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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Distribution of Spinal Nerves
• Cervical Plexus
• Brachial Plexus
• Lumbar Plexus
• Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
• Sensory and Motor Tracts
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Cervical Plexus
• The cervical plexus describes the plexus of the ventral rami of the first four
cervical spinal nerves, which arise from the cervical spinal column in the neck.
• The cervical spinal nerves which form the cervical plexus are located lateral
(farther from the median line) to the transverse processes of the prevertebral
skeletal muscles of the neck from the medial side, and vertebral (closer to the
vertebral column) to these muscles from the lateral side.
• The cervical plexus forms an anastomosis, a connection, with the accessory
nerve, the hypoglossal nerve, and the sympathetic trunk.
• The cervical plexus is located in the neck, internal to the sternocleidomastoid, an
anterior neck muscle.
Cervical Plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Brachial Plexus
• The nerve bundles of the brachial plexus pass through the cervico-axillary canal
to serve the axilla (armpit), brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), and hand.
• The brachial plexus provides cutaneous (skin) and muscular innervations for the
most of upper limbs, excluding the trapezius muscle and an area of skin near the
axilla, innervated by the spinal accessory nerve and the intercostobrachial nerve,
respectively.
• The brachial plexus is a bunch of nerves passing through the cervico-axillary
canal to reach axilla and supplies the brachium, the antebrachium, and the hand.
Brachial Plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Lumbar Plexus
• The lumbar plexus passes through the psoas major muscle and innervates the
skin and muscles of the abdominal wall, thigh, and external genitalia.
• The largest nerve that forms part of the lumbar plexus is the femoral nerve, which
innervates the anterior thigh muscles and some of the skin distal to the inguinal
ligament.
• The ilioinguinal nerve pierces the lateral abdominal wall and runs medially at the
level of the inguinal ligament. It supplies motor branches to both transversus
abdominis and sensory branches (to the skin over the pubic symphysis and the
lateral aspect of the labia majora or scrotum).
The Lumbar Plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
• Together with the lumbar plexus, the sacral plexus forms part of the lumbosacral
plexus.
• The largest nerve in the sacral plexus is the sciatic nerve, which innervates the
thigh, the lower leg, and the foot.
• The coccygeal plexus consists of the coccygeal nerve and the fifth sacral nerve,
which innervate the skin in the coccygeal region, around the tailbone (called the
coccyx).
The Sacral Plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) > Distribution of Spinal Nerves
Sensory and Motor Tracts
• The spinothalamic tract is split into the lateral spinothalamic tract (which transmits
pain and temperature sensation to the thalamus) and the anterior spinothalamic
tract (which transmits pressure and crude touch sensation to the thalamus).
• The corticospinal tract is a motor tract, comprised of mostly motor axons, and
carries motor information from the cerebral cortex and brainstem to the
musculature for voluntary movement.
• The corticospinal tract is split into the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts,
which decussate, or cross, in the medulla oblongata, explaining why the right
brain controls the left side of the body and the left brain controls the right side of
the body.
Spinal Cord Tracts.
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• Betz cells, the largest pyramidal cells, are only found in the corticospinal tract.
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Appendix
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Key terms
• axilla The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder.
• brachium The upper arm.
• cervical plexus The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves, which are located from
the C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral
muscles from the medial side and vertebral (m.scalenus, m.levator scapulae, m.splenius cervicis) from the lateral side.
• coccygeal nerve The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone.
• corticospinal tract The nervous system tract that conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It contains mostly motor
axons and is made up of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract.
• inguinal ligament The inguinal ligament is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy
is very important for operating on hernia patients.
• lumbosacral plexus The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral
plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic.
• plexus A network or interwoven mass, especially of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatic vessels.
• sacral plexus The sacral plexus is a nerve plexus which provides motor and sensory nerves for the posterior thigh, most of the
lower leg, the entire foot, and part of the pelvis.
• sciatic nerve A large nerve that starts in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb.
• somatosensory tract The system that reacts to diverse stimuli using different receptors: thermoreceptors, nociceptors,
mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors. Transmission of information from the receptors passes via sensory nerves through
tracts in the spinal cord and into the brain.
• spinal accessory nerve In anatomy, the accessory nerve is a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck.
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• spinothalamic tract A sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord. It transmits information to the thalamus about pain,
temperature, itch, and crude touch.
• subcostal nerve The anterior division of the twelfth thoracic nerve (subcostal nerve) is larger than the others; it runs along the
lower border of the twelfth rib, often gives a communicating branch to the first lumbar nerve, and passes under the lateral
lumbocostal arch.
• sympathetic trunk The sympathetic trunks (sympathetic chain, gangliated cord) are a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from
the base of the skull to the coccyx.
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Sacral Plexus
Plan of sacral and coccygeal plexuses
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus and its branches
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Brachial Plexus
The right brachial plexus with its short branches, viewed from in front
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Spinal Cord Tracts.
Spinal Cord Tracts.
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cervical Plexus
Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve (superficial cervical plexus visible in purple, at center bottom)
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Where is the cervical plexus located?
A) In the spinal cord near the shoulders
B) In the neck under the sternocleidomastoid
C) In the middle of the back near the spine
D) In the lower back muscles below the kidneys
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Where is the cervical plexus located?
A) In the spinal cord near the shoulders
B) In the neck under the sternocleidomastoid
C) In the middle of the back near the spine
D) In the lower back muscles below the kidneys
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
From which parts of the spine do the nerve roots of the brachial
plexus originate?
A) C1-C4
B) C6-C8 and T1-T3
C) C8 and T1-T4
D) C5-C8 and T1
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
From which parts of the spine do the nerve roots of the brachial
plexus originate?
A) C1-C4
B) C6-C8 and T1-T3
C) C8 and T1-T4
D) C5-C8 and T1
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The lumbar plexus is formed by the first four lumbar nerves (L1L4) and contibutions from what other nerve?
A) Intercostal nerve (T12)
B) Superior gluteal (S1)
C) Subcostal nerve (T12)
D) Inferior gluteal (S1)
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The lumbar plexus is formed by the first four lumbar nerves (L1L4) and contibutions from what other nerve?
A) Intercostal nerve (T12)
B) Superior gluteal (S1)
C) Subcostal nerve (T12)
D) Inferior gluteal (S1)
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The longest nerve in the human body is the main branch of which
plexus?
A) Coccygeal plexus
B) Lumbar plexus
C) Sacral plexus
D) Brachial plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The longest nerve in the human body is the main branch of which
plexus?
A) Coccygeal plexus
B) Lumbar plexus
C) Sacral plexus
D) Brachial plexus
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
At what level in the nervous system do the spinothalamic tract and
corticospinal tract decussate?
A) Spinothalamic tract decussates in the spinal cord and corticospinal
tract decussates in the brain
B) Spinothalamic tract decussates in the brain and corticospinal tract
decussates in the spinal cord
C) Spinothalamic tract and corticospinal tract decussate in the brain
D) Spinothalamic tract and corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
At what level in the nervous system do the spinothalamic tract and
corticospinal tract decussate?
A) Spinothalamic tract decussates in the spinal cord and corticospinal
tract decussates in the brain
B) Spinothalamic tract decussates in the brain and corticospinal tract
decussates in the spinal cord
C) Spinothalamic tract and corticospinal tract decussate in the brain
D) Spinothalamic tract and corticospinal tract decussate in the spinal cord
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Brachial plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus
• Wiktionary. "axilla." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/axilla
• Wiktionary. "brachium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brachium
• Wikipedia. "spinal accessory nerve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spinal%20accessory%20nerve
• Wikipedia. "Sacral plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_plexus
• Wikipedia. "Nerve plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_plexus
• Wikipedia. "sacral plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sacral%20plexus
• Wikipedia. "coccygeal nerve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coccygeal%20nerve
• Wiktionary. "sciatic nerve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sciatic+nerve
• Wikipedia. "Cervical plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_plexus
• Wikipedia. "Cervical plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_plexus
• Wiktionary. "plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plexus
• Wikipedia. "cervical plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cervical%20plexus
• Wikipedia. "sympathetic trunk." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sympathetic%20trunk
• Wikipedia. "corticospinal tract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/corticospinal%2520tract
• Wikipedia. "spinothalamic tract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spinothalamic%2520tract
• Wikipedia. "somatosensory tract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/somatosensory%2520tract
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Wikipedia. "Spinothalamic tract." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract
• Wikipedia. "Spinal tracts." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_tracts
• Wikipedia. "Corticospinal tract." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticospinal_tract
• Wikipedia. "Nervous plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_plexus
• Wikipedia. "Lumbar plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_plexus
• Wikipedia. "subcostal nerve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subcostal%20nerve
• Wikipedia. "inguinal ligament." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inguinal%20ligament
• Wikipedia. "lumbosacral plexus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lumbosacral%20plexus
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