The U.S. Film Industry: A Historical Overview J412/J512 U.S. FILM INDUSTRY O C TO B E R 3 , 2 0 1 3 Reading Quiz What is the “new abnormal,” as discussed in Lynda Obst’s article? Answer Essentially: Extreme reduction of risk (or attempt thereof) Are films “properties that can be marketed into international franchises?” (p. 5) “International has come to be 70% of our total revenues in the New Abnormal” (p. 7). “They can invent stars for tentpoles, pay them less up front, and tie them in to infinite options for sequels, like with Chris Hemsworth in Thor” (p. 18). The Early (US) Film Industry J412/512 9/27/12 Film’s Inventor? Thomas Edison or William K. L. Dickson? Dickson performed bulk of experimentation; most scholars credit Dickson with transforming a concept into reality. Fred Ott’s Sneeze, 1894 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PaJ1r0udvQ Film as novelty http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0vEO4Q6 s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agvQxm_nPI w Film as Business From 1908: Beginnings of an Industrial Structure Mass Production Growth of narrative format “Director” system Companies: Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Kalem, Essanay, Lubin, plus small producers Struggle for Control: Patent Wars Locations of Film Industry in Early 1900s New York Edison Kinetoscope Parlor Vitagraph Company of America Fort Lee, NJ Moving Pictures Studios West Film Clip: “Hollywood East” Motion Picture Set, 1912 Hollywood Golden Era of Hollywood (APPROX. 1920S-1950S/1960S) Golden Era: Film Studios Operating in Hollywood Big Five: ◦ Paramount ◦ Fox ◦ Loews (MGM) ◦ RKO ◦ Warner Brothers Little Three: ◦ United Artists ◦ Columbia ◦ Universal Poverty Row ◦ Republic ◦ Monogram ◦ Grand National ◦ Others The Big Five studios were: “a large inverted pyramid, top-heavy with real estate and theaters, resting on a narrow base of intangibles which constitute films”(Huettig). Business Strategies Block booking Run, clearance and zoning Admission price discrimination Watch at Home: “A Trip Through a Hollywood Studio” H T T P : / / W W W.YO U T U B E .CO M / WATC H ? V = W F UA M J I T Y - 0 Anti-Trust and the Paramount Decrees Anti-Trust Lawsuits First antitrust lawsuit (1938): ◦ Principal objective: Divest theaters ◦ Secondary objective: End monopolistic practices in film industry Settled out of court: theater control remained with studios Paramount Decrees Final decision in 1946 ◦ Unfair practices favoring theater circuits were declared illegal restraints of trade and prohibited Paramount & RKO filed consent decrees to divest theater holdings Loew’s, Twentieth Century-Fox and Warners refused to comply ◦ Launched another appeal ◦ Ultimately divested in 1953 Impact on Hollywood Studio System Production: ◦ Little Three had more share of market ◦ Boom in independent production ◦ Production Code harder to enforce Distribution: ◦ Big Five could no longer give special treatment to each other Exhibition: ◦ Independent theaters had more control over their businesses From Film Industry to Entertainment Industry Key = TV provided “studios with blueprint for creating a new market by means of exploiting their library of titles through a new technology” (Tzioumakis, 14). Conglomeration & Deconglomeration Conglomeration: Studios acquired by major corporations ◦ e.g., Paramount = Gulf + Western Deconglomeration: Major corporations focused operations ◦ Studios able to focus on media, utilize synergy and crosspromotion to full advantage Strategies: ◦ Synergy, cross-promotion, horizontal & vertical integration, global expansion Paramount: By 1966: ◦ Aging leadership ◦ Production losses, lack of aggressiveness ◦ Eroding assets 1966: Gulf + Western acquired for $125m ◦ Overhauled mgmt, restructured company ◦ Independent production ◦ Television acquisitions ◦ Reduced foreign distribution overhead Twentieth Century-Fox: 1965: The Sound of Music Flops: Dr. Doolittle (1967), Hello Dolly! (1968), Star! (1968) 1971: New leadership Cut back on film production Created music-recording companies Acquired TV stations, Coca-Cola Bottling Midwest, Aspen Skiing Corporation, Magnetic Video, Pebble Beach Corporation 1977: Star Wars Where does digital technology fit in? “Digital media provide lucrative platforms for new but also old media content, adding to the value of the music, film or television libraries kept by rights holders.” -- Paul McDonald (quoted in Tzioumakis, p. 25) Location of Film Industry / Alternatives to Hollywood Outside the Hollywood System Artistic cinema Minority films Exploitation films Documentary films Industrial films Pacific NW & Hollywood Questions?