Stephanie Xu
April 7, 2013
ECON345: Urban Economics
Durham Paper (to be turned into a term paper)
Rezoning and Development: The 751 South Project in Durham, NC
Introduction
A key debate during North Carolina’s 2012 election cycle revolved around
the proposed development of 164 acres in southwest Durham County, an area now
widely referred to as 751 South. The development called into question zoning
practices and decisions, as the Durham Planning Commission finally approved 751
South to be rezoned from its former Rural Residential designation to a Low-Medium
Density Residential designation. Yet even as Southern Durham Development (SDD),
the company spearheading the project, moves forward with its plans, environmental
activists and local community leaders have spoken up against the development,
citing an irreversible environmental impact, including damage to Jordan Lake and
its aquifer.
Amidst the political debate, this paper seeks to examine whether or not the
751 development will be beneficial to Durham using economic analyses. We first
review the origins of zoning policies to gain a better understanding of the sensitivity
of rezoning. Then, we look more deeply into 751 South and the research that has
been conducted about the project, including an independent economic impact
analysis and a cost-benefit analysis by Durham County. From the data available, 751
South is a viable and necessary development that will bring a great deal of benefits
to Durham County, ranging from job creation to privately-funded highway
improvements.
Literature Review
The practice of zoning as a method of urban planning and land use
regulation has been surrounded by equity and segregation debates over the past
few decades. A wide body of literature about the topic exists, with a range of
focuses, from its early implementation in the early 1900s to its efficiency to its effect
upon race and class segregation. This paper examines the history and progression
of zoning practices and policies, as they are crucial to understanding the associated
controversies. We then look into the impact of zoning upon income distribution and
equity, first through a more dated but resourceful paper by Fernandez and
Rogerson (1997), and then through a 2006 paper by Calabrese, Epple, and Romano.
Lastly, we explore literature concerning the relationship between zoning laws and
public health initiatives.
Fischel (2004) offered a comprehensive overview of zoning from its early
1900s origins to modern day policy reforms to address the exclusionary products of
such regulations. Fischel posited that zoning was not a necessary practice until the
advent of buses and trucks that allowed businesses to locate farther from streetcar
tracks and stations. Until then, workers were able to buy houses in the suburbs
without fear of encroaching business. However, companies’ newfound capability to
transport resources threatened the residential environment that workers found so
valuable. Thus, zoning was the only way to give homeowners security and
assurance that their neighboring land wouldn’t become a noisy business district.
Several decades later, the problem was exacerbated by a sudden increase in
highway construction in the 1960s. Firms could now move out of high-density
urban areas even more easily. Failing or struggling cities and suburbs welcomed the
influx of businesses for the accompanying fiscal benefits. Meanwhile, only well-off
communities could afford to keep businesses out. Fischel argued that it was in this
environment that income distribution began to play such a strong role. In this
paper, he sought to find a way to keep home values stable, as zoning was initially
created to accomplish, without causing the exclusion with which we are faced today.
To resolve this, he proposed selective home equity insurance, despite his
acknowledgement of the administrative problems and risks of moral hazard and
adverse selection.
Fernandez and Rogerson (1997) and Calabrese et al. (2006) investigated the
impact of zoning upon equity, but differed in their approaches in a critical way. Both
used a two-community model with two different income distributions. Both also
made a point of stratification as a natural occurrence, with or without zoning laws.
But the former required in their model that individuals committed to one
community or another before any voting took place, and before they bought any
property. Calabrese et al., on the other hand, based their argument upon the
Tiebout rationale that people could “vote with their feet” and choose to reside in
towns that align with their personal preferences.
Thus they arrived at different conclusions. Fernandez and Rogerson found
that in general, zoning made the richest better off and the poorest worse off, but left
a great deal of ambiguity about those in the middle. Poor individuals who moved
from a more affluent community to a lesser one because of zoning policies tended to
be better off, while individuals who move to a richer community tend to be worse
off. Calabrese et al. finds an overall increase in efficiency and welfare as a result of
zoning, due to their assumptions under the Tiebout model. They conclude that
because residents can move after a community votes on tax rates and local public
goods, “aggregate welfare gains arise from better Tiebout matching of preferences
to levels of public-good provision” (Calabrese et al. 2006, 4). Comparing these two
scholarly works highlights a decisive factor in zoning theory: that the order in which
individuals vote on taxes and public goods, buy property, and choose their
community affects the predictions of the ensuing welfare gains or losses.
751 South: Background
Until July 2012, the 751 South region was designated as Rural Residential,
which permits four or fewer units per acre of land. Since the Durham Planning
Commission approved the rezoning application by a vote of 8-5 in favor, 751 South
is now a Low-Medium Density Residential area and is allowed anywhere from four
to eight units per acre of land.
SDD’s plan for the development allocates 300,000 square feet to retail space,
300,000 square feet to office space, 645 apartments, 358 condominiums, 170
townhomes, and 107 single-family houses. Their plan also includes a 26-acre
donation to Durham to build a new elementary or middle school, a new fire
department, and a new sheriff’s office. Finally, SDD has committed to investing the
full $6 million needed to improve Highway 751 to expand its capacity and relieve
congestion in the area.
751 South: Economic Analysis
The economic impact of the 751 project come in two phases: the construction
phase and the permanent operating phase. Benefits, as outlined by the ERA
Economic Impact Analysis, come in many forms, the most significant being in job
creation and increased property and sales tax revenue. Other benefits include SDD’s
full funding of the highway renovations and planned donation of 26 acres of land for
the purpose of constructing a new public school, and new sites for the fire and police
departments. In total, the value of these contributions exceeds $11.4 million, saving
the expense of taxpayer money. The costs that have been examined include the
costs to construct, the cost to equip and staff new fire and police departments, and
other operating costs of the new landscape. Overall, without any reliable data on
environmental costs, the benefits to developing the 751 South project exceed the
costs by a tremendous amount.
Phase 1: Construction
This building phase of the 751 South project brings changes in three
components: direct, indirect, and induced impacts. Direct impacts refer to the initial
changes in industries; indirect impacts refer to changes in inter-industry
transactions as demand grows; and finally, induced impacts refer to changes in local
spending that result from the changes in the industry sectors. Intuitively, any
development dollars spent and re-spent in Durham County will generate additional
income for both companies and their employees as money circulates through a cycle
of spending. ERA acknowledges that there will be some leakages, so this multiplier
effect will not be entirely contained within Durham County, but overall the benefits
are significant. Figure 1 breaks down the impacts into three construction phases
over ten years, noting the three types of effects upon output, employment, and labor
outcome.
Figure 1
ERA has predicted that the direct $414.5 million investment in the project
will bring an additional $107.4 million in indirect output and $44.5 million in
induced output. The project is also set to create an estimated 2,419 jobs purely for
the development of the site as well as another 1,333 jobs in indirect and induced
impacts. In turn, the job creation results in an increase in labor income in Durham
County totaling $166.9 million during the ten-year construction phase
Phase 2: Permanent Operations
The economic impact of the operating activities of retail, office, and
consumer spenders is permanent and proves more substantial than the Phase 1
impacts. The benefits can be broken down into jobs and income, household
spending, and tax revenue. First, using data from the American Planning
Association, the new retail and office buildings will house 1,050 new professional
office jobs and 683 new retail jobs. Additionally, the new occupants who will
occupy the housing at 751 South will create demand for 714 other jobs for a total of
2,980 new jobs at build-out with an estimated annual labor income of $154.2
million. Figure 2 provides an exact breakdown of the predicted permanent jobs,
which range from construction positions to legal personnel.
Figure 2
Second, 751 South is predicted to house 1,280 new households with a total
estimated disposable income of over $98.9 million that will contribute to the new
industries and businesses in the area.
Finally, the new development is forecast to bring in about $5.7 million in
annual property taxes to Durham and additional revenue in sales taxes. Data based
upon local experience and internal market research examined similar communities
such as Colvard Farms and Meadowmont and yielded estimates of $3.2 million for
Durham County with an additional $2.4 million for the city if the project area is
annexed.
Conclusion
The two economic analyses provided suggest that development in full of
SDD’s project for 751 South would be the appropriate policy decision, but fail to
acknowledge any environmental impact research that may reduce the perceived
benefits of the development. The economic impact analysis by ERA explores the
various benefits that will come from 751 South, ranging from sales and property tax
revenues to thousands of permanent jobs to privately-donated land for Durham
Public Schools, the Fire Department, and the Police Department. The cost-benefit
analysis by BMS demonstrates that full completion of SDD’s proposal would bring
profits sooner than any alternative scenario. Intuitively, completion of only 48.1%
or 21.9% of the project yields slower returns and fewer returns for a lower
investment.
The policy question comes down to a balance between environmental risks
of developing 751 South and other needs that 751 South would help fulfill for
Durham. While maintaining the status quo would eliminate the environmental
concerns, this option leaves Durham with many of its problems unsolved.
Overcrowding in Durham Public Schools will remain an issue, as will the traffic
congestion along the 751 and NC-54-I-40 corridors. While the existing economic
studies have revealed a number of economic benefits that would accompany the 751
South project, there has yet to be conducted an official environmental impact
assessment that would lend credence to the environmental objections to it. Without
such evidence, a fully informed policy choice cannot be formed.
References
Economic Research Associates. Project Report: 751 South Economic Impact Analysis,
Prepared for Southern Durham Development (March 29, 2009),
www.era.aecom.com.
Budget and Management Services. Cost Benefit Report: 751 South Project Voluntary
Annexaction Petition (March 31, 2011),
ww2.durhamnc.gov/annexation/751_Report/pdf/04.pdf.