.
poorer in the EAA's lysine and methionine than sunflower.
must be de-toxified to remove prussic acid; suitability probably similar to
coconut.
like para rubber, contains an enzyme and a glucoside that produces prussic
acid but normal processing destroys the enzyme; not known whether its
additional toxicity to poultry (which can be eliminated by supplementary
vitamin B6) affects fish or not.
rich in methionine but deficient in lysine; would be good ingredient in
conjunction with soybean; value for Indian carps has been demonstrated.
48.
Oats rank around sixth in the world cereal production statistics following
wheat, maize rice, barley and sorghum. Oat grain has always been an
important form of livestock feed.
They are a good source of protein, fibre, and minerals but world oat grain
declined as farm mechanisation increased between 1930 to 1950. Oats remain
an important grain crop for people in marginal ecologies throughout the
developing world, and in developed economies for specialist uses.
In many parts of the world oats are grown for use as grain as well as for forage
and fodder, straw for bedding, hay, haylage, silage and chaff. Livestock grain
feed is still the primary use of oat crops, accounting for an average of around
74% of the world's total usage in 1991 to 1992
Russia, countries of the former Soviet Union, the US, Canada, Germany and
Poland account for about 75% of the worlds supply of grain oats, seed and
industrial grade oats. Since the 1960s the proportion of oats used for feed has
declined in the US and Canada, remained unchanged in the former Soviet
Union countries and Poland, and increased slightly in Germany.
Oats consumed as feed in the US are becoming a specialty feed for race
horses, hobby farmers and breeding stock. The leading exporters of oat grain
are Canada, Finland, Sweden Australia, and Argentina. The US, Japan, the
former Soviet Union, Switzerland and the European Union are the principal
importers of oat grains.
A significant proportion of the oat grains and forages produced on smaller
more remote farms around the world, including in the Himalayan region, are
consumed on the farm and never enter the commercial market place.
Oats are grown for use as grain as well as forage and fodder, straw for
bedding, hay, haylage, silage and chaff. Food uses for oats include oatmeal,
oat flour, oat ban and oat flakes for use as breakfast cereals and ingredients in
other food stuffs. Oats are one of the most nutritious grain cereals, high in
protein and fibre.
The protein of rolled (flakes) oats is generally greater than that found in other
cereal grains. Many of the vitamins and minerals found in oats are combined
in the bran and germ. Most oat food products use the entire groat, making it a
nutritious cereal grain.
Oats normally have almost 90 percent of the energy value of barley and
contain more fiber than barley of corn. They can vary considerably in protein,
fiber and energy.
Oats are a palatable feedstuff and may be safely included at high levels in the
grain ration. They should be fed rolled or ground for maximum utilization. In
grain mixtures where a high level of energy is required, such as for highproducing cows, oats should not be the major ingredient due to their lower
energy value relative to corn and barley. In this case, they should make up no
more than 33 percent of the grain mix. Calves can digest whole oats
effectively because they chew their feed more thoroughly than cows.
49.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
89 %
Crude Protein
12.0 %
Fat
04.5 %
Crude fiber
12.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
28.5 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
14.2 %
Calcium
0.07 %
Phosphorus
0.35 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
68.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
70.2 Mcal/100 lbs
Oat groats are made by dehulling oats and removing all fines and broken
kernels.
Moisture
Protein
Fat
Total Dietary Fiber
Ash
Unhulled Oats
Hulls
Brokens
Enzyme Activity
FFA
50.
Max 12.0 %
Min 12.0 %
6.0 % +/- 1.0 %
10.0 % +/- 1.0 %
2.0 % +/- 0.5 %
Max 7 Oats/100g
Max 10 Hulls/100g
Max 5 % through US #10 Wire Mesh Screen
Negative
Max 0.5 %
Oat hulls are a high-fiber, low energy, low-protein feedstuff. Because of their
high fiber content, oat hulls can be used as a roughage extender during times
when forages are in short supply.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
90 %
03.5 %
01.6 %
51.
Crude fiber
30.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
70.2 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
37.8 %
Calcium
0.14 %
Phosphorus
0.14 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
31.5 %
Net energy—Lactation
30.2 Mcal/100 lbs
Oatmill by-product is a mixture of coarsely ground oat midds, hulls, and thin
oats from human consumption oat plants. It is mainly used as an oat substitute
due to its nutritional characteristics and price competitiveness with whole oats.
Typical Analysis
Crude Protein
Fat
Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Energy
Carbohydrates
Moisture
9 – 10 %
3–4%
20 %
0.16 %
0.25 %
61 – 65 %
73 %
10 %
Feeding and Usage
Oatmill by-product can be included in dairy, beef, and hog rations at the same
level as whole oats. It works extremely well in dry cow and heifer rations due
to its bulkiness and energy level. It is often economically advantageous to
market whole oats as cash grain and replace it with oatmill by-product for
feeding. However, it is not recommended for use in calf starter rations.
Storage and Handling
Oatmill by-product is available in meal or pellet form, bulk or 50 lb. bags.
Bulk material is delivered in hopper, dump or live bottom trailers in 23 – 25
ton loads. It can be handled with any normal moving equipment used in the
feed or grain industry. Bagged loads are 22 – 23 tons and are delivered in van
trailers.
52.
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) meal is the by-product of extracting the seed
for oil. The meal contains 350-380 g/kg CP that is low in protein quality,
being deficient in lysine. It has been a favourite protein source for horses and
ruminants in the past.
Today, soya meal is preferred as it is cheaper and of higher protein quality.
The meal fed in large amounts is laxative, and excess amounts in rations have
undesirable softening effects on butterfat and give milk a rancid taste. The
recommended maximum intake for cattle is 3 kg per day. Because of this
softening property of the oil, linseed cake is unsatisfactory as a main
ingredient in pig feeds. Up to 1 kg per day has been used with good results,
but not more than 8 percent linseed meal is commonly included in rations.
For young pigs and brood sows a maximum of 5 percent linseed meal in the
ration is usually recommended. Linseed meal is toxic to poultry except in very
small proportions (under 3 percent). Larger amounts depress growth. The
toxicity can largely be eliminated by soaking the meal in water for twenty-four
hours or by adding pyridoxin, one of the B-vitamins to the diet.
Linseed meal is the byproduct of extracting the oil from flaxseed. It is used as
a protein supplement and contains somewhat less TDN than soybean meal. A
good source of selenium, it averages 1.0 ppm.
Linseed meal is very palatable. It may be included in the grain mix at a level
of up to 25 percent of feed to milking herds at a rate of up to 9 pounds (4kg)
per head per day.
Typical Analysis Solvent:
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
91 %
34.0 %
01.5 %
09.3 %
22.7 %
17.3 %
00.4 %
00.9 %
70.0 %
71.8 Mcal/100 lbs.
53.
Barley is a cereal grain, which serves as a major animal feed crop, with
smaller amounts used for malting and in health food. It is a member of the
grass family Poaceae. In 2005, barley ranked fourth in quantity produced and
in area of cultivation of cereal crops in the world (560,000 km²). Its
germination time is anywhere from 1 to 3 days.
Half of the world's barley production is used as an animal feed. A large part of
the remainder used for malting and is a key ingredient in beer and whiskey
production. Two-row barley is traditionally used in German and English beers,
and six-row barley in American beers. Non-alcoholic drinks such as barley
water and mugicha are also made from unhulled barley. A small amount is
used in healthfoods.
54.
55.
Limestone is sometimes added as a supplement in animal feeds, as a source of
calcium.
Mineral elements have a great diversity of uses within the animal body. The
following mineral elements are recognized as essential for body functions in
fish: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, molybdenum, chlorine, magnesium, iron,
selenium, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt and zinc. To these may be added
fluorine and chromium which have also been shown to be essential for land
animals.
The prominence of each mineral element in body tissues is closely related to
its functional role. As constituents of bones and teeth, minerals provide
strength and rigidity to skeletal structures. In their ionic states in body fluids
they are indispensable for the maintenance of acid-base equilibrium and
osmotic relationship with the aquatic environment, and for integration
activities involving the nervous and endocrine systems. As components of
blood pigments, enzymes and organic compounds in tissues and organs they
are indispensable for essential metabolic processes involving gas exchange
and energy transactions.
Calcium
Phosphorus
Iron
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Cobalt
Iodine
Selenium
56.
Alfalfa dehy is produced from standing alfalfa, which is mowed and chopped
in the field, delivered to the dehydrating plant still containing a minimum of
60 percent moisture, artificially dried, ground and pelleted.
Dehy can replace a portion of both the grain and the forage in rations for
milking cows. It can replace up to 50 percent of the conventional forage dry
matter in the ration, but at this level the ration should contain no more than 50
percent grain, on a dry matter basis.
Research at the University of Nebraska has shown that the protein in dehy
tends to be degraded in the rumen to a lesser extent than the protein in alfalfa
hay, alfalfa silage or soybean meal. This is the basis of dehy’s reputation as a
source of "by-pass" protein.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
TDN
NE/L
92 %
17.0 %
02.9 %
25.5 %
40.9 %
32.2 %
1.39 %
0.23%
56.1%
57.6 Mcal/100 lbs.
When managed correctly, alfalfa is very palatable forage for dairy cattle and a
good source of protein, vitamins, calcium and potassium. It also tends to be
higher in energy than many other forages.
Suncured alfalfa pellets are produced from alfalfa hay, which has been ground
and pelleted. The meal is produced by regrinding the pellets. If the hay is
chopped instead of ground, the product is called suncured chopped alfalfa or
chopped alfalfa hay. In addition to the 13 percent crude protein product, a 15
percent crude protein product also is commonly available on the market.
Suncured alfalfa is used as a forage source in dairy rations. Because its small
particle size tends to alter rumen fermentation patterns and possibly depress
fat test, suncured alfalfa (pellets, meal, or chopped) should not make up more
than 50 percent of the ration’s forage dry matter.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
92 %
13.0 %
01.8 %
30.0 %
48.7 %
35.9 %
01.2 %
00.2 %
47.8 %
48.0 Mcal/100 lbs
57.
Barley Flour is produced from barley after malting and removal of sugar and
starch by hot water extraction. The extracted barley is dried by indirect steam,
milled and sifted to obtain a flour which 100% passes a US 40 mesh screen
and 90% is retained by a US 120 mesh screen.
Typical Analysis
Protein
Crude Fat
Total Dietary Fiber
Ash
Moisture
18.5 %
06.8 %
65.0 %*
04.6 %
07.0 %
*AACC Method 32 – 05/ AOAC/ Prosky Method
Physical Characteristics
Density (lbs./cu. Ft.)
Color Uniform
Aroma
Flavor
Granulation
58.
32
Tan
Mild roasted grain
Bland
Through US # 40 – 100 %
Packed in 50 lb. multiwall paper bags.
Packaging
Also available for bulk delivery.
Best stored at dry and cool conditions (32
Storage
– 40 degrees F).
Barley grain has about 95 percent of the energy of corn and is higher in fiber.
Barley should be ground or rolled for maximum utilization by dairy cows.
Barley can vary greatly in feed value depending on its source and growing
conditions. Protein may vary from 7 to 13 percent. Lightweight or immature
barley tends to be higher in fiber, less digestible and lower in energy than
heavy weight barley.
Barley is very palatable and safe to feed in large quantities. It may be included
in the grain mix at high levels.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
89 %
11.6 %
02.0 %
59.
Crude fiber
06.0 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
16.9 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
06.2 %
Calcium
0.07 %
Phosphorus
0.36 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
76.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
78.3 Mcal/100 lbs.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast 100% pure Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast
cultured on sugar cane molasses under carefully controlled and sanitary
conditions. After fermentation, the yeast is collected and dried using special
spray dryers, which preserve the full and unaltered protein, mineral and
vitamin content of pure yeast.
Typical Analysis:
Protein
Protein
Carbohydrates
Moisture
Fat
Ash
Fiber
40.0 % min.
40.0-43.0 % typical
44.0 % average
8.0 % maximum
4.0 % maximum
4.0 % maximum
2.0 % maximum
Microbiological:
Total plate count
Coliform
Salmonella
E Coli
Typical Amino Acid:
Alanine
Cystine
Isoleucine
Phenylalanine
Valine
Glutamic Acid
Leucine
Proline
less than 50000 g
less than 1000 g
negative
negative
2.71
0.32
1.92
2.13
2.28
4.76
3.02
1.51
Arginine
Glycine
Lysine
Serine
Aspartic Acid
Histidine
Methionine
Tyrosine
1.73
1.79
total 3.18
1.73
4.31
1.13
0.81
0.94
Threonine
Vitamin:
2.47
Tryptophan .0.45
B1
1.29 mg/kg
B2
B6
Folic Acid
8.67 mg/kg
<0.11 mg/kg
B12
Biotin (H)
Choline
685.0 mg/kg
Inositol
22.51
mg/kg
0.01 mg/kg
2.02 mg/kg
300.0
mg/kg
Physical Properties
Aroma Typical for yeast
Taste Typical for yeast- soft and mild- not bitter
Color Light Cream
Packing: 50 pound net- multiwalled paper bags with pre liner.
60.
Yeast, Active
Guaranteed Analysis
15%
Crude Protein
minimum
Crude Fat
3% minimum
7%
Crude Fiber
maximum
Ingredients: Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, ground yellow corn, hominy
feed, corn gluten, wheat middlings, soybean meal, cane molasses, brewers
dried yeast and brewers dried grains
Feeding Directions
For general feeding purposes, yeast should be mixed with ground grains and/
or commercial feeds and mashes, for all livestock and poultry, and fed dry in
the usual way. General recommended amounts of yeast for optimum results:
Swine: Mix 50 lbs. of yeast per ton of sow gestation feed and 25 lbs. per ton in
sow lactation rations. In pig starters, use 50 lbs. of yeast per ton and 25 lbs. in
grower and finisher rations.
Dairy: Feed yeast at a rate of 4 ounces per head per day. Normally 25 lbs. per
ton of grain mixture or 15 lbs. per complete feed will meet this level.
Beef Cattle: Feed 2-4 ounces of yeast per head per day mixed with the
complete ration or supplement.
Sheep: Feed 1-2 ounces of yeast per head per day or mix 25 lbs. per ton of
complete feed.
Poultry: In layer and breeder feeds, mix 25 lbs. of yeast per ton of complete
feed. For broilers and growing turkeys, use 50 lbs. per ton in the starter ration
and 10-25 lbs. per ton in grower and finisher feeds.
Horse: Feed 2-4 ounces of yeast per head per day by top dressing the daily
feed or mix 50 lbs. per ton of grain mix.
Dogs and Mink: Mix 50 lbs. of yeast per ton of complete dog food. Mix 50
lbs. of yeast per ton for dry grain mix for mink. These recommendations are
based on complete feed and grain mixtures. Supplements and concentrates
require larger quantities of yeast as they are only a portion of the total feed
intake. The amount of yeast should, therefore, be calculated proportionately.
61.
Whey is the liquid portion of milk, which separates from the curd during
cheesemaking. Sweet whey comes from the manufacture of Cheddar and
mozzarella cheese. The pH of sweet whey is 6.0, which is higher than that of
fresh acid whey.
Whey is corrosive. Suitable materials for equipment used in handling whey
include plastic, stainless steel, glass, fiberglass and wood.
Whey should be delivered fresh daily. Whey that is not fresh (over 36 hours
old) has a low pH, is not consumed as readily as fresh whey, and tends to
cause tooth erosion and sore gums, especially in young stock.
Cows require a period of up to four weeks to become accustomed to liquid
whey. It may be necessary to limit water during this period. Once a herd
adapts to liquid whey, water should be freely available. In general, cows will
drink about two-thirds of their liquid as whey and one-third as water.
On a dry matter basis, whey is similar in TDN to corn and contains almost
one-third more protein. When offered liquid whey free-choice, cows will drink
up to 200 pounds (91 kg) or 25 gallons daily. One hundred pounds (45 kg) of
liquid whey is equivalent to 7 ½ pounds (3.4 kg) of a 12-percent-protein grain
mixture.
Cattle drinking liquid whey free-choice will increase their urine output
considerably and will require more bedding. Reducing the moisture content of
liquid whey to 0 percent gives a product called whey concentrate.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
6.5 %
0.90 %
0.07 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
0.06 %
0.07 %
5.70 %
6.00 Mcal/100 lbs
62.
Wheat grain. In general, wheat is higher in protein than corn or barley and
about equal to corn in energy. Because several varieties of wheat are
commonly grown, the protein content can vary from 9 to 15 percent and TDN
from 74 to 82 percent.
Wheat is a palatable grain and should be fed coarsely ground or crushed for
best results. It should not be fed whole or ground finely. Finely ground wheat
is powdery and unpalatable. Wheat should not make up more than 50 percent
of the grain mix (a maximum of 33 percent is common) nor be fed at a rate
greater than 12 pounds (5.5 kg) per cow per day.
Unseasonably rainy weather occasionally will cause wheat to sprout after it
has been cut and is lying in the swath or even while still standing. Sprouted
wheat is an acceptable feed, although it is somewhat damaged wheat. Rolled
sprouted wheat should be prepared every two days to avoid spoilage.
63.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
89 %
Crude Protein
11.0 %
Fat
01.7 %
Crude fiber
02.5 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
16.5 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
05.2 %
Calcium
0.05 %
Phosphorus
0.32 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
79.0 %
Net energy—Lactation
82.4 Mcal/100 lbs
Wheat Mill (Pollard) These byproducts of milling wheat for flour consist of
varying amounts of bran, germ and flour. They are highly palatable, low in
calcium and tend to be higher in phosphorus than most other grains and
processed grain by-products.
Wheat bran is highest in fiber and phosphorus and lowest in energy of the
five. It can be included in the grain mix up to a level of 25 percent or fed at a
rate of up to 7 pounds (3.2 kg) per cow per day.
Wheat middlings (also called midds) is a very common ingredient in cattle
feeds. Midds are a by-product of the flour milling industry comprising several
grades of granular particles containing different proportions of endosperm,
bran and germ.
It has 96 percent of the energy value of barley and 91 percent of the energy
value of corn. Midds are palatable feedstuffs and can be included in the grain
mixture at high levels.
Wheat middlings can be maintained in good condition for up to three years if
stored in a dry environment. Bulk material can be handled in normal
equipment used in the feed or grain industry.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible
Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
Wheat Bran
89 %
15.5 %
03.5 %
11.0 %
45.4 %
13.4 %
00.1 %
1.10 %
Wheat Midds
89 %
16.5 %
04.5 %
07.5 %
32.0 %
09.9 %
00.1 %
0.80 %
62.0 %
72.8 %
64.6 Mcal/100 lbs
83.8 Mcal/100 lbs
64.
Urea is a synthetic compound with a high level of nitrogen. It is not a natural
protein. In high-energy rations, it can serve as a source of nitrogen for the
synthesis of protein by rumen microbes. This is why it is said to have an
equivalent crude protein value from nonprotein nitrogen.
Feed grade urea usually is 42 to 46 percent nitrogen, equivalent to 262 to 287
percent crude protein from nonprotein nitrogen, respectively. Feed grade urea
comes in the form of small beadlets coated with a clay solution.
Feeding
Urea can be fed to milking cows up to a maximum rate of ½ pound (0.22 kg)
per cow per day. One-fourth to one-third pound (0.11 to 0.15 kg) of urea per
cow per day is a more common rate of feeding. This is equal to about 1 to 2
percent urea in the total grain ration or about 2.8 to 5.6 percent crude protein
equivalent from nonprotein nitrogen in the total grain ration. Levels of urea in
the feed much higher than recommended can be toxic.
Urea should not be used in the same ration with raw soybeans or raw soybean
hulls. These feeds contain an enzyme, which breaks down urea to ammonia,
causing poor palatability. The enzyme is destroyed when the soybeans are
heated. Urea can be mixed with corn silage at ensiling to raise the crude
protein value.
Urea should not be fed to calves less than three months old.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
99 %
ECPNPN*
287 % or 262 %
Fat
0.00 %
Crude fiber
0.00 %
Neutral Detergent Fiber
0.00 %
Acid Detergent Fiber
0.00 %
Calcium
0.00 %
Phosphorus
0.00 %
Total Digestible Nutrients
0.00 %
Net energy—Lactation
0.00 Mcal/100 lbs
* Equivalent crude protein from nonprotein nitrogen
65.
Dried tomato pomace is the dried mixture of tomato skins, pulp and crushed
seeds that remain after the processing of tomatoes for juice, soup, or ketchup.
It is a middle protein, a good source of B Vitamins and a fair source of
Vitamin A. It is commonly used in pet foods as a source of dietary fiber, to
produce firm stools. Tomato pomace also increases the palatability of cat
diets.
Typical Analysis
Crude Protein
Crude Fat
Crude Fiber
Ash
Moisture
20.0 - 24.0 %
15.0 - 18.0 %
26.0 - 35.0 %
3.0 - 5.0 %
6.0 - 10.0 %
66.
Malt sprouts are obtained from malted barley by the removal of the sprouts,
which may include some of the malt hulls, other parts of the malt and foreign
material unavoidably present.
Description
Malt sprouts consist of dried sprouts and rootlets produced during the malting
(germination of sprouting) of barley for brewing. Sprouts should contain at
least 24 percent crude protein. Malt sprouts with less than 24 percent crude
protein are sometimes referred to as No. 2 malt sprouts.
They are a medium protein, medium energy, high fiber feedstuff with about 82
percent of the TDN value of corn. They may be included in the grain mix as
needed. Avoid including them as more than 20 percent of the ration due to
their lower energy value.
Typical Analysis
Dry matter
Crude Protein
Fat
Crude fiber
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Acid Detergent Fiber
Calcium
Phosphorus
Total Digestible Nutrients
Net energy—Lactation
94 %
26.0 %
01.4 %
15.0 %
43.2 %
16.9 %
0.25 %
00.7 %
66.0 %
68.2 Mcal/100 lbs
Feeding and Usage
Malt sprouts are an inexpensive source of protein, which also supplies
adequate fiber for normal rumen function and fat test. Sprouts are about as
bulky as dried brewers grains and supply slightly less total digestible nutrients.
They are somewhat bitter and thus should be mixed with other feedstuffs for
palatability. It is recommended not to exceed a level of 15% malt sprouts in a
concentrate mixture for dairy cows for other stock.
Storage and Handling
Malt sprouts are available in bulk and may be delivered in a hopper, dump or
live bottom trailers. A trailer load is approximately 16 to 20 tons Malt sprouts
can be handled with augers, belts, or other feeding systems.