FUTURE OF
TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGIES
BJ Yurkovich
Center for Automotive Research
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
Energy Use
Source: A. Majumdar, ARPA-E
Energy use and per capita GDP
ENERGY (FUELS)
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
Natural Gas for Mobility
WHY USE ELECTRICITY
FOR MOBILITY?
• Infrastructure exists
everywhere!
• Electricity is cheap (at least
for now)
• Electricity generation is more
flexible than liquid fuels:
ability to easily use
renewables without
disrupting the automotive
market!
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
Renewables as a Share of Total
Primary Energy Consumption, 2010
From EIA - International Energy Outlook 2011
TYPES OF VEHICLES ON
ROAD TODAY
• Conventional Vehicles
– Gasoline
– Diesel
• Electric Vehicles
– Hybrid Electric Vehicles
– Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Fuel Cell Vehicles
– PEM
• Natural Gas Vehicles
– CNG, LNG
So what can we expect for the future?
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
A BIG PART OF THE
FUTURE…
Energy Storage!
• What types exist?
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Conventional Fuels
Compressed Gases
BioDiesel
Batteries/Capacitors
Flywheels
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
WHAT ARE WE SEEING
TODAY?
Vehicles using batteries….
• Vehicle Electrification
– Electric Vehicles
• Example: Tesla, Nissan Leaf
– Plug In Hybrids (PHEVs) and
Extended Range Electric Vehicles
(EREVs)
• Chevy Volt, Ford Fusion Energi
– Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
• Toyota Prius, Honda Insight, …
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
BATTERIES IN VEHICLES
What main automotive
battery chemistries exist?
– Lead Acid (PbA)
– Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
– Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
REFUELING AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE…
• Level 1 Charging
• Max Power Level: 1.3kW
• Specifications: 120V/10A (AC)
• Charge anywhere there is a socket!
• Level 2 Charging
• Max Power Level: 3.3kW - 6.6kW
• Specifications: 220-240V, 30A (AC)
• Charging stations like GE Wattstation, Blink,
Coulomb Chargepoint
• DC Fast-charging (Level 3)
• Max Power level: 20+kW
• Specifications: Various DC levels
• CHΛdeMO, Combo Coupler, Tesla, etc
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
SMALL LIST OF AVAILABLE
CHARGERS
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ABB (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo)
AddEnergie Technologies (DC Level 2 & 3 planned)
Advanced Charging Technologies (A.C.T.) (DC Level 2 – dual cable
CHAdeMO/Combo)
Aerovironment (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO & DC Level 3)
Aker Wade (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO)
Andromeda Power (Portable DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)
BTCPower (DC Level 2)
Blink (ECOtality) (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO, charging network)
Coulomb Technology (DC Level 2, charging network)
DBT EV Charging Solutions (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO)
Delta Electronics, Inc. (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)
Eaton Corporation (DC Level 2 CHAdeMO)
Efacec (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo)
Epyon (DC Level 2) (Now part of ABB)
EvCollective (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO; onboard battery)
EVTEC AB (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo)
Fuji (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO, 25kW)
IES Synergy (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO and Combo)
JFE Engineering Corporation (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)
Nichicon (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)
Nissan (DC Level 2 - CHAdeMO)
Primearth EV Energy CO., LTD. – maybe CHAdeMO??
Schneider Electric (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO, 50kW)
Signet Systems, Inc (DC Level 2 – CHAdeMO)
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
SAMPLE EV CHARGE
TIMES AND AMOUNTS
Vehicle
Type
Energy
Miles per
Charge (all
electric)
Level 2 Charge
Time
Nissan LEAF
EV
24 kWh
80-100 miles
8 hours
(3.3kW)
BMW ActiveE
EV
32 kWh
150 miles
4-5 hours
Ford Fusion
Energi
PHEV
7.6 kWh
10 miles
2.5 hours
Tesla S
EV
80 kWh
200 miles
12 hours
Toyota Plug-In
Prius
PHEV
4.4 kWh
10 miles
1.5 hours
Chevy Volt
PHEV (EREV)
16 kWh
40 miles
4 hours
NOTE: These times assume you are charging from empty!!
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
OF THE FUTURE….
Metal-Air Batteries
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
HOW DO WE DECIDE WHAT
VEHICLES WE SHOULD BUY
FOR THE FUTURE?
MODELING AND
SIMULATION SYSTEMS
• We can use computer
models to accurately model
and predict how our vehicles
will behave, consume fuel,
and drive based on our
preferences…
CENTER FOR AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
FleetCalc is a web-based tool that allows
fleet owners to cost-effectively
• Evaluate
overall fleet costs and policy impact for an
existing fleet by utilizing sophisticated computer models
and fleet-owner specific data
• Create
alternative fleet options incorporating new
vehicle technologies, future policies, and fuel prices
• Compare
existing and alternative fleet options to
assess the cost and emissions savings between existing
and future fleets
www.fleetcalc.com
How is FleetCalc different from other fleet
comparison services?
FleetCalc uses sophisticated computer models, allowing the system to
simulate the real routes of fleet vehicles that are entered by the user.
www.fleetcalc.com