Chapter 19
Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Section 1: Introduction to Kingdoms and
Domains
Section 2: Advent of Multicellularity
Section 3: Complex Multicellularity
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
Objectives:
•Identify the characteristics used to classify
kingdoms.
•Differentiate bacteria from archaebacteria.
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Six Kingdoms of Life
•Kingdoms Members of the six kingdoms are
grouped according to their cell type, cell
complexity, body type, and nutrition.
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Three Domains of Life
•Domains Bacteria contain the kingdom
Eubacteria, Archae contain the kingdom
Archaebaceria, and Eukarya contain the kingdoms
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Bacteria
•Characteristics of Bacteria Bacteria are
classified according to their cell wall, gene
structure, and gene translation apparatus. Bacteria
are prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan in their
cell wall and no introns in their genes.
•Kinds of Bacteria Bacteria are heterotrophic or
autotrophic.
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Archae
•Characteristics of Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are classified according to their cell
wall, cell membrane, gene structure, and gene
translation apparatus. Archaebacteria are
prokaryotes that have unusual lipids in their cell
membrane, no peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and
introns in their genes.
•Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens,
extremophiles (thermophiles and halophiles), and
nonextreme archaebacteria are three types of
archaebacteria.
Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Eukarya
•Characteristics of Eukarya Eukarya are
classified based on cell interior, multicellularity,
and sexual reproduction.
•Kinds of Eukaryotes Four types of Eukaryotes
include Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.
Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Objectives:
•Contrast the terms colony and aggregate.
•List the characteristics of protists.
•List the characteristics of fungi.
Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity
•Colonies A colonial organism is a group of cells
that live together permanently but do not
coordinate most cell activity.
•Aggregations Aggregations are collections of
cells that come together for a limited period of
time.
•True Multicellularity Only eukaryotes exhibit
true multicellularity, which occurs when the
activities of the individual cells are coordinated and
the cells are in contact with one another.
Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity
continued
•Complex Multicellularity Plants and animals
show complex multicellularity, which occurs when
specialized cells are organized into structures called
tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Protista
•Kinds of Protists Protists include multicellular
and unicellular eukaryotes and can be heterotrophs
or autotrophs.
Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Fungi
•Kinds of Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic, and
principally heterotrophs that exist mainly as slender
hyphae.
Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Objectives:
•List the levels of cellular organization that occur
in plants and animals.
•Name the characteristics of plants.
•Identify the characteristics of animals.
•Differentiate plants from animals.
Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Plantae
•Characteristics of Plants Plants are
photosynthetic eukaryotes with tissue. Their cells
have cell walls. They are the primary producers in
most terrestrial food webs. They release oxygen
and aid in resource cycling.
•Kinds of Plants Plants differ according to the type
of vascular tissue and reproductive structures. The
types of plants include: nonvascular, seedless
vascular, nonflowering seed plants, and flowering
seed plants.
Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia
•Characteristics of Animals Animals are
multicellular heterotrophs with cells that lack a cell
wall, that are organized as tissues, and that are
mostly diploid. They reproduce sexually, and their
zygotes develop through several stages.
•Kinds of Animals Animals include: sponges and
cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods,
echinoderms, and vertebrates.
•Ecological Roles Animals can fulfill various roles
in an ecosystem including consumers and detrivores.