Objective(s)
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State the function of the endocrine
system.
Explain how the endocrine system
controls the body and that control is
different from nervous control.
Drill
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1. What is a hormone?
2. How do hormones work?
Drill
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State how exocrine and endocrine
glands are different.
How are primary glands different
from secondary glands?
Objective(s)
Describe how a postagladins.
List & describe the endocrine glands
and list hormones that each produce.
Drill
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3. Why does a water soluble
hormone need a receptor on the cell
membrane and a lipid soluble
hormone does not?
4. Why does the water soluble
hormone need a secondary
messenger ?
Drill
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why is the pituitary considered the
“master gland”?
What are the two parts of the
pituitary gland?
What is the mass difference
between the two parts?
What is the difference in
composition between the two parts?
Drill
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What are the effects of Calcitonin on blood
calcium levels?
What are the effects of parathyroid
hormone on blood calcium levels?
How do they work together to maintain
homeostasis calcium levels?
How can Epinephrine from the medulla of
the adrenal gland effect the heart so
quickly?
Drill

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What cells in the pancreas produces
insulin? Which produces glucagon?
What is the purpose of insulin? What
is the purpose of glucagon?
Which type of feedback is used to
control blood sugar levels?
Endocrinology
Endocrine System
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Primary role is in
Works in concert with the
in controlling the body activities.
- chemical messengers that
circulate through out the blood stream.
Take longer to reach their destination (
).
Effects are
&
.
Regulate continuing process for that must
go over for
of time.
- are chemical messengers that act only on target cells.
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
•
•
the blood.
-within the same cell.
-to other cells.
- local effect on the same cell type.
- effect other cell types without being transport by
& Neurotransmitters-nervous system
-secrete into the environment.



Release in small
Their effect is an
(receptors)
, but extremely
.
of target cell
Their release is regulated mainly by
.
Review
1.
2.
3.
Define endocrinology.
Define a hormone.
How are hormones controlled?
Composition of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of the numerous glands
that secrete their products (hormones) into extra cellular
space.


- secrete product into ducts & then
transported into body cavities or surfaces.
- Secrete their products into extra cellular
spaces & then diffuse into the blood stream.
Review


1. How are endocrine glands
different from exocrine glands?
2. Give an example of each form
above.
Primary glands
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
B. Secondary Glands
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
1.
2.
C. Secondary Function
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Hormone Action
Two types of cellular receptors


Hormones act only upon
cells to which they
selectively bind.
The two major classes of
hormones induce changes
in cellular activities in two
different ways.
1.
soluble hormones (Membrane bound receptors)
pass through the cell
Need a secondary messenger:
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) (adenosine monophosphate).
Hormone (
) binds to receptor.
Receptor is bound to a enzyme (
).
Adenylate cyclase activates the conversion of
to
(secondary messenger).
cAMP diffuses throughout the cell initiating chemical reactions
that result in the activation of
.
Protein kinases act to effect other
.
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Change metabolic activities.
Promoting or altering
synthesis of proteins.
Alter membrane
permeability.
Stimulate the release of
hormones & other cellular
products.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine,
antidiuretic hormone,
oxytocin, calcitonin,
parathyroid.
Review


What must hormones bind to, to
cause the target cell alter its
activity?
Why can’t water soluble hormone
pass through the cell membrane?
2.
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hormones (Intercellular chemical signals)
Mainly
.
Dissolve through
.
Bind to protein receptors within the cytoplasm.
Hormone-receptor complex then
Binds to a
.
Turns on the
of a
of
.
.
.
Stimulate/inhibit metabolic activities.
Alter rates of other cellular activities.
Protein products may act as structural proteins.
Aldosterone, cortisol. Testosterone, estrogen, & thyroxin.
Review

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How come lipid soluble hormones
pass through the cell membrane and
water soluble hormone can not?
Where does lipid soluble hormone
bind to its receptor?
Which one, water or lipid hormones,
are faster to cause the cell to alter
its activity?
3.
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“Local hormones”
Group of chemical that also have regulating
effects on cells.
Made of lipids.
Lungs, liver, digestive tract, kidneys, pancreas,
brain, reproductive organs.
Stimulate or inhibit the use of cAMP
the effect of hormones that use
.
Smooth muscle relaxing (opens airways, reduce
blood pressure).
Inhibits HCL secretion in the stomach.
Increases intestinal contractions
Stimulate uterus contraction.
Causes inflammation.
Sleep inducing & antineoplastic activities.
Hormonal Control

The control of hormone
secretion rates is provided
by chemical signs that relay
information about the
output levels & in some
cases, by nervous control.
(blood level chemistry,
hormone, nervous system)
1. Feedback Control
A.
- controls
the level of hormones by
providing a response in the
opposite direction to that
stimulus.
B.
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
Controls secretion by
providing a response
in the same direction
of the stimulus.
Cause extreme
changes in conditions
in the body.
Oxytocin - stimulate
uterine contractions
Review

1. Define a Prostaglandins.

2. How are hormones controlled?

3. What is the difference between a lipid
and water soluble (protein) hormone in
chemical composition?
The Endocrine Glands
Are hormone secreting organs that are widely distributed.
1. Pituitary Gland (
)
a. Tiny pituitary gland produces many hormones, some of
which control the activities of other glands.
b. Both of its lobes receive their
from the
.
c. Located at the base
.
d.
g (0.02 ounces)
e. Attaches to the hypothalamus by a narrow stalk -
A.
-Glandular part (
)
-75% of its entire mass
-5 different types of secretory cells that release 7 types of hormones
1.
Stimulate bone cells to grow & divide.
increase the rate of carbohydrate & Lipids are catabolize.
Maintain a constant blood sugar level.
2.
Stimulate & maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands.
3.
Controls the thyroid gland
4.
(adrenocorticotropic hormone) - tropic
Controls hormones release by the outer region of the adrenal
gland.
5.
(melanocyte stimulating hormone)- tropic
Stimulates the production of melanin
6.
- tropic
Females - stimulates the development of the egg
- stimulate the ovaries to secrete estrogen
Males - Stimulate the production of sperm
7.
- tropic
Females - Release of the ovum
- prepares the uterus for implantation of the fetus
Males - Stimulate cells to produce & secrete testosterone
B.
-Actually an extension of the hypothalamus
-Mainly
that support terminal ends of axons
-Neurosecretory cells
-Stores products produce by the hypothalamus until its time
to release them.
1.
OT
-Stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle.
-Stimulate the cells around mammary gland to
contract.
-Begin uterine contraction
2.
Antidiuretic Hormone
-Helps the body to conserve water.
-Helps to regulate blood pressure by stimulating the
contraction of smooth muscles - Vasoconstriction.
Pituitary Gland
Review

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Why is the pituitary gland considered
the master gland?
What is the differences between the
anterior & posterior lobes?
2. Thyroid Gland
-Regulate
, & reduce calcium
& phosphate levels in the bloodstream.
-Glandular epithelium tissue.
-Lobes are connected by an isthmus.
A. Thyroxin (t4) & Triiodothronine
-Promote protein synthesis
-Increase the rate of glucose uptake
-Promote lipid metabolism
-Accelerate actions of the nervous system
B. Calcitonin
-Reduce calcium & phosphate levels in the
blood.
-Stimulate osteocytes activities
-Stimulate the secretion of calcium by the
kidneys.
Thyroid Gland
3.Parathyroid
-Behind the thyroid.
-
levels in the blood.
A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Maintaining the calcium & phosphate levels
in the blood.
-Opposite effect to calcitonin.
-Stimulate osteocytes to break down bone.
-Re-absorption of calcium by the kidneys.
-Activates Vitamin D - increase the amount of
calcium absorbed from digestion.
Parathyroid
Review


1. Where is the thyroid & parathyroid
glands located at?
2. How do these two glands work
together to maintain homeostasis?
4. Adrenal Glands
-Two portions
-Hormones released by the
inner medulla performs
similar functions of the
sympathetic nervous system
secretions
performs many roles
including the regulation of
fluid balance, glycogen
synthesis, & sex
characteristics.
-A pair of triangular masses
that lie on top of each kidney
A. Medulla
-Composed of
.
-Cells originate from the
that change during
late embryonic stages.
-Remain connect to the
of the sympathetic nervous
system.
-Epinephrine & Norepinephrine.
- changes in the body that mimic those
produces by the sympathetic nervous system.
-Rise in metabolic rate, increased alertness, enlargement of airways emergency situations.
B. Cortex
-Composed of
.
-Aldosterone - steroid hormone that maintain fluid balance.
-Cortisol - promote glucose & glycogen synthesis in liver cells.
-Androgens - masculinizing effects.
-Estrogen - feminizing effects.
Review

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
1. Where are the adrenal glands
located?
2. What are the two parts of the
adrenal glands?
3. What is the inner portion
composed of to make the effects of
Epinephrine so effective?
5. Pancreas
of the pancreas produce
that have
opposing effects.
-Together they help to maintain proper glucose levels in the blood.
-Two body system 1.) Digestion 2.) Endocrine.
-Two types of cells 1.)alpha cells 2.) Beta cells.
-
- stimulate the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
- stimulate the formation of glycogen from glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
-10 million suffer in the US
-May be life threatening
Type I - juvenile
-decreased in beta cells
-lower levels of insulin
-Controlled by daily injections.
Type II -Develops gradually
-Most common in overweight
persons over 40.
-Target cells can no take up
insulin.
-Hyperglycemia - high levels of
glucose
-Acidosis - low ph
-Dehydration
-Diet & weight control
-Insulin injection in the most
sever cases.
6.
- sex organs
Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
7.
8.
Melatonin - inhibit FSH & LH
Thymosin stimulate the production of certain
white blood cells (T-lymphocytes).
Review


What are the two hormones
produced by the pancreas that
regulates blood sugar levels?
How do the above hormones work to
maintain homeostasis?
Problems with the Endocrine System
Homeostasis
- high level of hormones
– under active glands
Problems
1.
– Loss of too much
sodium- Dehydration
2.
– Excessive
reabsorption of sodium. Large amounts
of water.
3.
– Cessation of the
menstrual cycle due to hypersecretion
of prolaction.
4.
Deficiency of the thyroid
hormones
Decreases the metabolic rate.
Reduces growth & development.
5.
–
Protrusion of the eyes to
hyperthyroidism.
6. Cushing Syndrome –
Excessive production of cortisol
Excessive fat accumulation in
neck, face, trunk.
7. Graves disease –
Excessive production of thyroid
hormones.
Hyperthyroidism.
Increased metabolic rate, weight
loss, nervous, hypertension.

8.
–
Enlargement of the
thyroid gland.
9.
–
hyperthroidism in adults.
Thicken skin- puffy
appearance in face and
hands.
Lack of energy.
Slow nervous reflexes.