House of
Stuart
House of Stuart
• Established because
Elizabeth was childless
• Rather than a civil war,
lords and Parliament
invited a royal cousin
James VI of Scotland to
rule as James I of England
James I
• Reigned 1603-25
• Protestant
• The people disliked him
• England went into debt; James
demanded high taxes
• Argued with Parliament; wanted
absolute monarchy as in Henry
VIII’s day
• Jamestown & Plymouth,
Massachusetts founded
John Cabot
• The English claimed the right to colonize North
America because of the voyages of John Cabot
• Henry VII had commissioned Cabot to explore a
Northwest Passage to Asia. He cruised along the
North American
Coast and perhaps
got as far as the
Chesapeake Bay,
Virginia
Jamestown
• The first permanent English settlement in
America was founded here on May 14,
1607, by a group of 104 settlers led by Capt.
Christopher Newport.
• Many settlers died from famine and disease
in the winter of 1609-1610.
• The survivors were encouraged to stay by
the arrival of new settlers and supplies the
following June.
James Fort (1607), their triangle-shaped log
fort, burned down in 1608 and was replaced
by a five-sided structure.
Prosperity
• The colony discovered a basis for prosperity in 1613 when
colonist John Rolfe began the cultivation of tobacco;
• he also married (1614) Pocahontas,
daughter of the Indian chief Powhatan,
– which temporarily promoted peaceful relations
with the Indians.
• In 1619 the first representative assembly in
America was held at Jamestown, which
remained the capital of Virginia throughout
the 17th century.
• In the same year, at Jamestown, the first black indentured
servants, eventually becoming slaves, were introduced into
the original 13 colonies.
Plymouth
• In the reign of Elizabeth I, queen of England, one of the sects of
Puritans known as Brownists separated from the new Protestant
Church of England
• and after much persecution by the Crown, took refuge in the
Netherlands.
– But they soon felt pressure from the Netherlands’ Government to leave
•They finally determined to
immigrate to America.
•A group of London
investors financed them in
exchange for most of their
produce from America
during their first six years.
Desperate Voyage
• Their ship, the Mayflower, taking
on many other passengers to fill the
boat, sailed from Plymouth,
England, for America on Sept. 16,
1620.
• When they reached the American
coast, strong winds drove the
Mayflower into Provincetown
Harbor, at the end of Cape Cod.
• Because their charter stated that
they were to settle in Virginia,
many passengers considered it nonbinding
Mayflower Compact
•In its place, they wrote and signed the
Mayflower Compact
•Forming the first constitutional
American political democracy.
• After some exploration they settled
on the site of what is now
Plymouth, Mass.
• The Plymouth Colony later united
with other New England colonies
to form the Massachusetts Bay
Colony in 1691.
Back in England: Charles I
• Ruled 1625-49, opposed by a civil war in 1642
• Son of James I
• Problems with Parliament increased
• The major conflict was between king and
Parliament,
• of monarchy by divine right,
• and Parliament's insistence on its own
independent rights.
• The Colony of Carolina in North America was
named for Charles I,
• as was the major city of Charleston.
• Carolina later separated into North Carolina
and South Carolina,
• House of Lord and House of Commons
Established
Parliamentary Parties
• Tories: for a strong king, tended to be
Anglicans & landless nobles (who got their
titles from the king)
• Whigs: for a strong Parliament, tended to
be Anglicans who supported religious
freedom, as well as merchants and lawyers;
also included Puritans
1642 Civil War
• Erupted because Charles I refused to let Parliament meet
from 1629-40. When they finally did meet, refused to
give him money unless he agreed to limit his own
powers.
• Tories willing to fight nicknamed “Cavaliers” (Fr.
Chevalier=knight)
• Puritans flocked to the banner of General Oliver
Cromwell; known as “Roundheads” for their closely
cropped, plain hair, in contrast with the fashionably long
haired Cavaliers
• Puritanism swept the land; arts and sciences that
flourished since Elizabeth went underground
1649 King Beheaded
• Charles fled to Scotland, was captured, brought to
London, then executed
• Monarchists proclaimed the older son of the king, also
Charles, as King Charles II.
• Charles II was recognized by the Parliament of
Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was
crowned King of Scots in Scotland in 1651.
• Although he was proclaimed King at Jersey, Charles was
unable to secure the crown of England, and consequently
fled to France and exile.
• Commonwealth, rather than kingdom, established
Interregnum
• Latin for “between kings,” 1649-60
• England became a “Protectorate” instead of a
commonwealth with Cromwell as “Lord
Protector”
• Scotland & Ireland conquered (hence Ireland’s
anti-Protestant attitude)
• Oliver dies in 1658, his son Richard now Lord
Protector
• Richard proves to be inept, so people overthrow
him in 1660, ask for monarchy
Restoration & Charles II
• In 1660, Charles Stuart (Charles I’s son), in
exile in France, is invited back
• Becomes Charles II
• Most of the current Crown Jewels date
from his coronation
• Reigned until his death in 1685
• In 1664 Charles II decided that he would
give the territory between Connecticut and
Maryland to his brother James, Duke of
York.
–Provided that
the Duke of
York seized it
from the Dutch
and settled
colonists there.
New Netherlands
The Dutch had thrown of Spanish financial
control in Europe and entered a period of
frantic economic expansion.
• Amsterdam had become the
world’s financial center
• After the British defeat of the
Spanish Armada, The Dutch
fleet was the greatest in the
world.
• In 1609 the English navigator
Henry Hudson made an
extensive exploration of the
area
• To which the Dutch laid claim
on the basis of Hudson’s
explorations
New Netherlands
• In 1625 a Dutch
trading post, called
New Amsterdam,
was established on
southern Manhattan
Island.
Peter Minuit
• To secure the Dutch claim, (1626) Peter Minuit bought
Manhattan for Dutch West India Co. from Man-a-hat-a
Indians during summer for goods valued at $24; named
island New Amsterdam.
• The Indians did not regard land as something to buy and sell,
something of wealth. To them, it was just there to use, like the air
and water.
• And so, the Indians were happy with the trinkets they received in the
trade.
•The same year, New Amsterdam became the
administration center of New Netherlands and was
permanently settled.
•Since Holland was one of the more desirable cities in
the world to live in, people of different nationalities
populated New Amsterdam.
•Looking for economic opportunity
New Management
• Under the orders of James, Duke of York, a
fleet of English warships seized New
Amsterdam in 1664 without a shot fired
– The Mayor bellowed orders to defend the
colony, but he could not motivate the diverse
colony.
• Over 25% of the colony were of other nationalities.
– The settlement was renamed New York in
honor of the duke.
Although the Dutch were around for only 50
years, their impression still remains:
• The original stockade wall on the North end of
New Amsterdam…
Is called Wall Street today
Dutch Villages… Would become NY boroughs
Haarlem
Breukelen
“New” Jersey
• James assigned land South of the Hudson
River to two close friends, Sir George
Carteret and John, Lord Berkeley who
named it after the island of Jersey in the
English Channel.
Settlement
• English Settlers on the Western End of
Long Island saw their opportunity to
acquire land on the Jersey Shore.
• A party of Men journeyed by boat to the
Highlands and made a deal with the Indians
for the purchase of land south of the Raritan
River to what is today the Navesink River,
known as the Middletown Tract.
Monmouth County
• Three “villages” were established nearsimultaneously, including the short-lived
Portland Point located near Atlantic
Highlands, Shrewsbury, south of the
Navesink River, and the village of
Middletown, which was, in a rough
geographic sense, in the “middle” of the
other 2.
Monmouth County
• In the beginning (1665) both Middletown
and Shrewsbury were settled by
Presbyterians (Scottish Calvinists) and
Quakers (Society of Friends)
• The settlers built their towns in compact
forms for common defense and social
interaction
THE MONMOUTH PATENT
• This patent, which played an important part in the
settlement of New Jersey by English-speaking
people, was granted to twelve men, known as the
Monmouth Patentees, and was both a political and
a land document.
• The Monmouth Patent granted to these men a
certain part of what is now Monmouth county,
under the condition that within three years they
should settle one hundred families at Middletown
and a like number at Shrewsbury.
Middletown
• The town of Middletown, Monmouth County,
New Jersey had its beginnings on January 25,
1664 when:
– “(12 men) made the first purchase of land in what is
now Monmouth County, New Jersey, from the Indians."
• Formal records for Middletown began in 1667
with "The First Town Book in Middletown."
• Middletown was laid out with an English
nucleated grid, a series of 36 lots placed north and
south of an old Indian trail, renamed the Kings
Highway, a land-division pattern that still exists.
Schism of Middletown
• Middletown was split in 1848 by the formation of
Raritan Township, a section that included the
future Holmdel, Hazlet and Aberdeen townships
and the boroughs of Matawan, Keyport, Union
Beach and most of Keansburg.
• Middletown Township’s borders later remained
relatively stable, changing only for the secession
of Atlantic Highlands and Highlands in 1887 and
1900 respectively, and for a few other minor
adjustments.
Hazlet
• Hazlet derived its name from a Dr. John Hazlett who
had an estate in Raritan Township near the KeyportHolmdel Turnpike, now Holmdel Road.
Dr. John Hazlett
• The government decided to put a Railroad Station
for produce (the region was farms) on the train
line running from New York to Long Branch.
Although the region was known as Bethany
(Hence Bethany Road), It was not a well known
area; so the station was named for Holmdel, a few
miles down the road.
• When the Federal Government decided a post
office was necessary, they needed a name, as
Holmdel already had one. They chose the name of
the property that bordered the rail line, the
property of Dr. John Hazlett.
Raritan to Hazlet
• 1848 Raritan Township, which would later
become Hazlet, is founded.
• 1925 Gov. George Silzer signs a bill
splitting Union Beach from Raritan.
• 1967 Raritan Township's name is changed
to Hazlet to give it a clearer identity. Before
the change, it was one of three towns known
as Raritan in the state.
James II
• Formerly the Duke of York
• Brother of Charles II, ruled until 1689
• He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the
Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
• Wanted to restore Catholicism
• Wanted absolute monarchy again
• James had a son, raised him as Catholic
The Revolution of 1688
• The people forced James II to abdicate for fear of
another Catholic king.
• James's opponents invited William of Orange,
– stadholder of the Netherlands
– Protestant husband of the
king's elder daughter, Mary,
– to come to safeguard
Mary's inheritance.
• When William landed,
James fled,
his army having deserted to
William.
• His reign marked the beginning of the transition from
the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more
Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover.
1702 The Augustan Age
• Parliament won absolute
control over the monarchy,
• Queen, Anne (1702-14)
• Younger daughter of
James II
• a popular figurehead
• Under Anne, literature
reached a height similar to
that of Rome under Emperor
Augustus, hence the era’s
name
1707 Act of Union
• Unifies Scotland & England
• Ireland is a subject nation
• Nation known as the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland