MAPPING THE RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY OF
GREEN COMPUTING: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY
Research Scholar
Research Supervisor
M. Surulinathi
Dr. R. Balasubramani
Introduction
Introduction Cont…
 By keeping this view in mind, the researcher intends
to undertake the study on “Mapping the
Research Productivity of Green Computing: A
Scientometric Study”.
 This study attempts to analyse the performance of
researcher working in the field of Green Computing
in terms of growth rate, authorship pattern,
scattering of articles in different sources,
institution wise distribution and so on.
CHAPTERIZATION
The thesis is divided into five chapters.
 The first chapter presents the Introduction about
Scientometrics and Green Computing.
 The second chapter discusses the related Review of
Literature and its impact on the present research.
 The third chapter describes the Research Design of
the study.
 The fourth chapter presents the detailed Data
Analysis and Discussions.
 The fifth chapter reports the findings, suggestions and
Conclusion.
Concept of Green Computing
 Green Computing is to use computers and related
resources in eco friendly ways. Such practices
include the implementation of energy-efficient
central processing units (CPUs), servers and
peripherals as well as finding innovative ways of
reducing resource consumption and proper disposal
of electronic waste.
 Green Computing is an emerging applications in
computing technology that can reduce energy
consumption effectively, which leads to
significant CO2 emission reduction.
Concept of Bibliometrics and Scientometrics
 According to Prichard, “bibliometrics means the
application of mathematics and statistical
methods to books and other communication media".
 Nalimov and Mulchenko(1969) of USSR defined
scientometrics as the quantitative methods which
deals with the analysis of science viewed as an
information process.
 Scientometrics is “the study of the measurement of
scientific
and
(Garfield, 1979).
technological
progress”
Sample Review

Karpagam and S. Gopalakrishnan (2011)2 have analysed the growth pattern of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology literature in India during 1990-2009 (20 years). The
Scopus international multidisciplinary bibliographical database has been used to identify
the Indian contributions on the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The study
measures the performance based on several parameters, country annual growth rate,
authorship pattern, collaborative index, collaborative coefficient, modified collaborative
coefficient and subject profile. Further the study examines national publication output and
impact in terms of average citations per paper, international collaboration output and
share, contribution and impact of Indian Institutions and impact of Indian journals.

Kademani et al. (2008)37 attempted to analyse the growth and development of Vacuum
research in Nuclear Science and Technology, as reflected in publication output covered by
International Nuclear Information System (INIS) database during 2002-2006. A total of
12027 papers were published in the field of vacuum science. United States topped the list
with 1936 (16.10%) publications followed by Japan with 1770 (14.70%) publications. The
highest number of publications (3276) were published in 2004. The average number of
publications published per year were 2405.4. The highest number of publications were in
'Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields' with 2644 (21.98%) publications. The
authorship of collaboration trend is towards multi-authored papers. The highly productive
institutions were: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Japan) with 366 publications,
University of Tokyo (Japan) with 274 publications, Hiroshima University (Japan) with 245
publications, Osaka University Japan (Japan) with 224 publications and Chinese Academy
of Science (P-R-China) with 223 publications. The most preferred journals for publication
were: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology-A with 857 papers, Physical Review -D
with 765 papers, Journal of High Energy Physics with 500 papers, Thin Solid Films with
311 papers, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena with 309 papers, and
AIP Conference Proceedings with 308 papers.
Sample Review
 Karpagam, R and S. Gopalakrishnan (2011).
Mapping of nanoscience and nanotechnology
research in india: A scientometric analysis, 19902009. Scientometrics, 89(2), 501-522.
 Kademani, B S et al. (2008). Scientometric
mapping of vacuum research in nuclear
science & technology: a global perspective.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 114(1), 1-12.
RESEARCH DESIGN: The Structure
The major objectives:
 To examine the growth of research productivity of Green
Computing research during 1956- 2011.
 To identify the Document type and Journal wise
distribution of publications in Green Computing.
 To determine the authorship pattern and the nature
of collaboration and co-authorship pattern and
determine the degree of collaboration in Green
Computing research.
Objectives
 To
identify the continental
distribution of publications.
with
country-wise
 To assess the Institution wise research concentration
of Green Computing.
 To identify the highly cited papers with Citation
Map in the field of Green Computing.
 To find out the historiography of Local Citation
Scores and Global Citation Scores links for selective
journals and authors.
 To identify the authors and Institutions wise h-index,
g-index and gh-index.
HYPOTHESES
Keeping the objectives stated above in view, the
following hypotheses are formulated and tested with
appropriate statistical tools:
 The relative growth rate of total scientific
publications show a progressive increase and the
doubling time for publications reflects an increasing
trend.
 The journal source of publication of Green
Computing
research
output
absorbs
the
predominant place in comparison with other source
of publications.
HYPOTHESES
 The
distribution of Green Computing research
output in journals and articles conform the
implications of Bradford’s law.
 The implication of Lotka’s law related with author
productivity in Green Computing research output is
scrutinized.
 There
has been an increasing trend in
collaborative research during the study period.
METHODOLOGY
 The required data was collected from Web of
Science database for the period 1956-2011. It can
be seen that nearly 3324 bibliographic records
of contribution in field of Green Computing over the
period of 56 years.
 The researcher applied the search strings “Green
Computing or Green IT” that has used for the
data extraction from the database of SCI, SSCI and
A&HCI (totally fifty six years) to download the
records based on the above strings.
METHODOLOGY
 A total of 3324 records were downloaded and
analyzed by using the Histcite , VOSviewer and
Bibexcel software applications as per the objectives of
the study.
 Further based on citation per paper with Citation map,
number of high quality papers, and relative quality
index are also applied to find out the quality of the
research output.
 It is analytical in nature with the suitable statistical
tools applications in strengthening the empirical
validity.
OTHER TOOLS
 Used by the Histcite software the researcher makes
a graph map (called historiography) for the selected
option of top forty records for related studies.
Historiography is commonly defined as the "history
of historical writing."
 VOSviewer can be used to create maps based on
network data. Maps are created using the VOS
mapping technique and the VOS clustering
technique.
Bibexcel
 This software is designed to assist a user in analysing
bibliographic data.
 The idea is to generate data files that can be imported to
Excel, or any program that takes tabulated data records,
for further processing.
h-index
 The h-index is based on a list of publications
ranked in descending order by the Times
Cited. The value of h is equal to the number of
papers (N) in the list that have N or more
citations.
Others
Journal Citation Report (IF)
Citation Map
Co-Author Network Map
Free Mind Knowledge Map
Citation Report
LIMITATIONS
 This study makes a special attention only on
the performance of research output in
Green Computing reflected in Web of
Science database.
 This study covers the period from 1956 to
2011 only.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS:
On the field
Year Wise Sharing of Publications
 From the below table, could clearly see that
during the period 1956 - 2011 a total of
3324 publications were published.
 Before 1990, there is no regularity in
publications in this area, but the researcher
has got the data from the year of 1956 and
taken for the analysis.
Table 4.1 – Shows Year Wise Distribution of Publications
S.No.
Year
Publications
Percent of
3324
TLCS
TGCS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1956
1967
1968
1971
1973
1975
1978
1980
1985
1986
1987
1990
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
10
1
9
63
0
24
0
25
3
8
7
71
3324
100.00
414
44640
Total
1991-2000
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
73
101
95
112
103
115
109
134
138
146
2.2
3.0
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.3
4.0
4.2
4.4
84
68
48
106
101
0
0
0
0
0
1708
2274
1925
2750
1912
2844
2557
2543
2667
2547
2001-2011
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
136
147
148
172
202
197
238
217
259
263
199
3324
4.1
4.4
4.5
5.2
6.1
5.9
7.2
6.5
7.8
7.9
6.0
100.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
414
2459
3287
2872
2458
2376
2040
2223
1494
973
455
55
44640
The study also reveals all these
3324 publications have 414
TLCS and 44640 TGCS it
shows that there is a healthy
trend in citation is found among
the Scientists belongs to Green
Computing.
Publications
Citations
Calculating the h-index Value
 Total Number of Publications
 Total Citations
 Average Citations
 h-index
No. Papers
80
:
:
:
:
Author, Title, Journal, Year
Hsiao GC, Kleinman RE
Mathematicalfoundations for errorestimation in
numericalsolutions of integralequations in
electromagnetics
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION. 1997 MAR; 45 (3): 316-328
3324
44640
13.43
80
No of Citation
80
Table 4.7 – Shows the Authorship Pattern
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Authorship Pattern
Single Author
Double Authors
Three Authors
Four Authors
Five Authors
Six Authors
Seven Authors
Eight Authors
Nine Authors
Ten & Above
10
Authors
Total
Publications
%
No. of
authors
%
512
1023
883
421
220
114
53
39
26
15.40
30.78
26.56
12.67
6.62
3.43
1.59
1.17
0.78
512
2046
2649
1684
1100
684
371
312
234
4.95
19.79
25.62
16.28
10.64
6.61
3.59
3.02
2.26
33
0.99
749
7.24
3324
100
10341
100
Co-Author Visualizer
 Out of the total 3324
number
of
publications,
author
Cederbaum LS is high
in number 34 and
Global citation Scores
652 and more over he
has published more
than 600 papers in
other discipline too
(Source:
Web
of
Science and Scopus
605) .
Single Vs Multi Authors
S. No. Authorship Pattern
1
Single Author
2
Multiple Authors
Total
Publications
%
512
15.40
2812
84.59
3324
100.00
Degree of Collaboration
 To determine degree of collaboration in quantitative terms, the
formula given by K. Subramanyam (1983) was used.
Where
C
= Degree of collaboration
NM = Number of multi authored papers
NS = Number of single authored papers
 The formula is
NM
C
NM  NS
2812
C 
C  0.845
2812  512
Table 4.12 – Shows Rate of Citation of Indian Authors
Year
No. of Indian Author Articles
Number of Citations
Number of CPP
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1
2
5
3
1
2
2
5
5
2
16
22
23
3
0
11
26
12
2.00
8.00
4.40
7.67
3.00
0.00
5.50
5.20
2.40
2000
3
49
16.33
2001
2002
1
4
4
17
4.00
4.25
2003
7
130
18.57
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
6
9
6
8
19
15
17
7
128
38
27
23
107
53
62
9
0
634
6.33
3.00
3.83
13.38
2.79
4.13
0.56
0.00
115.34 (5.49)
Table 4.13 – Shows Continent Wise Research output
of Green Computing
Contributing
No of recs. Percentage
countries
TLCS
TGCS
1 Europe
44 (48.35)
1663
40.87
660
22653
North
2 America
5 (5.49)
1317
32.37
606
23144
17 (18.68)
743
18.26
245
6193
South
4 America
7 (7.69)
101
2.48
42
730
5 Australia
2 (2.20)
68
1.67
14
883
16 (17.58)
50
1.23
14
274
91
4069
100
1640
55476
Rank
Continents
3 Asia
6 Africa
Total
Table 4.20 – Shows h-index and g-index for Top 10 Countries
S.No.
Country
h-index
g-index
Publications
TGCS
1 USA
1109
20747
62
144
2 Germany
270
4407
35
66
3 France
263
4724
35
69
4 Italy
209
2584
27
51
5 Japan
204
2836
26
53
6 Peoples R China
192
1065
17
33
7 UK
181
2750
28
52
8 Canada
167
1916
23
44
9 Spain
145
1758
24
42
10 India
128
685
12
26
Table 4.21 – Shows Language wise distribution of Publications
#
Language
1 English
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
French
German
Japanese
Russian
Spanish
Chinese
Hungarian
Rumanian
Unspecified
Publications
%
TLCS
TGCS
3276
98.6
413
44499
11
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
25
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
62
0
6
1
4
0
0
0
68
Table 4.22 – Shows Bibliographic Form-Wise Distribution of
Publications
S.N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Document Type
Article
Article; Proceedings Paper
Review
Note
Letter
Editorial Material
Correction
Meeting Abstract
Article; Book Chapter
Correction, Addition
Item About an Individual
News Item
Records
2957
266
47
31
10
5
2
2
1
1
1
1
%
89.0
8.0
1.4
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
TLCS
TGCS
378
10
4
19
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41056
1961
1170
321
48
11
35
8
17
5
0
8
Table 4.26 – Shows Impact Factor and Immediacy Index for First 20 Journals
h-index
S.No.
Journal
Publications Citations
IF
166
3615
3.772
32
2 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
91
2176
3.149
28
3 PHYSICAL REVIEW D
69
2006
4.964
22
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION
66
956
2.011
18
5 GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL
64
1050
2.411
18
1 PHYSICAL REVIEW B
4
6
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE
THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
63
750
2.711
16
7
BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF AMERICA
58
1059
2.027
19
8 NUCLEAR PHYSICS B
50
1496
4.642
19
9 JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
47
1246
6.049
15
39
418
1.644
13
10
JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY
OF AMERICA
Table 4.28 – Shows h-index for First 30 Institutions
S.No.
Institution
1 Massachusetts Institute of
Publications TGCS h-index
42
703
C/A
16
16.74
Technology
2 University Heidelberg
42
639
18
15.21
3 IstNazlFis Nuclear
36
550
13
15.28
4 University Illinois
34
514
18
15.12
5 CNRS
31 1100
13
35.48
6 University California San Diego
28
519
18
18.54
7 University Coimbra
26
129
7
4.96
8 University Nacl Autonoma Mexico
26
168
8
6.46
9 University Tokyo
26
138
8
5.31
Indian Institute
21 Duke University
21
445
15
21.19
22 NASA
21
517
10
24.62
23 Oak Ridge National Lab
21
338
8
16.10
24 University Fed Rio de Janeiro
21
145
6
6.90
25 CALTECH
20
460
10
23.00
26 Harvard University
20
985
13
49.25
27 Indian Inst Technology
20
62
5
3.10
28 University So California
20
252
11
12.60
29 Ecole Polytechnique
19
147
6
7.74
30 Texas A&M University
19
274
8
14.42
Figure 4.4 – Shows Word wise Distribution of Publications (Words: 6404)
Figure 4.7 – Shows VOSViewer Screenshot of the Cluster Density View
Citation Map of Lebowitz et al.,
 Out of the total 3324 number of
publications, author leborwitz, JL is
much less in number 2 but Global
citation Scores 454 and single paper
received 407 citations.
 The average citation per article of
Leborwitz is 227
Citation Map of PS Thenkabail, RB Smith and E De
Pauw
 Out of the total 3324 number of
publications, author Thenkabail PS is
much less in number 2 but Global
citation Scores 277 and single paper
received 234 citations.
 The average citation per article is 138.5
in the field of Green Computing
Historiographs Analysis of Highly Cited Papers
Findings
 The research productivity in Green Computing as
evidenced from the study has the highest publication
of 263 papers in 2010 followed by 259 papers in
2009 and 238 papers in 2007.
 Finding from triennial growth rate, the period 1991-
2011 has the highest publication in the subject of
Green Computing.
Findings
 Total number of publications is 3324 and 44640
times cited by others scientist, its average citation
value is 13.43. The overall years h – index value is
80.
 Out of the total 10341 authors subjected to this
analyses in the subject of Green Computing. Single
authored contribution is 14.68 percentage. It means
that the collaborative authors’ contribution is very
high.
Tested of Hypothesis
Hypothesis I
 The relative growth rate of total scientific publications
show a progressive increase and the doubling time for
publications reflects an increasing trend and hence
“Hypothesis I” significantly proved positively.
 Hypothesis II
 The journal source of publication of Green Computing
research output absorbs the predominant place in
comparison with other source of publications and hence,
“Hypothesis II” substantially proved.
Hypothesis
 The distribution of Green Computing research output in
journals and articles conform the implications of Bradford’s
law and hence, “Hypothesis III” is not significantly
proved.
Hypothesis
 The implication of Lotka’s law related with author
productivity in Green Computing research output is
scrutinized and hence “Hypothesis IV” proved positively.
Hypothesis
 There has been an increasing trend in collaborative
research during the study period and hence, “Hypothesis
VI” proved positively.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
 Based on the findings, scientists should focus on the
neglected areas by being hopeful to carry out
more research actions in those areas of Green
Computing research.
 From the conclusion of this present study, the
efficiency of the author could be recognized.
Therefore, the individual scientist may be stimulated
to distribute more number of contributions to
enhance the single author contributions.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
 The atmosphere and infrastructure are also
very effective for the entire development of
Green Computing research area.
 The Universities and research institutions
are to be provided with more financial
assistance in the form of research grants to
increase the quality of research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I am deeply indebted to Vice-Chancellor, Dr. K.
Meena, and Registrar for offering me an opportunity
for fulfilling my desire to obtain Ph. D. degree .
 I would like to extend my whole hearted thanks to Dr.
S. Srinivasa Ragavan, Professor & Head, for his kind
help and encouragement.
 I would like to record my gratitude to my supervisor,
Dr. R. Balasubramani, for his keen supervision and
guidance from the very beginning of my research that
has enabled me to complete the work on time.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I would like to thank all the Doctoral Committee
members especially to Dr. S. Gopalakrishnan,
Assistant University Librarian, Anna University,
Chennai and Dr. B. Suresh, University Librarian,
Madurai Kamaraj University for their constructive
comments on my work.
 I record my profound sense of gratitude and thanks
to Prof. M. Murugesan, Formerly Professor in
English, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
for his timely help in the submission of my thesis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 I owe my deepest gratitude to my colleagues,
Scholars and Students for the their constant
help and moral support throughout the period of
my research.
 External Examiner Dr. J. Dominic, Librarian &
Head, Karunya University.
 SALIS and IALA Members
 I would like to record my deep love and admiration to
my mother T. Pooncholai for her painstaking care,
support, encouragement, patience and unwavering love
which helped me to grow to this height.