Civil War and Reconstruction
1861-1877
Vocabulary
Sectionalism
Dred Scott Decision
Secession (Secede)
Emancipation
Proclamation
Reconstruction Era
Black Codes
Carpetbaggers
Sharecropping
Jim Crow Laws
Abolitionist
Harpers Ferry
Fort Sumter
Battle of Gettysburg
Freedmen’s Bureau
Andrew Johnson
Scalawags
Tenant Farming
Your essential questions
• What were the causes of the Civil
War?
• What were the major events of
the Civil War?
• What problems arose during the
Reconstruction Era?
The causes of the Civil War
• Sectionalism – being divided into
sections. The United States was divided
into three sections based on beliefs,
economic ways of life, and cultural ways of
life.
• The United States was divided into the
North, South, and West.
Sectionalism
• This word refers to feeling more loyal to
your section of the country (north, south,
or west) than to the country itself!!
Three Sections
• North – main jobs were in manufacturing,
shipping, fishing, and small farms. The north
favored high tariffs (taxes)
• South – most white people in the South did NOT
own slaves. The economy was based on profit
from slave labor on plantations to grow cotton,
rice, and indigo (a blue dye) that was sold to the
Northeast and England. The south opposed
(were against) tariffs on manufactured goods.
• West – (today known as the Midwest) became
the nation’s “breadbasket”, growing and shipping
grain to the North and the South.
States’ Rights
• The belief that individual states can make
their own decisions about most issues,
like slavery.
• Many Southerners believed that each
state still had the power to reject federal
law or even to leave the Union if it wished.
• Most Northerners believed that the Union
was the work of the people and that
individual states did not have the right to
leave it!
• What do you think are some arguments
for and against states’ rights???
Slave States
Territories
Slave States
Free States
The Nation Heads for War!!!
• In 1819, there were an equal number of free
states and slaves states in the Union. Since
everything was equal, there was no problem.
• But, what happens if another state enters the
Union as either a free or slave state? Wouldn’t
that create a problem? What problem do you
think that created?
• Well, if a state entered as a free state, then the
power would be with the North and the free
states. They would have one more vote in
Congress for freedom of slaves. If a state
entered the Union as a slave state, then the
power would be with the South and the slave
states. They would have one more vote in
Congress for allowing slavery.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• The Missouri Compromise was a deal that Congress made with the
states that there would be an invisible line drawn through the
Louisiana Territory. All states north of that would be free – EXCEPT
MISSOURI!! It would be a slave state. Missouri was then allowed
into the Union as a slave state and Maine was allowed into the Union
as a free state. This then kept the balance that was created.
The actual Missouri Compromise
document
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• This law requires police in free states to
help capture slaves escaping from slave
states.
• What kinds of problems could this create?
Another Compromise!!!
• Once again there was
a fight over balance of
power. The United
States gained Texas,
New Mexico, and
California from Mexico
in 1848. Would these
states be free states
or slave states? What
would that do to the
balance of power?
Compromise of 1850
• Henry Clay (who also created the Compromise of 1820)
suggested that in order to keep the balance of power,
California would enter the Union as a free state – this
would benefit the North. In return, the North would have
to obey the Fugitive Slave Law and help return escaping
slaves to the South.
• The other territories that has been gained from Mexico
(Texas and New Mexico) would decide for themselves
whether they would allow slavery.
• This Compromise took 6 months, but eventually it was
accepted by Congress.
Bleeding Kansas
• In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed.
• It allowed those people living in Kansas and
Nebraska to decide for themselves whether
they wanted to allow slavery.
• Both territories were north of the Missouri
Compromise Line.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Slave owners were pleased because now they
were allowed to own slaves in both Kansas and
Nebraska.
• Northern farmers who were against slavery and
were looking to move west (like in Hattie’s
Birthday Box), were opposed to this act. They
worried that the Southerners would buy all the
best land and use slaves to farm it.
• The Republican party was eventually formed
from all the abolitionists that wanted to end
slavery.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Abraham Lincoln, a lawyer from Illinois,
was one of the Republicans that opposed
slavery.
• He predicted violence between the
Northerners and the Southerners.
• Violence soon broke out between the free
soilers and the slave owners in Kansas.
Buildings were burned and people were
killed.
• The newspapers referred to the territory as
“Bleeding Kansas”.
The actual document
Is This Fair???
• In 1856, a black woman
named Biddy Mason was
awarded her freedom after
living in California for 3 years.
• In 1857, Dred Scott also tried
to get his freedom awarded.
He had lived in a free territory
as well.
• The Supreme Court ruled
against Dred Scott.
Dred Scott Decision
• The Dred Scott Decision stated that slaves
were property.
• The Constitution said that citizens are
allowed to take their property, including
slaves, anywhere.
• WERE THEY SERIOUS???
Dred Scott Decision
• The Supreme Court also decided that the
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
• According to the Supreme Court, it was
unconstitutional because if Congress made
certain states “free”, then slave owners would
not be able to move their property to the “free”
states.
• Some Northern states passed resolutions that
the Dred Scott Decision was not a law in their
states and it did not have to be obeyed.
A Quick Review
• Remember that for the nation to finally come to
war took a LONG time!!!
• By now you should know these events or terms
and how they eventually led to the Civil War:
sectionalism, the increase in slavery, states’
rights, westward expansion, the Compromise of
1820 and 1850, the Underground Railroad, the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott Decision.
Slavery
• Eli Whitney invented a product called
the cotton gin in 1793. The cotton
gin allowed workers to remove the
seeds from the type of cotton grown
in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,
and Louisiana.
• How do you think the cotton gin
affected the demand for slave labor?
• It increased the demand, so that
more cotton could be picked and
sold. This means more money for
the farmers and plantation owners!
Nat Turner
• Nat Turner was a slave in Virginia.
• He led a slave rebellion that was the spark
that started the Civil War.
• His rebellion included many slaves and
other free blacks.
• They went from house to house, freeing
the slaves and killing the slave owners.
• He and his rebellion killed 55 men,
women, and children by the time all was
done.
Slave Codes
• Slave codes were
laws passed in North
America to regulate
any state of
subjection to a force,
and were abolished
after the U.S. Civil
War. Slave codes
were long criticized
by abolitionists for
their brutality.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
• This law requires police in free states to
help capture slaves escaping from slave
states.
• What kinds of problems could this create?
Underground Railroad
• The Underground Railroad was not a real
railroad or underground. It was a network
of people that allowed slaves to stay at
their houses, feed them, clothe them, etc.
as they escaped slavery. Many people
had hidden places in their houses or on
their land where slaves could hide if the
house was searched.
Discover
the secret
message
hidden in
this slave
song.
Slaves created
very unique ways
of freeing
themselves; rumor
has it that this man
shipped himself to
the north in a box
in order to escape
slavery.
Cupboard of
Gettysburg, PA house
Underground Railroad routes
Harriett Tubman
Freedom Stories
• First Stop on the Flight to Freedom
For escaping slaves, the candle in Rev.
John Rankin's window was a true
beacon of hope. Slaves who made it
across the Ohio River climbed the long,
rickety stairway to Rankin's safe house
in Ripley, Ohio. One of the most active
conductors on the Underground
Railroad, Rankin, along with his wife
and children, helped hundreds of slaves
seek freedom from 1822 to 1865.
Rankin's home also was a frequent stop
for abolitionists; while visiting, Harriet
Beecher Stowe is said to have heard a
story that inspired her landmark
antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Some of the stops on the
Underground Railroad
The John Brown cabin
in New York state
Levi Coffin house in
Fountain City, IN
The Nathan Thomas
house in Schoolcraft, MI
Second Baptist Church of
Detroit, MI
Eleutherian College in
Lancaster, IN
Harriet Beecher
Stowe house in
Cincinnati, OH
Harriet Tubman with a group of newly freed
slaves
Reward poster –
these were placed
all over the country.
How Women Helped
• In July, 1848, there was a
convention in New York state.
• Women, who were often not free
themselves, fought to end
slavery.
• This was the birth of the feminist
movement. This movement
eventually led to women having
the right to vote.
Abolitionists
• Abolitionists are people that want to
ABOLISH (make illegal) slavery. They
think it is wrong and want to end it.
• One of the most influential abolitionists
was Harriet Beecher Stowe. She wrote a
book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This book
told about all the evils of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
• A famous abolitionist
• He started the
newspaper called “The
Liberator”.
• He was a white man
who did not agree with
slavery and fought to
end it.
Sojourner Truth
• Sojourner Truth was a former slave that
traveled the country speaking out against
slavery.
• She wanted a peaceful end to slavery.
Frederick Douglass
• One of the most well
known abolitionist
speakers.
• He was a runaway slave.
• He spoke all around the
country, trying to get
slavery abolished.
Raid on
Harper’s Ferry
• In 1859, John Brown, an
abolitionist, started a slave
revolt.
• He went to Harper’s Ferry and
got a bunch of weapons that
were being stored by the
federal government.
• He was going to pass out
weapons and start a rebellion.
• His plan did not work, however.
• He was arrested, tried, found
guilty of treason, and hanged.
• This event created a lot of fear
that Northerners wouldn’t stop
at anything to abolish slavery!
A New President
• In 1860, Republican presidential
candidate, Abraham Lincoln was
elected president.
• He promised to leave slavery alone
even though he was against it, just so
the Union would stay together.
• But, the Southern states were afraid
that he would abolish slavery anyways.
• South Carolina was the first of the
Southern states to actually vote to
leave the Union in December, 1860.
Secession
• After South Carolina
seceded, Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and
Texas followed South
Carolina’s lead and also
left the Union. They
formed the Confederate
States of America
South Carolina’s Congress
that voted to secede.
Succession!
Confederate White House
State Congress
This page and the
following page include
actual newspaper
covers from a
newspaper called
“Harper’s Weekly”.
Five of the states that
seceded were featured
on the front of this
newspaper. This cover
happens to show the
Georgia Congress that
voted to secede.
State Congress
Mississippi
Alabama
Confederate States of America
• The Confederate States of America was
created when the Southern states
seceded.
• They created a
constitution.
• They elected a
president,
named
Jefferson Davis.
Jefferson Davis
Inauguration of
Jefferson Davis
President Jefferson Davis
and Vice President
Alexander Stephens
Government of Confederate States
And the Civil War begins….
• The Union was now divided.
• In April 1861, Lincoln, wanted to keep the Union
together (or at least put it back together).
• In South Carolina, the Confederates wanted to
take down the American flag and put up the
Confederate flag.
The Civil War
• Lincoln asked for volunteers to help
put down the uprising in South
Carolina. Instead of fighting their
neighbors, North Carolina and
Virginia also seceded from the Union
and joined the Confederate States.
• The Civil War has now begun.
Fort Sumter
Resources during the war
• South: The south had superior military
leadership and the commitment of many
Southerners to keep their way of life with slaves.
It did not have manufacturing centers or a strong
Navy. What were some benefits and drawbacks
for the South?
• North: The north had a larger population, a
better transportation system, lots of industry, and
a much better navy. What were some benefits
and drawbacks for the North?
Battle of Manassas
• The North thought they could quickly capture Richmond,
VA (the capital of the Confederate States) and the war
would end.
• On the way to Richmond, the Confederates engaged the
North in a fight called the Battle of Manassas (also called
the Battle of Bull Run).
• This took place in July, 1861
• General “Stonewall” Jackson of the Confederate Army
forced the Union to retreat.
• 2,896 Union soldiers died and 1,226 Confederate soldier
died in this battle.
The North’s New Strategy
• The North now realized that the victory
they wanted would not be such a quick
one. So they adopted what was called the
Anaconda Plan.
Just like the
Anaconda squeezes
its victims, the
Anaconda plan was
going to squeeze the
South out of
supplies, money,
and weapons.
The Anaconda Plan
• The Anaconda plan had three main goals.
1. The Northern ships would blockade, or block
off, Southern seaports. Why?
Southerners would not be able to buy weapons and
supplies it needed.
2. The North would take control of the
Mississippi River. Why?
This would cause the South to be split in half. Also,
the South would not be able to use the river to ship
supplies.
3. Union troops would invade the South from
both the east and the west.
The Anaconda Plan
Jefferson Davis’s
mistaken thoughts
• Jefferson Davis knew that a blockade by the
North would be a big problem.
• However, he thought the Britain needed the
South’s cotton so badly that they would send
British ships to break up the blockade by the
North.
• This did not happen. It turned out that Britain
had more cotton than they needed that year
and did not need any more from the South.
• Also, the British did not want to get involved in a
war between the states.
So, in 1862….
• In August, 1862, the Union tried to capture
Richmond, VA, again. They were forced to
retreat again.
• The new Commander-in-Chief, Robert E. Lee
defeated Union forces in the second Battle of
Bull Run (Battle of Manassas).
• Casualties: Union 13,830 and Confederate 8350
The South’s New Plan
• Jefferson Davis and Robert E.
Lee decided that the best way to
end the war would be to just
invade the North.
• September 1862, the
Confederated forces crossed into
Maryland. Confederate and
Union troops fought a fierce battle
at Antietam Creek. This was
known as the Battle of Antietam or
the Battle of Sharpsburg.
• 23,000 soldiers were killed or
wounded in one day. This made it
the bloodiest battle in US history.
• Lee and the Confederates
retreated, but the Union did not
follow.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• After the victory for the North in Sharpsburg
(Antietam), Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• The Emancipation Proclamation announced that
all slaves in CONFEDERATE states that still
resisted the Union would be freed.
• The slave states that had stayed in the Union
were still allowed to have slaves.
• This went into effect on January 1, 1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation
Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
• Not only did the Emancipation Proclamation free African
Americans, it also allowed them to serve in the Union
Army.
• One of the first African American troops was the 54th
Massachusetts Colored Regiment.
• A regiment was at least 1,000 members.
• This was an all-volunteer regiment.
• Two of Frederick Douglass’s sons were involved in this
regiment.
• In the end, over 180,000 African American soldiers
served in the Union Army.
African
Americans as
Soldiers
The North’s Navy
• There were over 700 ships in the Union Navy by
1864.
• The Confederacy didn’t have hardly any boats.
So after the Merrimack sank, the Confederate
army raised the sunken ship.
• They covered it with thick metal plates so that it
could withstand more cannon fire.
• The Merrimack went on to sink 2 Northern ships
and defeated three others.
The Ironclads
• The next day, the North unveiled their new
type of ship that would fight the Merrimack. It
was called the Monitor.
• These ships fought for more than 4 hours.
• In the end, neither ship damaged the other.
The War
• Most people in the North and the South
believed that the war would be over in a
matter of weeks.
• This was not the case, however. It lasted
for 4 years!
• By the time the war was over, 1.5 million
people fought for the North, and 1 million
people fought for the South.
The Turning Point of the War: 1863
• The Union Navy was starting to affect the war. It
started capturing Confederate cities along the
Mississippi River.
• Confederates were facing shortages of food and
weapons. With Confederate citizens hungry,
bread riots broke out in some Southern cities.
New Commanders
• Lincoln was discouraged by a lack of Union
victories in the East.
• He got a new commander, named General
Burnside, who attacked Fredericksburg, VA. He
repeatedly attacked Lee’s forces without
success, and Lincoln replaced him.
• The new Union commander was also defeated
by Lee in the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Battle of Fredericksburg
Photos of War
Battle of
Vicksburg
• Remember the
Anaconda plan?
What was the main
idea?
• Ulysses S. Grant
was very close to
achieving the goal of
splitting the
Confederacy by
gaining control of the
Mississippi River.
• The only thing that
stood in the way was
Vicksburg, MS.
Battle of Vicksburg
• Grant and his troops
attacked from the South.
• They trapped the
Confederate Army and
pounded them with canon
fire.
• The battle lasted for 48
days!!!
• On July 3, 1863, with no
more supplies, the
Confederate Army
surrendered.
Battle of Chancellorsville
Battle of Gettysburg
• General Lee moved North
after all the victories.
• The Confederate and
Union armies met in
Gettysburg, PA. After
three days of heavy
fighting, Lee retreated.
• The Battle of Gettysburg
was a major turning point
in the war.
• Lee suffered losses and
was never again able to
invade the North (28,000
Confederate soldiers died)
• Months after
the Battle of
Gettysburg,
President
Lincoln
returned to
declare the
battlefield a
national
cemetery for
Union soldiers.
• He also gave
a famous
speech called
the Gettysburg
Address.
Gettysburg
This is the only known photograph of President Lincoln
delivering his speech at Gettysburg.
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on
this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated
to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether
that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can
long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicated a portion of that field, as a final
resting-place for those who here gave their lives, that that
nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we can not
consecrate, we can not hallow, this ground. This brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus so far nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that
this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
What happened in Georgia?
• General William Tecumseh Sherman took
100,000 men and captured Atlanta, the
industrial center of the Confederacy.
• Sherman ordered all railroads and
factories in the city to be burned.
• Flames spread throughout Atlanta.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Sherman then marched his army east
towards Savannah.
• Along the way, Sherman’s army burned
and destroyed everything in its path.
• After reaching Savannah, Sherman’s army
turned north, destroying parts of South
Carolina and North Carolina in the same
way.
The end of the War
• The fall of Atlanta
helped President
Lincoln get reelected in 1864.
• The Confederate
army started to lose
hope.
• General Lee’s army
lost many soldiers.
They went home to
protect their
families.
• Richmond, VA
finally fell to the
Union army in April
1865.
Confederate Surrender
• General Lee finally
surrendered at the
Appomattox Court House,
VA a few days after
Richmond was captured.
• Lee sent his forces home.
• THE WAR WAS OVER!!!
• Jefferson Davis
(remember him???) was
captured in May 1865 at
Irwinville, GA.
After the War
• In the South, there were few farms left that were
in working condition. Property was not the only
thing that had been destroyed.
• A way of life had ended forever.
• About 620,000 people had died in the war.
• Even though African Americans were free, they
still struggled for many years for true freedom.
• The Union survived, it was back together, but the
cost was huge.
• Reconstruction would take years and a lot more
money.
The Reconstruction Era
• The Reconstruction Era refers to the years
from 1865 when the Civil War ended until
1877.
• The nation had many problems to
overcome.
Three Major Problems
• The South was in ruins – cities, railroad
lines, and plantations had been destroyed
by fighting and Union armies.
• Freed slaves, known as freedmen, lacked
jobs, land, and income.
• The nation had to decide how to admit
Southern states back into the Union.
The Battle over Reconstruction
• Lincoln had a plan for how to readmit the
Southern states. However, before he
could put this plan into place, he was
assassinated.
Lincoln’s Funeral Procession
Black Codes
• Even though the Southern states knew that
slavery was over (with the passing of the 13th
amendment), they still tried to control the African
Americans by passing “Black Codes”.
• These laws described the rights and duties of
freed African Americans.
• They made it unlawful for African Americans to
live in certain areas or hold certain jobs.
• The black codes also said that African
Americans without jobs could be arrested, fined
or put in jail.
Civil Rights Act
• Republicans in Congress
refused to recognize the
Black Codes in the south.
• They imposed the Civil
Rights Act. This act gave
Freedmen full rights.
• This act later became the
14th amendment.
• The 14th amendment said
that no state government
could deny citizens their
full rights or equality
before the law.
Andrew Johnson
• Andrew Johnson was a former Democrat.
He became president when Lincoln was
assassinated.
• He opposed Congressional
Reconstruction plans.
• Republicans in Congress moved to
impeach (remove from office) him.
• The Senate failed to remove Johnson by
only one vote.
Reconstruction Government
• During the Reconstruction
period, former Confederates
were barred from voting or
holding office.
• The people that were allowed
to hold office were:
Northern General Milton S.
Littlefield
This man was notorious for
his role in the North Carolina
railroad frauds.
– Freedmen (former slaves)
– Carpetbaggers (people from
the North who came to take
advantage of the South)
– Scalawags (white Southerners
who opposed the
Confederacy)
Role of the Government
• The Government during this time period
built new schools, roads, railroad, and
banned racial discrimination.
• The Freedmen’s Bureau was organized.
Freedmen’s Bureau
• The Freedmen’s Bureau gave
the freedmen help.
• The set up stores across the
South.
• They gave out clothing,
medical supplies and meals to
former slaves.
• Volunteer teachers set up
schools for freedmen.
• Freedmen Bureau agents
showed former slaves how to
vote.
Sharecropping
• To deal with economic problems, the
Freedmen’s Bureau helped plantation
owners and freedman develop the
sharecropping system.
• Former plantation owners provided
livestock, tools, and land to former slaves
in exchange for a share of their crop.
• Other former slaves became tenant
farmers, paying rent to white landowners.
Click here to watch a video on sharecropping.
Southern States Readmitted
• In order to be
readmitted into the
Union, they had to
approve three
amendments:
– 13th amendment:
Abolishing slavery
– 14th amendment:
Guaranteeing all citizens
of the United States,
including slaves, basic
civil rights and equality
under the law
– 15th amendment:
Guaranteeing voting
rights to former slaves
Georgia
• Georgia was readmitted to the Union in
1870 after it approved the 3 previous
amendments.
Reconstruction Ends
• Reconstruction officially ended in 1877
when Northern troops withdrew.
• Former Confederate leaders returned to
power, and the freedmen lost most of their
newly gained rights.
• The South was primarily Democratic for a
long time because of their dislike of the
Republicans.
Ku Klux Klan
• The KKK terrorized Southern blacks who
tried to exercise their rights or who
questioned white control.
Jim Crow Laws
• Not only did the South have the KKK
terrorizing blacks, they also passed the
Jim Crow Laws.
• These laws segregated (separated) whites
from blacks in schools, trains, and other
public facilities.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• The fairness of the Jim Crow laws when all
the way to the Supreme Court in 1896.
• The Supreme Court ruled that that states
could provide separate facilities as long as
they were equal.
Prominent African Americans
• Booker T. Washington – told African Americans
to first focus on gaining work skills.
• In 1881, he was asked to start a school in
Tuskegee, AL.
• He created the Tuskegee Institute which was
one of the leading African-American educational
institutions in America.
• Its programs taught self-respect and economic
independence.
• W.E.B. DuBois – founded the NAACP (this
stands for the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People). He told
African Americans to fight for equal civil
and political rights.
Vocabulary – you should now know
each of these words!!
Sectionalism
Dred Scott Decision
Secession (Secede)
Emancipation
Proclamation
Reconstruction Era
Black Codes
Carpetbaggers
Sharecropping
Jim Crow Laws
Abolitionist
Harpers Ferry
Fort Sumter
Battle of Gettysburg
Freedmen’s Bureau
Andrew Johnson
Scalawags
Tenant Farming
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Credits
http://www.civilwar.com/batthome2.htm
http://www.eliwhitney.org/cotton.htm
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/reform/beecher_1
http://www.freedomcenter.org/
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/railroad/
http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/
http://education.ucdavis.edu/new/stc/lesson/socstud/railroad/contents.htm
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=22#
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/
NetTrekker images
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASkansas.htm
http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/cgiwrap/imlskto/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&do
cument_id=102844
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1538b.html
http://www.civilwarphotos.net/
http://www.historyplace.com/lincoln/index.html
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/Confederate_states_America.htm
http://www.nps.gov/fosu/
http://www.civilwarhome.com/ftsumter.htm
http://cps.k12.mi.us/fort.htm
http://www.fredericksburg.com/CivilWar
http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/warweb.html#graphic
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/civilwar/aasoldrs/photocol.html
http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/KKK.asp?xpicked=4&item=kkk
Credits
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http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/hargrett/barnard/
http://www.nps.gov/mana/battlefield_history/cas1.htm
http://www.nashvillezoo.org/anaconda.htm
http://www.monitorcenter.org/history/anaconda/
http://www.mycivilwar.com/campaigns/610400.htm
http://www.cottonman.com/cotton_bolls.htm
http://www.multied.com/CivilWar/SecondManassas.html
http://cssvirginia.org/
http://www.ironclads.com/battle/pictures/battle.html
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/images/eman
cipation_01.jpg
http://www.buffalosoldiers.com/54thMassachusettsInf.htm
http://www.medalofhonor.com/54thRegiment.htm
http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/ref/nchistory/mar2005/index.html
http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/OldCorners/Bakehouse.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville
http://www.mapofmississippi.com/delta_queen_map.cfm
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-641
http://www.civilwar-pictures.com/
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alrintr.html
http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS403/freedmen/bureau.html
Credits
• http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/jimcrowlaw1/a
/creationjimcrow.htm
• http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAjimcro
w.htm
• http://bartleby.com/people/WshngtnBT.html
• http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny
-dubois.html
• http://www.africawithin.com/bios/web_dubois.ht
m