JOINT
OPERATIONS
Bottom Line on Joint Operations
The USAF doesn’t operate alone. It takes all
military services working together to
successfully execute & win America’s wars
Failed Hostage Rescue Video
Overview
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The World Situation
Define Joint Operations
History of Joint Warfare
Joint Doctrine
Range of Operations
Types of Joint Operations
Joint Warfare Values
World Situation
• Regional instability
• WMD proliferation
• Transnational threats:
ethnic/economic/health/crime
• Military operations tempo
• Force structure
• Defense budget
History of Joint Operations
• Joint Warfare
• Joint Doctrine
Joint Warfare
• 1781: Battle of Yorktown
– French Naval Blockade
– American Ground Forces
Lafayette
Lord Cornwallis
Washington
Joint Warfare
• 1863: Battle of Vicksburg
– Control of the Mississippi
River
– Teamwork: Navy,
Marine, and Army
Assault
– 45 Day Siege
Joint Warfare
• 1944: Operation Overlord
– Air Superiority
– Sea Superiority
– Special Operations
Joint Warfare
• Operation Overlord (cont’d)
– Leadership
• Eisenhower
– Complete autonomy
– 6,000 ships, 13,000 aircraft, 250,000
personnel from all branches
• Von Runstedt
– No autonomy
– No control over armor, air defense, or
coastal artillery
Joint Warfare
• Desert Storm
– Principles of War
– Included air, land, sea forces
Joint Warfare
“You may fly over a land forever; you may bomb
it, atomize it, pulverize it and wipe it clean of
life—but if you desire to defend it, protect it, and
keep it for civilization, you must do this on the
ground, the way the Roman legions did, by
putting your young men into the mud.”
~ T. R. Fehrenbach, This Kind of War
Joint Warfare
• Afghanistan—ENDURING FREEDOM
– A new kind of warfare—Network-centric
– US Special Forces “composite” teams
Joint Doctrine
• National Security Act of
1947—Created:
– Department of Defense
• Secretary of Defense
• Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Unified & Specified
Commands
– National Security
Council
– Central Intelligence
Agency
Joint Doctrine
• Reorganization Act of 1958
– Defined the chain of command from the President
to the services
• President>SecDef>Unified CC>Component CC
– Unified Commands increased their operational
control (OPCON) of resources
Joint Doctrine
• Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization
Act of 1986
– Strengthened role of Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS)
• CJCS became principal military advisor
to the President and SecDef
– Mandated Doctrine
• Provides a common perspective from
which to plan and operate
• Shapes the way we think and train for
war
• Not a checklist that will guarantee military
victory
Joint Doctrine
• Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d)
– Required officers to serve in a joint billet before
promotion to flag rank
– Two separate branches in the military chain of
command
• Operational
• Administrative
Joint Organization
President
Administrative
Operational
Secretary of Defense
CJCS*
Combatant Commander
Military Departments
Components
Forces
(not assigned to Combatant Commander)
*CJCS has no operational control
Joint Doctrine
• Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d)
– Operational
• Unified combatant commander in charge of all
services/components
• Component commanders responsible for their piece
• Sometimes difficult to determine which service to use at
a particular time and place
Joint Doctrine
• Goldwater-Nichols Act (cont’d)
– Administrative
• Military departments responsible for all
personnel within their service not
assigned to the combatant commander
• Separate and distinct from the branch
that contains the operational command
Operational Branch
President
Simple
Chain
Secretary of Defense
Unified Commander/Joint Forces Commander
Land
Maritime
Air
Special Ops
The Joint Campaign
• Objective
– Usually set by the President and Secretary of
Defense
– Unified Combatant Commander decides best way
to accomplish objective
The Joint Campaign
• Military Strengths
– Each service brings unique strengths and
weaknesses to the joint environment
Navy
Conducts prompt and sustained
operations at and from the sea
Marine Corps
Conducts amphibious
landings and ground
operations
Army
Conducts prompt and sustained land
combat operations
Air Force
Uses air and space
power to exploit the
aerospace environment
Joint Campaign
The difficult task is determining which service to
use at a particular time and place because each
service brings unique strengths and weaknesses
to the joint environment.
Joint Campaign
• Joint Shopping List
– Strategic Strike Capability
• Air Force > Navy > Army and Marine Corps*
– Guerrilla/Urban Warfare
• Army > Marine Corps > Air Force and Navy*
– Forced Entry
• Marine Corps > Army > Air Force and Navy*
– Control Ground
• Army > Marine Corps > Navy and Air Force*
* Services listed from most likely to least likely
How We Fight Video
Blackhawk Down
Range of Military Operations
Types of Military
Operations
Military
Crisis Response Major Operations
Engagement, and Contingency and Campaigns
Security
Operations
Cooperation,
and Deterrence
Natural Part of War
Escalation
Desert Shield
De-Escalation
Northern and
Southern Watch
TIME
Crisis response/Engagement/Major operation/Deterrence/Contingency
Types of Operations
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Arms Control and Disarmament
Combating Terrorism
Counterdrug Operations
Enforcement of Sanctions
Freedom of Navigation
Types of Operations (cont’d)
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Nation Assistance
Protection of Shipping
Show of Force
Support to Insurgency
Noncombat Evacuation Operation
Types of Operations (cont’d)
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Peace Operations
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
Recovery Operations
Consequence Management
Strikes and Raids
Types of Operations (cont’d)
• Support to Homeland Security
• Major Combat Operations
– Offensive
– Defensive
– Stability
Joint Force Values
• Integrity
– Say what you mean &do what you say
• Competence
– Those you lead deserve no less
• Physical Courage
– You never know when…
• Moral Courage
– Always do what is right
• Teamwork
– Essential to Joint Operations
Summary
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The World Situation
Define Joint Operations
History of Joint Warfare
Joint Doctrine
Range of Operations
Types of Joint Operations
Joint Warfare Values
Tomorrow…
HURRICANE
RELIEF
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA
DAGESTAN
KOSOVO
WEST BANK AFGHANISTAN
CHINA
ALGERIA
PAKISTAN
TAIWAN
INDIA
YEMEN
LIBERIA
ERITHEA
SRI LANKA
NIGERIA
SUDAN
ECUADOR
ZIMBABWE
Where will you be?
EAST TIMOR
Questions?