Industrialization & Imperialism
Industrialization began in Europe (England) changing
the production of products from hand-made to
machine made.
As industrialization spread throughout Europe the need
for natural resources grew.
Europeans looked to Africa and Asia as sources for raw
materials and as markets for their new industrial
products.
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves
Industrialization & Imperialism
Agricultural Revolution
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Wealthy landowners bought & fenced additional
lands known as enclosures
Experimentation with advanced farming equipment
Used crop rotation, improved crop production
Lead to higher yields or more food production
As food supplies & living conditions increased, the
populations grew and fewer farmers were needed
to produce the food supply. The displaced farm
workers often became the factory workers for the
newly industrialized nations.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Industrialization
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began in England
water power & coal to power industrial machinery
iron ore was plentiful
many rivers for inland transportation
harbors for shipments of products
economic stability in England
factors of production were present
- land
- labor
- capital
Industrialization & Imperialism
Advances in Technology
Industrialization began in the textile industry spurring
many new inventions
John Kay – flying shuttle, mechanized weaving machine
James Hargreaves – spinning jenny, 8 thread spinning
machine
Richard Arkwright – water frame, water power to drive
machines
Samuel Crompton – spinning mule, made stronger thread
Edmund Cartwright – power loom for weaving cloth
Industrialization & Imperialism
Other inventions
Jethro Tull – seed drill to improve planting
Cyrus McCormick – reaper
Samuel F. B. Morse – telegraph, Morse code
Eli Whitney – cotton gin
I. M. Singer – sewing machine
Industrialization & Imperialism
Transportation Improvements
James Watt – made the steam engine more efficient
Robert Fulton – steamboat
John McAdams – “macadam” road system
The steam engine, steamboat, improved roads and
railroads brought rapid and unsettling changes to
people’s lives.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Britain’s
 favorable location
 geography
 financial system
 political stability
Supported the development of industry.
To protect it’s newfound factory system, Britain passed laws
forbidding engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave
the country.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Industrialization spread even though
Britain tried to protect factory secrets
To U.S. and to other nations in Europe
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Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s
technology.
Germany copied the British model as well.
Railroads began to link Europe for the
development of industry.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Key Terms
Entrepreneur – one who organizes,
manages, and takes the financial
risks of business
Urbanization – rapid growth of cities
Laissez faire – business operation
without government interference
Capitalism – money is invested in
business to make a profit
Industrialization & Imperialism
Luddites – led by mythical, Ned Ludd, displaced
workers destroyed weaving machines to protest loss
of jobs.
*Over 1,000 machines were
destroyed in 1811.
*Soldiers were called out
to protect the machines.
Industrialization & Imperialism
14 Luddites were hanged
by 1813. Others were transported
to Australia, and others were
fined.
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Destruction continued until
1817, when the ringleader was
executed by the government.
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Industrialization & Imperialism
Key Terms
Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions, and actions should
be judged on their usefulness
Socialism – factors of production are owned by the
public (government) and operated for the welfare of
all
Collective Bargaining – negotiations between workers
and employers
Strike – refusal to work
Industrialization & Imperialism
Key People
Adam Smith – supported free market economy. He
believed economic liberty guaranteed economic
success. He wrote Wealth of Nations, and supported
a laissez faire policy.
Karl Marx – developed the idea of Marxist socialism.
He wrote Communist Manifesto, and said that human
societies are at war between the haves and have nots.
He supported a communist state with no private
ownership and equality among all classes of people.
Jeremy Bentham – introduced and supported the idea
of utilitarianism
English Labor Union Reforms
Industrialization & Imperialism
Reform Movements
Union Reforms
* Organization of workers within a particular trade
was/is known as a union.
* Skilled workers were the first to form unions.
*Specialized skills gave workers extra bargaining
power because they were hard to replace
* Unions often called strikes to stop production
* Unions worked to raise wages and improve
working conditions
* Government in England saw unions as a threat to
social order and stability .
Industrialization & Imperialism
Reform Laws
Governments in Britain and the U. S.
passed laws to help reform abuses in
their nation’s industry.
1832 – Britain’s child labor protection laws
passed.
1833 – Britain - The Factory Act made it
illegal to hire children under age 9
(other reforms were included)
1847 – Britain - The Ten Hours Act was
passed. It limited the work day for
women and children.
1904 - U. S. – Child Labor Law, ended
child labor and set maximum working
hours.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Abolition of Slavery
1807 –Through an effort led by
William Wilberforce – Britain
passed a law to end slave trade in the
British West Indies.
1833 – Britain abolished slavery in the
British Empire.
1865 – The United States, at the end
of the Civil War, abolished slavery,
although slavery continued in Puerto
Rico, Cuba, and Brazil.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Women’s Rights
*Women’s trade unions formed
*Jane Addams – led a reform movement for the poor
by establishing settlement houses
*1848 – Women’s Rights Movement pushed for
equality for women.
Education Reform
* In the United States, Horace Mann supported free
public education for all children.
Inventions Change Ways of Life
By the late 1800s, new kinds of
energy were coming into use.
 One was gasoline, which powered a
new type of engine called an
internal combustion engine.
Small, light, and efficient, this made
the automobile possible.
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Inventions Change Ways of Life
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Another kind of energy was the
mysterious force called electricity.
In the 1870s, the electric generator was
developed, which produced a current that
could power machines.
This invention made it possible to bring
the magic of electricity into daily life.
Inventions Change Ways of Life
Thomas Edison made significant
contributions to the world of inventions.
 Over his career, Edison patented more
than 1,000 inventions:
 Light bulb
 Phonograph
 Research laboratory in
Menlo Park, New Jersey,
where most of his inventions
were created
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Inventions Change Ways of Life
Alexander Graham Bell – a teacher of
deaf students
 Invented the telephone in his spare time.
 He displayed his phone at the Philadelphia
Exposition of 1876
 The emperor of Brazil used
it to speak to his aid in another
room. When he heard the reply
he exclaimed, “My word!
It speaks Portuguese!”
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Inventions Change Ways of Life
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Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi used
theoretical discoveries about
electromagnetic waves to create the first
radio in 1895.
The radio was important because it sent
messages (using Morse Code) through the
air, without the use of wires.
Primitive radios soon became standard
equipment for ships at seas.
Widely used by armies to communicate!
Inventions Change Ways of Life
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Henry Ford – decided to make automobiles
that were more affordable
Using the assembly line he massed
produced cars that looked alike
Model Ts were made in one hour using the
assembly line
In 1908 one sold for $850 and you could get
one in any color, so long as that color was
black.
Scientific & Medicine
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Louis Pasteur - while examining the
fermentation process of alcohol he
discovered microscopic organisms called
bacteria.
Heat kills bacteria!
This lead to the process of
pasteurization – to kill germs
in liquids such as milk.
Discovery: Bacteria causes diseases!
Science & Medicine
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British surgeon Joseph Lister read about
Pasteur’s work.
He saw that half of all surgical patients
died of infections.
In1865, he ordered that his surgical wards
be kept spotlessly clean:
Wounds were washed in antiseptics, or
germ-killing liquids.
85% of Lister’s patients survived!
Scientific Discoveries!
A husband and wife team working in Paris
discovered two missing elements from
Dmitri Mendeleev’s chart of scientific
elements.
 Marie and Pierre Curie found that a
mineral called pitchblende released a
powerful form of energy.
 In 1898, Marie Curie gave
Energy the name radioactivity.
Discovery: radium and
polonium
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New Social Science: Psychology
Sigmund Freud
 Doctor from Austria who believed that the
unconscious mind drives how people
think and act.
 According to Freud, the unconscious
forces such as suppressed memories,
desires, and impulses help shape a
person’s behavior.
 He created a type of therapy
called psychoanalysis to help people
 uncover psychological conflicts.
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Albert Einstein
Created the
Theory of Relativity
E=mc2
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The Rise of Mass Culture
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Earlier periods of art, music, and most
theater had been largely enjoyed by the
wealthy.
The growth of a middle class meant that
more people could enjoy and develop new
leisure activities.
Mass Culture developed. Mass culture is
the appeal of art, writing, music, and
other forms of entertainment to a
much larger audience.
Writing
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The following developments occurred due
to high-speed presses which could
duplicate thousands of pages in a few
hours:
Mass market for books
Newspapers
Magazines
Effects: Publications are cheaper and
easier to produce; Public education
experienced an increase in literacy.
Music
The invention of phonograph and records
brought music directly into people’s
homes.
 Music Halls:
featured singers,
dancers, comedians, jugglers, magicians,
acrobats, and even trained parakeets.
Some of these musical variety shows were
called vaudeville.
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Movies & Theaters
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Thomas Edison experimented with motion
pictures. The first ones had no plot;
lasted about a minute; and simply showed
a man sneezing.
By the early 1900s, filmmakers were
producing the first feature films.
By 1910 five million Americans attended
some 10,000 theaters each day to watch
silent movies. The European industry
experienced similar growth.
Sports Teams
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Spectator sports now became a new
source of entertainment.
People went to see athletes play:
US: football, baseball
Europe: soccer clubs
England, Australia, India, South Africa:
cricket
Athens: Olympic games