CLASS 7
HISTORY & CIVICS
Prepared by Mrs. Daksha Pednekar,
Mrs. Pramila Manjunath,
Mrs. Suruchi Chitre
Edited by Mrs. Hemshikha Gupta
HISTORY DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS
Ancient
Medieval or
Middle
Modern
CAUSES
THE BIRTH OF JESUS
EFFECTS
 Romans conquered
Palestine
Around 6-4 BCE,
Jesus, son of God was
born to Mary in
Bethlehem in Judea.
Jesus' interpretation of
Jewish laws clashed
with the ideas of Jewish
religious leaders.
Appointed Herod, A
puppet ruler - the Jews
suffered under him.
Jesus grew up in
They felt threatened by
Nazareth, in Palestine,
his growing popularity.
where he studied Jewish
scriptures.
Jews looked forward
with hope and faith, the
coming of a ‘Messiah’
His baptism took place Jesus was put on trial
when he was 30 years
and sentenced to death.
old.
He is believed to have
resurrected.
Church
became
conservative
and
authoritarian
Germanic
tribes left
Roman
church unharmed
By 900 CE,
most
Europeans
converted to
Christianity
SPREAD OF
CHRISTIANITY
Monasteries
built and they
became
centers of
learning and
religion
Christian
monks
organized
themselves into
religious orders
The power
and wealth
of church
multiplied
CRUSADERS
THEIR EFFECTS
11th century CE-Turks
invaded Constantinople.
Paved the way for the ‘Renaissance’.
Pope appealed all Christians
to join the Crusades (the holy
wars) against the Turks to
recover Jerusalem.
Contributed to the decline of
‘Feudalism’.
Between 11th and 13th
Re-established direct trade contacts
centuries CE, the Christians led between Europe and other parts of the
8 military expeditions against
world.
Turks.
Brought several changes in
medieval Europe.
Many new towns and cities were
established.
MONASTERIES
Active members of
the Monasteries
Features of the
Monasteries
Role of the
Monasteries
3. ISLAM AND ITS IMPACT ON MIDDLE
EAST
THE ADVENT OF ISLAM - LIFE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD
Prophet Muhammad - born in Mecca in 570 CE - Founder of
Islam
Came in contact with Christian and Jewish religious beliefs and
practices
Spent lot of time in prayer and meditation
Around 610 CE, God spoke to him and revealed to him the divine
message
Declared that Allah was the only God and Muhammad was His
Prophet. New religion - Islam, followers of Islam - Muslims
SPREAD OF ISLAM
PROPHET MUHAMMAD
PRINCIPLES
1. There is only one God and
Muhammad is His Prophet.
2. Muslims must say their
prayers five times a day.
3. They must help he poor and
needy by giving away a portion
of their wealth in charity.
ABU BAKR
1. Abu Bakr was
Muhammad’s faithful friend
and follower and was selected
as his successor.
2. He took the title of Khalifa
or Caliph.
3. He mobilized and
transformed the Arabs into an
excellent fighting force.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN INDIA
MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN INDIA (8TH TO 18TH
CENTURY CE
Early Medieval
(8th-13th Century
CE)
Delhi Sultanate (1200-1526 CE)
Mughal Period (1526-mid-18th
century CE)
Later Medieval
(13th - 18th
Century CE)
MAHMUD OF GHAZNI
Invaded India 17 times from 1001-25 CE
and plundered its riches
He attacked the Somnath Temple in
Kathiawar, which was his most ambitious
and profitable expedition.
The Persian poet, Firdausi, author of the
great epic, Shahnama, and the great
Persian historian and mathematician, AlBeruni, were among the eminent scholars
patronized by Mahmud.
MUHAMMAD GHORI
• He was the founder of the Turkish
kingdom in India.
• A new chapter in Indian history had
begun.
IMPORTANT BATTLES
• First battle of Tarain – 1191 CE –
Prithviraj Chauhan inflicted a crushing
defeat on Ghori.
• Second Battle of Tarain – 1192 CE –
Ghori routed the Rajput army.
DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526 CE
QUTBUDDIN AIBAK
• He founded the Mamluk Dynasty
and ruled between 1206-10 CE
• He was a just and generous ruler
and was known as ‘lakhbaksh’.
• The great monument Qutb Minar
was started by him.
ILTUTMISH
• He (120-36 CE was the true
founder of the Turkish rule in
India. He was a capable ruler.
• He consolidated his possessions
and stabilized his position by
shrewd and clever handling of all
those challenged his authority.
RAZIA SULTAN
• She (1236 – 39 CE) was the first great
woman monarch.
• She sat in the open durbar and
transacted business.
• The welfare of her subjects was her
primary duty.
GHIYASUDDIN BALBAN
• He (1266-86 CE) was an experienced
and capable ruler.
• He believed in the theory of ‘divine
kingship’, i.e. the king was God’s
representative on earth.
• The peaceful and stable conditions
during his reign were favourable for
the development of agriculture, trade
and commerce and led to the economic
prosperity.
Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty
ALAUDDIN KHILJI
• He (1296-1316 CE) declared himself
the Sultan and ascended the throne of
Delhi.
• He was a brilliant general and a
shrewd administrator.
• He dreamt of conquering the whole
world.
• He was the first Turkish Sultan to
build an empire in India.
ALAUDDIN KHILJI
REORGANIZAT
ION OF ARMY
• First to lay
the
foundation
of standing
army.
• Introduced
the system
of ‘dagh’
and
‘chehre’
REVENUE
REFORMS
• The land was
measured and
the share of
the state was
fixed.
• The Sultan
increased the
revenue from
one third to
half. It was to
be paid in
cash.
MARKET
CONTROL POLICY
•
Price control
was
introduced.
• The prices of
all commodities
were fixed and
prices of
essential
commodities
were kept low.
• Anyone caught
hoarding goods
or cheating
customers in
price or weight
was severely
punished.
ART AND
ARCHITECTURE
• Alauddin was
a patron of
art and
learning.
• Amir
Khusrau, the
famous
Persian poet,
lived in his
court.
• The Alai
Darwaza is
the most
beautiful
specimen
THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ
• He was the founder of the Tughlaq
Dynasty.
• He was an efficient administrator and
a capable military command.
• He introduced several reforms for the
welfare of his subjects.
• He restored peace and stability in the
Delhi Sultanate.
MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
• He (1324-51 CE) was the most
learned and accomplished scholar.
• He was gifted with an extraordinary
memory and a keen intellect.
• He had mastered logic, philosophy,
mathematics, astronomy and
physical sciences.
• He was a diligent ruler and
undertook many projects as follows.
MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ’S PROJECTS
TAXATION
IN DOAB
• To increase
military
resources
he needed
additional
revenue.
• The tax in
the GangaYamuna
Doab was
increased
TRANSFER OF
CAPITAL
• He shifted
his capital
from Delhi
to Devagiri
(renamed as
Daulatabad)
TOKEN
CURRENCY
• Copper
coins, having
the same
vaue as gold
and silver
coins, were
issued and
people were
ordered to
use these
token coins
in all their
transactions.
EXPANSION
SCHEMES
• He dreamt of
establishing a
world empire.
• He decided to
conquer
Khurasa, Persia
and Iraq.
• A hige arm was
mobilized, well
eqipped and
paid one full
year’s salary in
advance.
FIROZE SHAH TUGHLAQ
• He (1351-88 CE) was a peaceloving, just and benevolent ruler.
• The welfare of his subjects was his
primary concern.
• He introduced numerous welfare
schemes to improve the economic
condition of his subjects and
promote material prosperity.
FIROZE SHAH TUGHLAQ
ECONOMIC REFORMS
PUBLIC UTILITY MEASURES
JUDICIAL REFORMS
PATRON OF ART AND
ARCHITECTURE
INVASION OF TIMUR
INVASION
OF
TIMUR
THE SAYYID
AND THE
LODI
DYNASTIES
• The final blow to the Sultanate was dealt
by Amir Timur, the Mongol ruler of
Samarkand in Central Asia.
• Taking advantage of the weak Tughlaq
rule, Timur invaded India in 1398-99 CE
to plunder its wealth.
• Khizr Khan overthrew the last Tughlaq
Sultan and established the rule of the
Sayyid dynasty in 1414 CE.
• The Sayyids ruled Delhi for 38 years.
• An Afghan dynasty called he Lodis (14511526 CE) was founded by Bahlul Lodi
• Babur invaded India in 1526 CE and
killed Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of
Panipat, which was turning point in the
history of India.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE
SOCIETY
ARISTOCRACY
Consisted of the
Sultan, the
nobles, the Hindu
rajas and princes
and the
landlords.
PRIESTS
Consisted of
the ulema,
maulvis,
qazis and
brahmanas.
TOWN
DWELLERS
Consisted of
officials,
artisans,
craftspeople,
merchants,
slaves and
domestic
servants.
PEASANTS
The life of
the peasants
was one of
hard work,
drudgery
and poverty.
LIFE UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE (CONT.)
ART AND
ARCHITECTURE
* Indo-Islamic style
was introduced.
* Characteristic
feature – extensive
use of bricks,
arches, domes,
beams and
balconies
MUSIC
AND DANCE
* Hindustani
music was the
outcome of the
fusion of the
Perso-Arabic
and Indian
classical music
styles.
*Invention of
sitar by Amir
Khusrau
*Qawwali and
Kathak dance
forms.
PAINTING
*The Rajput
style of
miniature
painting
continued on
this period.
OTHER
CULTURAL
CHANGES
*Clothing –
pyjama-kurtas,
kaftans, salwarkameez.
*Food – biryani,
bread, wine.
*Turkish rulers
assimilated many
Hindu cultural
triats.
Administration
CAPITAL CITY
ECONOMIC
CONDITION
• Developed
around Hampi.
•Streets were
paved and well
laid
KRISHNADEVARAYA
•Imposed custom
duties
•Promoted agriculture
•Precious Stones
openly sold in
bazars
RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE
• No Caste discrimination
Allaudin Hassan-Established-Under the title Allaudin Bahman Shah
Bahmani kingdom reached the height –Mahmud Gawan
scholarship to poor and deserving students. Led a spartan
lifestyle. A capable administrator.
Bahmani kings –great builders. Chand Minar, forts of Faizabad, Gol
Gumbaz, tomb of Adil Shah
BABUR–The Founder of the Mughal Empire
The First Battle
of Panipat
Defeat of
Sultan
of Delhi
Battle
of Khanwa
Supreme Control
over
Central India
Battle of
Chanderi and
Battle of
Ghagra
Babur’s memoir
Tuzk-I-Baburi
OR
Baburnama
HUMAYUN
Empire divided
between
himself and three
brother's.
Military Expedition
Chunar, Gujarat
, Malwa,Bengal
Battles fought with
Sher Khan
Battle of Chausa ,
Battle of Kanauj
Humayun’s Exile
Humayun Returns
Founder of Afghan Rule
Central
and Provincial
Administration.
Empire divided into 47
Provinces or
Sarkars.
Military
Organization
Dagh –branding
Horses.
Chehra descriptive
roll of soldiers were
Revived.
Communication
System &
Grand Trunk Road
Sarais –rest house and
Dak Chaukis were built.
Trade and
Commerce
Silver coin
issued-Rupia
Religious Policy
Literature and
architecture
Rohtasgarh,
Own tomb
Malwa, Gondwana,
North West ,Deccan
CONQUEST
Subjugation of Rajputs
Conflict with Maharana
Pratap
AKBAR
Wazir, diwan, qazi,
Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan-i-Aam
ADMINISTRATION
The Mansabdari system
Revenue system,Todar Mal
Bandobast
One nation, equal status
Ibadat Khana
Akbar’s Religious Policy
Akbar’s Religion (Sulh-i-kul)
Din-i- Ilahi
Rajput policy
Social and Cultural
Achievements
Social Reforms, Educational Reform
Literature, Paintings
Architecture, Music
Nine Gems
Rebellion of Khusrao
Arrival of
East India
Company
SALIM-Ascended the
throne under title of
JAHANGIR
Nur Jahan
Conquest
Mewar,
Deccan,
Kangra
DECCAN CAMPAIGN
CENTRAL ASIA
CULTURAL
ACHIEVEMENTS
BUILT MAGNIFICENT
BUILDINGS
MAIN
EVENTS
EXPULSION OF
PORTUGESE
THE REIGN OF AURANGZEB AND THE MARATHAS
North-East, North-West
Frontier
East India and The Jats
Vast empire and administration led to revolts
The Satnamis
The Bundelas
The Sikh
The Rajputs
Defeat of Afzal Khan and Shaista Khan
Treaty of Purandhar
Shivaji’s Coronation
Administration- Revenue-Swarjya
Mughlai,Chauth,Sardeshmukhi
Political System- Asthapradhan
Military System- Guerilla warfare
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
Moinuddin
Chisti-Founder
SUFI
MOVEMENT
Teachings of
Sufism
Only one god
Monastic
organizationSilsilas,Chisti,
Suhrawardi
popular in India.
BHAKTI
MOVEMENT
Teachings of
Bhakti Saints
Everyone should lead a
pure life.
Impact of Religious
Movements
Exposed the futility of
rites and rituals.
Spirit of Enquiry
Humanism
FEATURES
Scientific Spirit
Rationalism
Science
Literature
Art and
Architecture
Geographical
Discoveries
IMPACT
CLASS 7
CIVICS
Chapter 17: THE MAKING OF OUR
CONSTITUTION
THE
CONSTITUTION
• The Preamble- an
introduction to
constitution
• Source of the
ConstitutionWee the people
of India
NATURE OF THE
STATE
•
•
•
•
•
Sovereign
Socialist
Secular
Democratic
Republic
OBJECTIVE OF THE
CONSTITUTION
•
•
•
•
Justice
Liberty
Equality
Fraternity
Chapter 18: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
AND DUTIES
Fundamental
Rights
Fundamental
Duties
•
•
•
•
•
•
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right to Freedom of Religion
Right against Exploitation
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Education
• Respect the Constitution, National
Flag and the National Anthem
• Protection of Sovereignty, Unity,
brotherhood and Integrity
• Preservation of Cultural Heritage and
National Environment
Chapter 19: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF
STATE POLICY
• Equal distribution wealth
• Utilization of resources for all
• Adequate means of livelihood
• Equal pay for both men and
women
• The right to work
• Assistance for the old, sick disabled
and the unemployed
• The right to free and
compulsory education
• Welfare schemes for the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled tribes
• Equal pay for both men and women
• Free and compulsory education
• Promotion of cottage industries
• Improvement of general health of the
people
• Establishment of village panchayat
PRINCIPLES
PROMOTING
ECONOMIC
EQUALITY
IMPLEMENTATI
ON OF
DIRECTIVE
PRINCIPLES
GHANDIAN
PRINCIPLES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
• Promotion of international
peace and security
• Just and honorable relations
with other countries
• Safeguard forests and wildlife
• Protect objects, places and
monuments of national
importance
Chapter 20: THE UNION AND STATE
LEGISLATURE
PARLIAMENTARY
FORM OF
GOVERNMENT
THE UNION
LEGISLATURE
FUNCTION OF
THE PARLIAMENT
• Functions of the government
• The three list of subjects of Legislation – The Union List,
The State List and the Concurrent List
• THE LOK SABHA-Composition, Qualification, voting by
secret Ballot, Universal Adult Franchise, Term and the
Speaker
THE RAJYA SABHA-Composition, Qualification and the
chairperson
• Law making functions
• The Budget
• Control over the Executives
• Judicial Functions
• Elective Functions
THE STATE LEGISLATURE
THE VIDHAN
SABHA
• COMPOSITION
• TERM
• QUALIFICATION
THE VIDHAN
PARISHAD
• COMPOSITION
• TERM
• QUALIFICATION
FUNCTIONS OF
THE STATE
LEGISLATURE
• MAKE LAW ON SUBJECTS UNDER THE STATE AND
COCURRENT LIST
• MAKE BUDGET FOR THE STATE
• EXERCISE CONTROL OVER THE CHIEF MINISTER AND
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• CAN PASS VOTE OF NO-CONFIDENCE
Chapter 21: THE UNION EXECUTIVE
THE
PRESIDENT
Qualification
• Election and
termination
Powers
• Executive
• Military
• Legislative
• Financial
• Judicial
• Emergency
• Discretionary
THE VICE
PRESIDENT
Qualification
THE PRIME
MINSTER
Election
• Term
• Term
• Role of council
Function
Functions
• Chairperson of the Rajya
Sabha
• Takes over functions of
President in his absence
• Advice to President
• Selection of Council
• Distribution of portfolios
• Vital link between the
President and the Cabinet
Chapter 22: THE STATE EXECUTIVE
THE
GOVERNOR
Qualification
• Salary and
allowances
Powers
•
•
•
•
•
Executive
Legislative
Financial
Judicial
Discretionary
THE CHIEF
MINISTER
THECOUNCIL
OF MINISTERS
Qualification
• Term
• Powers
• Election
• Term
Function
Functions
• Appoints the Council
• Distributes Portfolios
to the ministers
• Executive decisions
taken in the cabinet
• Heads of the state
departments
Chapter 23: THE JUDICIARY
The Supreme
Court
The High Court
The
Subordinate
Courts
• Appointment of the
judges
• Qualification and the
term of judges
• Composition
• Qualification
• Term
• Meaning
• Appointment of the
judges
Powers
Powers
• Original Jurisdiction
• Appellate Jurisdiction
• Advisory Jurisdiction
• Original Jurisdiction
• Appellate Jurisdiction
• Supervises functioning
of Subordinate courts
Meaning and
working of
• Panchayat Courts
• Lok Adalats