Who is in the upper right corner? What is he worried about? Are the Indian
people represented? Does it show an understanding of the complexities of
Partition? Does the cartoon make the Partition division look even and equal?
Does the cartoon make Partition look easy?


Partition
-British created Pakistan and India in
1947
-Pakistan divided into East
and West
-Forced population to decide
where to go
-10 million migrated amidst
violence
-About 1 million die during the move
Kashmir
-Hindus and Muslims fought over
region
-U.N. arranged cease fire in 1949
-A third of the country left to Pakistan
A New Democracy
-Jawaharlal Nehru: First Prime Minister
-Ruled for 17 years
-Made India non-aligned during Cold War
-Reorganization of states by language
-Industrialization and social reform
 Green Revolution
-Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and
irrigation to produce higher yield crops (Increase gap between
wealthy and poor)
-Industrial and agrarian growth allowed promotion of
literacy and improvements to infrastructure
-Development of high-tech sectors



Troubled Times
-Indira Gandhi
-Faced threat from extremists
-1984: Indian troops overran Golden Temple and
killed 500 Sikhs
-Assassinated by Sikh guards
21st Century Challenges
-Rapid population growth
-Social inequality
-Religious strife
-Tense relations with Pakistan (Nuclear program
development)
East and West Pakistan
-East had larger population; West home to central
government
-East Pakistan wanted to end all ties with West Pakistan
-1971: East Pakistan declares independence as
Bangladesh
-Civil war follows; India sides with Bangladesh
 Domestic Problems
-Series of military coups after Jinnah’s death
-Benazir Bhutto became prime minister after her father’s
death (Most women made gains by connection to powerful
men)
-Continued instability from militants

Bangladesh
-War ruined economy
-Sheik Mujibur Rahman: Quickly built one-party state;
assassinated in 1975
-Attempted to create more democratic government amidst
charges of election fraud and corruption
-Crippling natural disasters
-Coupled with growing population makes
Bangladesh poor


Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
-Gained independence from British in 1948
-Ethnic and religious tension between Sinhalese and
Tamils
-Militant Tamil group advocated autonomy and
separate state
-Indian troops unsuccessfully entered in 1987 to end
fighting
-Cease fire declared in 2002
-Fighting persisted until 2009
African Independence
-Negritude movement: Celebrate African culture, heritage, and
values
-Pan-Africanism: Movement to encourage solidarity of Africans
worldwide
-Unwilling to accept colonial domination after fighting in WWII
-Won independence in differing ways
 Post-Colonial Problems
-Creating a new government
-Establishing post-colonial economy
-Ethnic strife

Former British Gold Coast
-Kwame Nkrumah: Organized strikes and boycotts
-Gold Coast received independence in 1957 (Renamed
Ghana)
-Nkrumah improved infrastructure, schools, and health
care system
-Expense of program undermined economy
-Crushed all opponents and assumed dictatorial powers
upon failure of program
 Military Coup
-1966: Army seized power
-Alternated between civilian and military governments

Self-Government
-British forced to accept after leadership of Jomo Kenyatta
and development of Mau Mau (Secret society of Kenyan
farmers)
-Used guerilla war tactics
-Kenyatta jailed despite claiming no connection to Mau
Mau
 Independence
-Gained in 1963
-Kenyatta became president and worked to unite various
ethnic groups
-Succeeded by Daniel arap Moi
-One party rule and ethnic conflicts

Belgian Congo
-Harshly ruled and exploited for resources
-Granted independence to Congo in 1960 (Zaire from
1971 to 1970)
 Civil War
-After years of civil war, Mobutu Sese Seko seized power
in 1965
-Maintained control through force and one-party system
-Overthrown in 1997
 Failed Democracy
-President Kabila promised elections that never came
-More civil war

War and Independence
-Portugal sent force of 50,000 to put down independence
movement
-Portuguese withdrew in 1975
 Communist MPLA
-Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola declared
itself new government
-Led to prolonged civil war among rebel groups
-MPLA assisted by Cuba and Soviet Union
-Civil war ended in 2002


What is the importance of the events on your timeline
card?

What is apartheid? How and why was it implemented?

How did the Africans resist discrimination in South Africa?

What trends, or changes over time does this timeline
suggest?

What can be learned from apartheid in South Africa?
The Legacy of Colonialism
-Arbitrary borders often led to ethnic violence after
independence
-Economies: Developed plantations and mines, but few
factories that resulted in unbalanced economies and small
middle class
-Fragile Governments: Military and ethnic groups rivaled
one another for power; dictatorship replaced democracy often
-Disruption of Society: Moved far from families to work
in mines or plantations; lacked skilled and literate work force

Nigeria
-Won independence peacefully in 1960
-Ethnic tension among three main groups (Hausa-Fulani,
Yoruba, and Ibo)
 Federal System
-Power shared between state governments and central
authority
-Set up three states
 War with Biafra
-1963: Ethnic minorities attempt to form own state
-1967: Eastern Region seceded and declared itself Biafra
-1970: Biafra surrendered and reunited (1 million died
from starvation)

Nation-Building
-Military governed Nigeria throughout 1970s
-Build a more modern economy based on oil
-Return to civilian rule
 Military Coup
-1983: Military overthrew civilian government
-Held elections in 1993, but declared results invalid and
placed General Sani Abacha in power
 Return to Civilian Government
-1999: Elect first civilian president
-Obasanjo: Worked for unified Nigeria, made inroads
against corruption, and asked for debt relief

British and Dutch Rule
-Racially divided
-Gained self-rule as dominion in 1910
-1931: Independent member of British Commonwealth
 Apartheid
-1948: National Party promoted Afrikaner nationalism
and instituted apartheid-complete separation of races
-1959: Spatial separation achieved by creating homelands
-Government set aside best land for whites

Protest and Resistance
-1912: Formed African National Congress (ANC)
-Banned by the government
-1976: Riots over school policies in Soweto; popular
leader Stephen Biko was beaten to death in police custody
-1986: State of emergency
 Tutu, de Klerk, and Mandella
-1980s: Desmond Tutu asked for international boycott
-1989:F.W. de Klerk elected president
-Legalized ANC
-Released Mandela from prison
-Repealed apartheid laws

1994 Elections
-First universal election in South Africa
-ANC won 63% of vote and Mandela was
elected president
 1996 Constitution
-Passed more democratic constitution that
included a Bill of Rights
 Modern South Africa
-High crime rates
-Interethnic violence among black
population
-Unemployment and poverty
-AIDS epidemic

Israel Becomes a State
-Both Jews and Palestinians
claim historical ownership
-Britain had mandate on
Palestine
-1917: Balfour DeclarationCreate a Jewish homeland in Palestine
 U.N.
-1947: U.N. voted for partition
of Palestine
-1948: Israel declared
independent state
-Immediately caused first ArabIsraeli war

Egypt
-Revolutionary forces develop in Egypt in
1920s and 1930s (Free Officers movement
and Muslim Brotherhood)
-Egypt defeated in Arab-Israeli war (1948)
-1952: Bloodless coup topples khedival
regime
-Installation of Gamal Abdul Nasser
(Uses dictatorial powers) who enacted land
reform, state subsidies, and state-financed
education
-1956: Nasser sent in troops to take Suez
Canal
-French and Israeli troops take canal,
but give it back due to international
pressure

Nasser’s Failures
-Land reform frustrated by corruption
-State development lacked funding
-Rapidly growing population
 Anwar Sadat
-Dismantled huge government
-Expelled Russians in favor of opening Egypt up to
investment by U.S. and Europe
 Hosni Mubarak
-Continued Sadat’s reforms but with little success at
helping impoverished
-Led to development of fundamentalist movements
-Taken out of power during “Arab Spring” in 2011

1967
-Israelis struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria
-Became known as the Six Day War because of rapid
Israeli offense
-Israel gained control of Jerusalem, Golan Heights, and
West Bank
 1973
-Anwar Sadat planned attack on Israelis on Yom Kippur
-Arab forces inflicted heavy casualties
-Golda Meir: Israeli PM launched a counterattack and
regained lost territory
-Agreed to truce after several weeks of fighting

1964
-Palestine officials form the PLO to push for the
formation of a Palestinian state
-Guerilla groups soon dominated the organization and
insisted on armed struggle
-Yasir Arafat became chairman of PLO in 1969
-Carry out attacks on Israel throughout 1960s and 1970s

1977
-Anwar Sadat extends invitation to Israel for peace talks
-President Jimmy Carter invited Sadat and Begin to
Camp David in 1978
-Camp David Accords: Ended 30 years of hostility
between Egypt and Israel
-Sadat was assassinated in 1981
 West Gaza Strip
-Military conflict in this part of the country
 Intifada
-1987: Campaign of civil disobedience by Palestinians
-Changes world opinion and puts international
pressure on Israelis to seek peace

Oslo Peace Accords
-Israel agreed to grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza
Strip and West Bank (1993)
-Israeli PM assassinated (1995)
 Stalled Peace
-Continue to attempt to make peace, but plans stall
 Second Intifada
-First appearance of suicide bombers
-Israeli forces moved into Palestinian refugee camps to
target militants
