THE SHIPS
THE SHIPS
There are two main parts to a ship;
1.
2.
The Hull: Actual shell, body of the ship
The Machinery: Includes both machinery to drive her
and ancillary equipment serving the electrical
installations,
winches
and
refrigerated
accommodation.
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Plan of steamship
THE HULL
 The rear portion of the ship is termed aft, and the
extreme rear end is called the stern. When moving
stern first, the vessel is regarded as moving astern.
 The front portion of the ship is termed for-ward,
whilst the extreme forvard end is called the bows.
When moving bows first, the vessel is regarded as
moving ahead.
 Fore and aft are related terms, and often mean the
same as bows and stern.
 The area between the forward and aft portions of the
vessel is called amidships (midships). The overall
breadth of the vessel, which is found in the amidship
portion, is known as the beam.
 The propeller shaft, linking the propeller with the
engines, passes through a shaft tunnel.
 The ship's anchors and the windlasses used to
lower and raise them are found in the bows.
 Ship’s actual design and the number of decks will
depend on the trade in which she plies.
 A tramp, carrying shipments of coal or ore, will be a
single deck vessel with large unobstructed hatches to
facilitate loading and discharge.
 A cargo liner, conveying a variety of cargo in relatively
small consignments, would have 'tween decks’ to
facilitate stowage.
 Flush 'tween deck hatch covers are frequently
provided so that fork lift trucks can be used in the
holds.
 The derricks are the ship's cranes, and their lifting
capacity can vary from 1/2 ton to 50 tons.
 When heavy items such as locomotives or boilers
are commonly carried, jumbo derricks capable of
lifting up to 200 tons are provided.
 They are operated by the ship's winches.
 Derricks are very necessary when cargo is loaded or
discharged into barges and are also used on the
ship's quayside, where they can work in conjunction
with shore cranes.
 The derricks are affixed to the masts.
 The bridge of a vessel is the navigating centre of the
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ship where her course is determined.
In some cases (eg; fog), it is the practice to provide two
navigating bridges, one situated aft and the other
amidships.
Included in the navigating bridge accommodation is
the helm, and also a large amount of nautical
equipment, including radar screens, gyro-compass,
radio direction finder, etc.
The bridge is in direct telecommunication with all parts
of the vessel.
Crew accommodation on modern cargo ships and
tankers is situated aft in close proximity to the
machinery.
THE MACHINERY
 A Diesel engine is a form of internal-combustion engine, in
which combustion of the fuel takes place inside the engine.
 The air in the cylinder is compressed to a high pressure so that it
attains a high temperature and when oil-fuel is injected, it
immediately ignites.
 The power thereby produced is transmitted through a gearbox
or dircctly to the propeller-shaft and is described in terms Brake
Horse Power,‘BHP’.
 Steam: Some larger ships are propelled by steam
plant;machinery which converts the heat energy in steam into
mechanical energy to turn the propeller shaft.
 Marine steam plants can be divided into;
1)Steam Reciprocaling Engines
2)Steam Turbines
3) A combination of 1 & 2
4)Turbo-electric.
* RPM:Revolutions per minute
Other Propulsion Forms:
Bunker Fuels:
 Virtually all merchant ships rely on oil-fuel for both
steam-turbine and for diesel-engined plants, oil
having the advantage over coal in thal it is both
readily and widely available, as well as being
relatively easy to handle, store, and move about on
board.
 Oil-fuel is a derivative of crude-oil wlıich has been
proccssed into distillate and residual fuel-oil.
 Scales are used to deseribe the various grades and
qualities of marine fuel-oils available.
Loadline
 The draft of a vessel is the depth necessary to submerge
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her to her loadline.
The loadline varies according to the seasons and waters
in which she plies.
The seasons to which the markings apply are Tropical
(T), Summer (S), Winter (W) and Winter North Atlantic
(W.N.A.) The world has been mapped off into sections
showing where those sections apply.
Freeboard is the distance measured amidships from the
loadline to the actual freeboard deck of a vessel.
This is the main deck in a single 'tween deck’ vessel and
top continuous deck in a ship with two or more decks.
Loadline
TYPES AND METHODS OF
TONNAGE MEASUREMENT
 Deadweight tonnage (d.w.t.) expresses the
number of tons (of 2240 pounds) a vessel can
transport of cargo, stores and bunker fuel.
 It is the difference between the number of tons of
water a vessel displaces 'light' and the number of
tons it displaces when submerged to her loadline.
 Deadweight tonnage is used interchangeably with
deadweight carrying capacity. A vessel's capacity
for weight cargo is less than its total dead-weight
tonnage.
TYPES AND METHODS OF
TONNAGE MEASUREMENT
 Cargo tonnage is a weight or measurement (W/M).
 The weight ton in the US and in UK countries is
the American short ton of 2000 pounds, or the
English long ton of 2240 pounds.
 A measurement ton is usually 40 cubic feet, but
in some instances a larger number of cubic feet is
taken for a ton.
 Most ocean package freight is taken at weight or
measurement (W/M) ship's option.The metric
ton of 1000 kg., or cubic metre is becoming more
widely used.
 Displacement of a vessel is the weight in tons of 2240
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pounds of the ship and its contents.
It is the weight of water the ship displaces.
Displacement light is the weight of the vessel with out
stores, bunker fuel, or cargo.
Displacement loaded is the weight of the vessel plus cargo,
passengers, fuel and stores.
Gross tonnage applies to vessels, not to cargo.
It is determined by dividing by 100 the contents in cubic
feet of the vessel's closed-in spaces, and is usually referred
to as the gross registered tonnage (G.R.T.).
 A vessel ton is 100 cubic feet. it is used as a basis for Pilotage and
Dry Dock, and sometimes Tonnage Dues.
 Additionally, it is employed for statistical purposes, when
comparing ship sizes, and as a basis for Protection and Indemnity
club entries.
 Net tonnage is a vessel's gross tonnage less deductions of
space occupied by accommodation for crew, machinery,
fuel, stores and other accommodation which does not
represent earning capacity of the ship.
 A vessel's net tonnage expresses the space available for the
accommodation of passengers and stowage of cargo, and is usually
referred to as net registered tonnage (N.R.T.).
 A ton of cargo in most instances occupies less than 100 cubic feet:
hence the vessel's cargo tonnage may exceed its net tonnage, and
indeed the tonnage of cargo carried is usually greater than the gross
tonnage.
 It is the cubic capacity of all earning space, and it is on this tonnage
figure that most harbour dues and other charges are calculated. The
aim of the average shipowner is to achieve a low net tonnage
consistent with a maximum cubic capacity for cargo and/or
passengers.
TYPES OF SHIPS
The type of merchant vessel employed on a trade route
is determined basically by the traffic carried.
1. General Cargo Ships
2. Bulk Carrier
3. Container Ships
4. RO/RO
5. Heavy Lift
6. Tanker
7. Combination Carrier
8. Gas Carrier
9. Passanger Ship
10. Off-Shore and Towage
11. Coaster
12. Miscellaneous Ships
General Cargo Ship
 Carry packaged items
like food,
furniture,machinery
 Tweendeckers; with two
or more decks
 Carry bulk cargo in
lower holds, palletised
or baled goods in the
tweens.
Refrigerated Ships
 Reefer ships are cargo
ships typically used to
transport perishable
commodities which
require temperaturecontrolled transportation,
mostly fruits, meat, fish,
vegetables and other
foodstuffs.
Bulk Ship
 Bulk carriers used to
transport bulk cargo
items such as ore,
rice,cement,lumber&
paper products sugar
and etc.
 Large box-like hatches on
its deck, designed to
slide outboard for
loading.
Container Ship
 Container ships are cargo
ships that carry their
entire load in truck-size
containers.
 Inter-modal shipment
 Informally known as "box
boats"
 Carry the majority of the
world's dry cargo.
Barge
 A barge is a flat-
bottomed boat, built
mainly for river and
canal transport of
heavy goods.
 Most barges are not
self-propelled and
need to be moved by
tugboats towing or
towboats pushing
them.
Roll-on/roll-off ships
 Roll-on/roll-off ships is
designed to carry
wheeled cargo such as
automobiles and trailers.
 RORO vessels have builtin ramps which allow the
cargo to be efficiently
"rolled on" and "rolled
off" the vessel when in
port.
Ferries
 Ferries are a form of
transport, usually a boat or
ship carrying passengers and
sometimes their vehicles.
 Ferries are also used to
transport freight and even
railroad cars.
 Most ferries operate on
regular, frequent, return
services.
 A foot-passenger ferry with
many stops, such as in
Penang, is sometimes called a
waterbus or water taxi.
Heavy Lift (LO/LO) ships
 Semi-submerging are
more commonly known
as a "flo/flo" for floaton/float-off.
 These vessels have a
long and low well deck
between a forward pilot
house and an aft
machinery space.
 Can carry oil platforms,
damaged ships etc.
Tanker Ship
 Tankers are cargo ships for
the transport of fluids, such
as crude oil, petroleum
products, vegetable oils
and other food
 The tanker sector
comprises one third of the
world tonnage.
Tanker sizes;
 Ultra Large Crude Carrier
 Very Large Crude Carrier
 Medium Sized Crude Carrier
 Handy-size
 Aframax
 Panamax
 Medium Range Cross Purpose
Petroleum Tankers
Class
Length
226 m
Seawaymax (741 ft)
228.6 m
Panamax
(750 ft)
Aframax
Beam
24 m (79
ft)
32.3 m
(106 ft)
253.0 m 44.2 m
(830.1 ft) (145 ft)
Suezmax
VLCC
(Malaccama
x)
ULCC
470 m
60 m
(1,540 ft) (200 ft)
Draft
Typical
Typical
Min DWT Max DWT
7.92 m
(26.0 ft)
12.6 m
(41 ft)
10,000
DWT
60,000 DWT
60,000
DWT
80,000 DWT
11.6 m
(38 ft)
16 m (52
ft)
80,000
DWT
120,000
DWT
120,000
DWT
200,000
DWT
20 m (66 200,000
DWT
ft)
315,000
DWT
550,000
DWT
320,000
DWT
Combination Carrier
 Also known as an Ore-bulk-
oil carrier or OBO.
 Ship designed to be capable
of carrying wet or dry
cargoes
 The idea is to reduce the
number of empty (ballast)
voyages, in which large ships
only carry a cargo one way
and return empty for another.
Gas Carrier
 Carriers commodities;
 LNG
 LPG
Cruise Ship
 Cruise ships are
passenger ships used for
pleasure voyages, where
the voyage itself and the
ship's amenities are
considered an essential
part of the experience.
 Cruising has become a
major part of the tourism
industry, with millions
of passengers each year.
Tug Boat
 A tugboat is a boat used for
towing or pushing other
vessels in harbours, over the
open sea or through rivers
and canals.
 Also used to tow barges,
disabled ships, or other
equipment like towboats.
Dredger
 A dredger is a ship used
to excavate in shallow
seas or fresh water areas
with the purpose of
gathering up bottom
sediments and disposing
of them at a different
location.
Multi-purpose ship
 A Multi-purpose ship
(sometimes called a
general cargo ship) is
used to transport a
variety of goods from
bulk commodities to
break bulk and heavy
cargoes.
 To provide maximum
trading flexibility they are
usually geared and
modern examples are
fitted for the carriage of
containers and grains.