“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos
An Example of rate constants in the real world: context and calculations
Toxicology of Radioactive Exposure
210
4
206
84 Po 2 He 92 Pb
190 ng dose
suspected
Could it be
Removed using
Complexation
reactions?
Alexander Litvinenko, former Russian KGB agent
poisoned with Polonium on Nov. 1, died Nov. 23, 2006
Review: Module 15: Kinetics and Biology
How and where Po might go depends upon it’s chemistry
1. Same family as O, S, an Se, Te
Po  [ Xe]6s 2 4 f 14 5d 10 6 p 4
2. But with a smaller ionization energy
M  M  e
2. it does not form covalent bonds
E.N. =2.0 for Po vs. 2.55 for C and 3.44 for O
Predict:
attaches to negatively
charged sites of
hemoglobin once pulled
into the blood stream –
(similar to lead)
will move to sites within
the body which look for
“junk” – liver;
will also have large
3. Forms ionic, soluble compounds
impact on the kidneys
PoCl2; PoCl4, PoBr2, PoBr4, PoI2, PoI4, PoO2and
, colon where
excretion occurs.
4. Atomic radii similar to
Ga, Sb
Will be excreted faster
than lead (body has
Little need for 4+
species)
Review: Module 15: Kinetics and Biology
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Po/eneg.html
“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos
Define a Complex
Example 1: Complex ions Cu(NH3)62+
Experiment:
1. copper scrub brush
2. add water
3. dry
4. add ammonia
What happened (chemically)?


2 H2 O 
2
OH

2
H

aq
aq

2 Haq  2e 
 H2 , g
2
Cus 
Cu

aq  2e
Example 1: Metal Complex
Vocabulary
Formation constant
2
2
Cuaq
 NH3,aq 
CuNH

3,aq
CuNH
2
3,aq
 NH

3,aq 
Cu NH3  2 ,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3  3,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3 5,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3  2 ,aq

3,aq 

3,aq 
Cu NH3  4 ,aq  NH
2
Kf 1

3,aq 

3,aq 
2
Cu NH3  3,aq
2
Cu NH3  4 ,aq
2
Cu NH3  4 ,aq
2
Cu NH3  6,aq
2
Kf 2
Kf 3
Kf 4
Kf 5
Kf 6
Cus  6 NH3,aq  2 H2 O Cu NH3  6,aq  2 H2 , g


2
Can this be considered as an Acid/Base Rx?
H2 O  NH



3
HNH3  OH

N is a Lewis:
Base (Electron pair donor)




H2 O 
H

O
H



Al
3

 OH



H 2 O  Al
 

3 

Al OH 
Al OH 
2
2
 H
Al3+ is a Lewis:
Acid (Electron pair acceptor)
“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos
Types of Ligands
Ligand from Latin ligare “to bind”
“a molecule or anion with an unshared pair
of electrons donating a lone pair to a metal
cation to form a coordinate covalent bond”
Elements with unshared pairs of electrons capable of being ligands:
C, N, O, S, F. Cl, Br, I
Molecules acting as ligands:
:NH3; :OH2
Ions acting as ligands:
Cl-, Br-, I-,  C  N 





Example 2: A complex formed from a ligand and a metal
2

Pbaq
 Claq 
 PbClaq

aq
PbCl  Cl
 
aw 
PbCl
Kf 1
0
2 ,aq
Kf1
Kf 2
Kf 2
PbCl 

 PbCl   K  Pb Cl 

 Pb Cl 

aq
2
aq

aq

aq
PbCl
 Cl
 
aq 
PbCl

3,aq
Kf 3
Kf 3
0
2 ,aq

aq
0
2 ,aq

aq
Don’t sweat the math
=an example only
f2
f1

aq
f2
2
aq

aq

aq

3,aq

3,aq

aq
0
2 ,aq
f1
f2
f3
2
aq

aq
2
4 ,aq
f1


aq
    
K f 2 K f 3 K f 4 Pbaq2 Claq Claq Claq Claq

aq
0
2 ,aq
f3
Kf 4
 PbCl   K

aq
 PbCl  ;  PbCl   K  PbCl Cl 

 PbCl Cl 
 PbCl   K K K  Pb Cl Cl Cl 

3,aq
2
PbCl3,aq  Claq 
 PbCl4 ,aq

aq
PbCl 


;  PbCl   K  PbCl Cl 
 PbCl Cl 
 PbCl   K K  Pb Cl Cl 
0
2 ,aq
0
2 ,aq
2
aq
f1

aq
Example 2: A complex formed from a ligand and a metal
 PbCl   K  Pb Cl 

aq
2
aq
f1

aq
 PbCl   K K  Pb Cl Cl 
 PbCl   K K K  Pb Cl Cl Cl 
 PbCl   K K K K  Pb Cl Cl Cl Cl 
0
2 ,aq
 Pb
f2
f1

aq
f3
2
4 ,aq
f1
f2
f3
2
aq
f4

aq
2
aq


aq

aq

aq
2
aq

aq
 Pb
aq ,all forms
f1

2
aq

aq
 
f1

3,aq
0
2 ,aq

2
aq
K f 2 Pb
 
 1  K Cl   K K Cl 
f1
aq
f1
f2
aq

2
Cl 

aq
2

2
aq
 K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 Pb
 
 K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 Claq
3
2
4 ,aq
Cl 

aq
3

2
 K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 K f 4 Pbaq
 
4
 K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 K f 4 Claq 
 Pb 
2
aq
 Pb   Pb  1  K Cl   K K Cl   K K K Cl   K
Pb 

1


 Pb   1  K Cl   K K Cl   K K K Cl   K K K
2
aq
f1

aq
f1
f2

aq
2
f1
f2
f3

aq
3
2
aq
aq ,allforms


aq

aq
   Pb   K  Pb Cl   K
 
 Pb 
o 
2
aq
   Pb    PbCl    PbCl    PbCl    PbCl 
2
aq
aq ,allforms
0
2
aq
f2
Pbaq ,allforms  Pbaq2
0 

aq
f1
aq ,allforms


aq

3,aq
aq ,all forms
 Pb
2
aq
 Pb 
f1

aq
f1
f2

aq
2
f1
Predicts amt of total Pb as Pb2+ based only on [Cl-]
f2
f3

aq
3
f1
f2
 
4


K
K
K
Cl
f1
f2
f3
f4
aq

 
4


K
Cl
f3
f4
aq

Same for 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4
Soluble (charged)
Insoluble (no charge)
M: =31.6
3.16
2
0.316
0.0316
0.00316
PbClx2-x
Example 3: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Another type of Ligand has both
a.
Electron pairs (N:)
b.
net charge (COO-)
What kind of chemistry
Can happen with this
Molecule?
O
C
O
C
O
C
N
C
O
C
O
O
N
OH
HO
N
HO
O
O
O
C
N
C
O
C
O
C
OH
C
O
Note: structure
Omits hydrogens
Rule G5:
Chemists are lazy
Vocabulary Rules for
Coordination Chemistry
1.
2.
3.
Central Atom = cation = Lewis acid
Ligands = Lewis Bases
Lewis bases have an electron pair which
“bites” the metal
a.
1 electron pair = monodentate
b.
2 electron pair = bidentate
c.
> 2 electron pair = polydentate
Chelate from Latin from
Greek khele “claw”
molecular ligand with
more than one bond with
central metal atom.
How Many Teeth on the Following
Ligands (Lewis Bases)?
N:
ammonia
O
O
C
C
O
OH
O
O
O
HO
O
O
H
OH
OH
HO
OH
oxalate
Rhubarb leaves
OH
HO
H
OH
Tartrate
Crystallized wine
From Latin: oxalis :wood
Sorrel; From Greek oxus, sour
From Greek: tartaron
O
O
OH
O
citrate
lemons
From Latin: citron tree
Example 4: Rust:


Fes  3  O H   
 Fe OH  3  3e
 

a red stain on
clothing
To remove:
add lemon juice (citric acid)
add cream of tartar (tartric acid)
add oxalic acid
Which will work better:
oxalic acid or citric acid?
OH
HO
O
http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/59/1/109.pdf
OH
Ferrous/ferric citrate
O
OH
O
Has 2 but can only use one
O
-
O
-
O
2+
Fe
H2O
O
H2O
Ferrous/ferric oxalate
http://www.chemexper.com/index.shtml?main=http://www.chemexper.com/search/cas/516-03-0.html
Uses 2 COOH
1.
2.
Both have 2 bites
Both bites are electron pairs on oxygen
but
citrate can wrap around Fe2+ better.
3.
O
O
oxalate
O O
citrate
logKf
metal oxalate
Mg2+ 2.8
Ca2+ 3.0
Fe2+ 7.5
Cu2+ 6.2
Conclusion: flexibility is good.
citrate
3.2
3.2
11.8
14.2
How many bites?
What possible shape with iron?
O
O
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
N
O
N
O
OH
HO
O
OH
O
OH
O
AX6: octahedron
Review Module 10 Covalent bonding
Example 5:
Hemeglobin:
Oxygen carrier
Fe is
square planar
with 2 more
coordination
sites
top and
bottom.
One is
used for
oxygen
transport
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/568globularprotein.html
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
N
N
N
O
O
OH
O
http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/reprint/142/3/619.pdf
Article gives half lives within various tissues
LD50 values for rats
Gd
3

 DTPA  Gd ( DTPA)
3
K f  10 23
t1/ 2,blood  10 min
“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos
Isomers
If you can read this
you will do well in
organic chemistry
Shapes
A molecule can exist in different isomers, which
affects it’s activity.
Several types, but most important are stereoisomers
1.
2.
Cis= same side
geometrical
Trans = opposite side
cis/trans
optical
mirror image: non-superimposable: chiral
To Cis or not to Cis
Cis Pt, a cancer fighting drug
NH2
Cl
Pt
NH2
2-
Cl
H2N
NH2
trans
Cl
Pt
H2N
2-
NH2
Cl
Pt
isomers
2-
Cl
Cl
cis
Cl
H2N
Pt
H2N
2-
Cl
Why electron configuration is important:
controls shape of molecule
dictates 3D interaction of molecules
Anticancer Drug
Nitrogen on base pair displaces chloro group on
cis-platinum to double bind the cis-platinum
Square planar lets it slide into the
DNA grove
The presence of the complex prevents
transcription or coding of information and fast
growing cancer cells can no longer replicate
http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/103/1/258.pdf
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/100/7/3611
Isomers
Several types, but most important are stereoisomers
1.
2.
geometrical
cis/trans
optical
mirror image: non-superimposable: chiral
Are these all the same molecule?
Optical
isomers
Cis
Cis Mirror image
Can we rotate them in space to get the other one?
NO
90o
90o
90o
90o
mirror
trans
trans/mirror
Rotation of trans results in trans/mirror
90o
90o
3 unique isomers
trans
geometric
optical
cis
Cis mirror
“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos
Complexation Constants
2
2
Cuaq
 NH3,aq 
CuNH

3,aq
CuNH
2
3,aq
 NH

3,aq 
Cu NH3  2 ,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3  3,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3 5,aq  NH
2
Cu NH3  2 ,aq

3,aq 

3,aq 
Cu NH3  4 ,aq  NH
2
Kf 1

3,aq 

3,aq 
2
Cu NH3  3,aq
2
Cu NH3  4 ,aq
2
Cu NH3  4 ,aq
2
Cu NH3  6,aq
2
Cus  6 NH3,aq  2 H2 O Cu NH3  6,aq  2 H2 , g


Kf 2
Kf 3
Kf 4
Kf 5
Kf 6
2
Overall K?
Krx  K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 K f 4 K f 5 K f 6
Krx  K f 1 K f 2 K f 3 K f 4 K f 5 K f 6
What do you observe?
Lead Complexation Constants
Ligand
logK1 logK2 logK3 logK4
F1.4
1.1
Cl1.55
0.6
-0.4
-0.7
Br1.8
0.8
-0.1
-0.3
I1.9
1.3
0.7
0.6
OH6.3
4.6
2
Acetate
2.7
1.4
Oxalate
4.9
1.9
Which are polydentate?
Citrate
5.7
What do you observe?
EDTA
17.9
logKf
2.5
1.05
2.2
4.5
12.9
4.1
6.8
5.7
17.9
Can you guess which will have a higher Kf value:
M(NH3)2(CH3COO-)42O
OOCCH3
O
N
CH3COO
NH3
or
O
N
CH3COO
NH3
O
M(EDTA)2OOCCH
3
Because all the “bites” are on one ligand, and because
they do not have the motional freedom of six
individual bites, the probability of having
them all on the Lewis Acid metal center is
higher than for the individual ligands.
Therefore: Kf (EDTA) >>>>> Kf (six similar ligands)
Use EDTA to confine metal ions
1.
forensic blood sample (O.J. Simpson trial)
2.
In food products
3.
To purify radioactive metals from water
4.
To treat metal poisoned patients
An Example Problem
1gPb 0.04826mol
 8 mol

 4.826 x10
dL
L
L
Children
Symptom
death
encephalopathy
frank anemia
colic
decreased hemoglobin synthesis
decreased Vit. D metabolism
decreased nerve conduction velocity
Decreased IQ, hearing, growth
g/dL
135
90
70
60
40
30
20
10
1gPb 1gPb
10  6 gPb
10x10  9 gPb



 10 ppb
3


dL
01
.L
gwater
01
. 10 gwater
M
6.5x10-6
4.34
3.37
2.89
1.93
1.44
0.97
0.48x10-6
If a 30 kg child comes in with symptoms of colic, seizures,
persistent fatigue, and is known to have eaten paints we diagnose
lead poisoning. A clinical test shows the child to have 40 g/dL
blood lead. Our first goal is to lower the amount of lead in the
blood stream.
Blood volume in an adult is about 4 L. Estimate a blood
volume of 3 L in a child. We will need to give this child some mg
amount of a ligand to form a complex ion with lead that is
soluble so that it can be carried to the kidneys and filtered into
urine and removed.
What would be the equilibrium blood lead concentration if
we gave the child 28.7 mg CaEDTA/kg weight//day? The
molecular weight of CaNa2EDTA is 374.28. The child
is 30 kg, estimated blood volume of 3 L. Estimate EDTA is
adsorbed from stomach to blood stream.
What would be the equilibrium blood lead concentration if we gave the child 28.7 mg
CaEDTA/kg weight//day? The molecular weight of CaNa2EDTA is 374.28. The child
is 30 kg, estimated blood volume of 3 L. Estimate EDTA is adsorbed from stomach to
blood stream.
Know
40 ug/dLBlood lead value
3 L volume of blood
28.7 mg EDTA
m.w. 374.28
Kf = 1017.9

Don’t Know
molarity blood lead
molarity EDTA
equil. conc. lead
 1g   1mole 
28.7mgEDTA 103 mg   374.28g 
EDTAinit 
 7.66 x10  5 M
3L
 40gPb   10dL   1mole   1g 
Pbinit  
. x10  6 M


  6   193
 dL   L   207.2 g   10 g 



What would be the equilibrium blood lead concentration if we gave the child 28.7 mg
CaEDTA/kg weight//day? The molecular weight of CaNa2EDTA is 374.28. The child
is 30 kg, estimated blood volume of 3 L. Estimate EDTA is adsorbed from stomach to
blood stream.
 EDTA   7.66x10
init
5
M
. x10
 Pb   193
6
init
M
2
2
4
CaNa2 EDTAs 
Ca

2
Na

EDTA

aq
aq
aq
4
2
EDTAaq
 Pbaq2 
 PbEDTAaq
K f  1017.9  7.93x1017
So large – complete reaction
. x10 4 molePbEDTA
7.66x105 M  3L  320
. x10 6 M  3L  579
. x10x10 6 molePbEDTA
193
From EDTA
From Pb
 EDTA
after L. R .
 PbEDTA

3.20x10  4  5.79 x10  6

 7.467 x10  5
3L
after L. R .

5.79 x10  6

 1937
.
x10  6
3L
Limiting Reagent
 Pb
after L . R .
 0
What would be the equilibrium blood lead concentration if we gave the child 28.7 mg
CaEDTA/kg weight//day? The molecular weight of CaNa2EDTA is 374.28. The child
is 30 kg, estimated blood volume of 3 L. Estimate EDTA is adsorbed from stomach to
blood stream.
EDTA4stoi 1
Init 7.44x10-5
Change +x
Assume x<<<7.44x10-5
Equil 7.44x10-5
Pb2+
1
0
x
EDTAPb21
1.93x10-6
-x
x<<1.93x10-6
1.93x10-6
x
PbEDTA
 x  PbEDTA
PbEDTA 




K  7.93x10 


 EDTA  Pb   EDTA   xx  EDTA x
PbEDTA

  193
. x10
10
x
 317
. x10
EDTA 7.93x10 7.44x10 77..9393xx1010
2
after L. R .
2
aq ,eq
17
f
4
aq ,eq
2
aq ,eq
4
after L. R .
2
after L. R .
4
after L. R .
2
after L. R .
4
after L. R .
66
 20
17
17
55
17
17
x  317
. x10  20 M  6.79 x10 13
g
dL
Blood lead level actually increases when using EDTA
Lead Complexation Constants
Ligand
logK1 logK2 logK3
F1.4
1.1
Cl1.55
0.6
-0.4
Br1.8
0.8
-0.1
I1.9
1.3
0.7
OH6.3
4.6
2
Acetate
2.7
1.4
Oxalate
4.9
1.9
Citrate
5.7
EDTA
17.9
logK4
-0.7
-0.3
0.6
logKf
2.5
1.05
2.2
4.5
12.9
4.1
6.8
5.7
17.9
Why?
5-10yrs
Essentially EDTA is on a search and destroy mission
to remove lead.
Any other problems?
Why isn’t this therapy the best one medically?
Metal
Pb2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
Zn2+
logKf
17.9
14.4
25.1
18.8
16.5
Removes other essential
Metals; some imp. For structure
An Example of rate constants in the real world: context and calculations
Toxicology of Radioactive Exposure
210
4
206
84 Po 2 He 92 Pb
190 ng dose
suspected
Could it be
Removed using
Complexation
reactions?
Alexander Litvinenko, former Russian KGB agent
poisoned with Polonium on Nov. 1, died Nov. 23, 2006
YES!!
Complexation of Po and Pb for medical treatment
Alternative is “succimer”
Trade name for
Dimercaptosuccinic acid,
DMSA
o
S
C
C
S
C
♥S
Pb
SH
SH
H3C
Dimercaptopropane, DMPS
Aka
British anti-Lewisite
c
o
s
o
c
c
c
s
o
Titre du document / Document title
Combined chelation treatment for polonium after simulated wound contamination in rat
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
VOLF V. (1) ; RENCOVA J. ; JONES M. M. ; SINGH P. K. ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
(1) Inst. Toxicologie, Forschungszent. Karlsruhe: Tech. Umwelt, 76021 Karlsruhe, ALLEMAGNE
Résumé / Abstract
Contaminated puncture wounds were simulated in rat by intramuscular injection of [210]Po. The aim of the
study was to determine the effectiveness of chelation treatment as a function of time, dosage, and route of
chelate administration. Ten newly synthesized substances containing vicinal sulphydryl and carbodithioate
groups were used and their effect was compared with that of chelators clinically applicable in man-BAL (2,3dimercaptopropane-1-ol),
DMPS
(2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate),
DMSA
(meso-2,3dimercaptosuccinic acid), and DDTC (sodium diethylamine-N-carbodithioate). The results indicate first
that complete removal of [210]Po from the injection site is achieved by only two local injections of
DMPS, beginning as late as 2 h after injection of [210]Po. Second, many of the substances used merely
induce translocation of [210]Po from the injection site into other tissues. Third, a combined local
treatment at the injection site with DMPS plus repeated systemic, subcutaneous, treatments with HOEtTTC
(N,N'-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-biscarbodithioate), a derivative of DDTC, results after 2
weeks in a reduction of the estimated total body retention of [210]Po to about one-third of that in untreated
controls. In the latter case the cumulative excretion of [210]Po increased from 8 to 54%, mainly via the
faeces.
Revue / Journal Title
International journal of radiation biology (Int. j. radiat. biol.) ISSN 0955-3002
Source / Source
1995, vol. 68, no4, pp. 395-404 (19 ref.)
Titre du document / Document title
Mobilization and detoxification of polonium-210 in rats by 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and its derivatives
Auteur(s) / Author(s)
RENCOVA J. (1) ; VOLF V. (1) ; JONES M. M. (2) ; SINGH P. K. (2) ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
(1) National Institute of Public Health, Centre of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Šrobárova 48, 100 42
Praha,
TCHEQUE,
REPUBLIQUE
(2) Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1583, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, ETATS-UNIS
Résumé / Abstract
Purpose: To reduce retention and toxicity of the alpha particle emitter polonium-210 in rats by newly developed
chelating agents. Materials and methods: Repeated subcutaneous chelation was conducted after intravenous injection of
[210]Po nitrate. For reduction of [210]Po retention the treatment with vicinal dithiols meso-and rac-2,3dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), mono-i-amylmeso-2,3-dimercapto succinate (Mi-ADMS) and mono-N-(i-butyl)-meso2,3-dimercapto succinamide (Mi-BDMA) were used. For the reduction of toxic effects of [210]Po, treatment effectiveness
of Mi-BDMA was compared with that of N,N'-di(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N'-biscarbodithioate (HO-EtTTC,
reference compound). Results: Treatment with meso-DMSA and rac-DMSA altered the main excretion route of [210]Po,
reduced its contents in the liver but increased its deposition in the kidneys. Treatment with Mi-ADMS or Mi-BDMA
increased total excretion of [210]Po, mainly via the faeces. Only Mi-BDMA decreased [210]Po levels in the kidneys. The
effectiveness of all chelators decreased with delay in the start of treatment. In a survival study, the lives of rats treated
early with Mi-BDMA or delayed with HOEtTTC were prolonged three-fold when compared with rats receiving a
lethal amount of [210]Po only. Conclusions: Of the vicinal dithiols examined, Mi-BDMA was the best mobilizing
chelating agent for [210]Po and it reduced [210]Po toxicity when the treament started immediately. However, the
detoxification efficacy of the immediate treatment with HOEtTTC, observed in our previous study, was superior to that of
the present result with Mi-BDMA.
Revue / Journal Title
International journal of radiation biology (Int. j. radiat. biol.) ISSN 0955-3002
Source / Source
2000, vol. 76, no10, pp. 1409-1415 (21 ref.)
“A” students work
(without solutions manual)
~ 10 problems/night.
Dr. Alanah Fitch
Flanner Hall 402
508-3119
afitch@luc.edu
Office Hours Th&F 2-3:30 pm
Module #18:
Complex Ions:
Saving future
Mr. Litvinenkos