Jackie Kay Poetry
Ms Nitsche
About Jackie Kay
• Born Edinburgh, 1961
• Scottish Mother & Nigerian Father
• Adopted by Helen and John Kay at birth;
brought up in Bishopbriggs, Glasgow.
• Studied English at Stirling University
• Son, Matthew born 1988
• Contacted birth mother while pregnant
• Met birth mother - Elizabeth - in 1991
• Met birth father - Jonathan O - in 2003
• MBE for services to literature in 2006
• Currently lives in Manchester
• Professor of Creative Writing at Newcastle
University.
What’s in a name?
In pairs discuss the following questions:
• What do the names of the six poems we will study
suggest to you?
• What do you think the poems will be about?
• What themes might they explore?
Keeping Orchids
Divorce
Bed
Gap Year
Lucozade
My Grandmother’s Houses
Family
• One of the main themes that connects the six
poems is that of FAMILY.
• The poems explore inter-generational
relationships, such as:
- Daughter & mother
- Daughter & birth mother
- Granddaughter & grandmother
- Mother & son
- Daughter & parents.
Poetic Voice
• The ‘voice’ is the point of view that a poem is
seen from, like a narrator or persona.
• The poems feature the voice of a female
persona (although ‘Lucozade’ is a little more
ambiguous).
• This female persona explores family
relationships – as a result, all offer a thoroughly
domestic discourse or series of ideas.
Keeping Orchids
What’s it about?
The speaker – apparently Kay herself
reflects on meeting her birth mother for
the first time. Written in couplets and
touches on themes of secrets and
discoveries, as well as adoption and
family relationships.
Keeping Orchids
This poem describes the poet’s first meeting with her
birth mother. It is a painful emotional journey for both
women. The poet uses the images of the orchids her
birth mother gave her on their first meeting and of her
own and her mother’s “troubled hands” as symbols of the
complex, painful emotions they both feel. It is not a joyful
meeting. Jackie Kay can articulate her own feelings but
finds it hard to read her mother’s feelings as “she tells
the story of her life”. The poet describes her mother’s
account of her life as “compressed”, “airtight”, “a sad
square”. It does not reveal enough; it does not bring
comfort to her daughter, hungry for emotional connection
and revelation.
Keeping Orchids
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
Keeping Orchids
• Full of emotion but very controlled and
restrained.
• Appears more about objects than emotions,
or, in other words, descriptive rather than
reflective.
• Title parallels the adoption – central image
of ‘Keeping Orchids’ is important.
• The most abstract of the poems; offers the
widest opportunities for interpretation.
The orchids my mother gave me when we first met
are still alive, twelve days later. Although
some of the buds remain closed as secrets.
Twice since I carried them back, like a baby in a shawl,
from her train station to mine, then home. Twice
since then the whole glass carafe has crashed
falling over, unprovoked, soaking my chest of drawers.
All the broken waters. I have rearranged
the upset orchids with troubled hands. Even after
that the closed ones did not open out. The skin
shut like an eye in the dark; the closed lid.
Twelve days later, my mother’s hands are all I have.
Her voice is fading fast. Even her voice rushes
through a tunnel the other way from home.
I close my eyes and try to remember exactly:
a paisley pattern scarf, a brooch, a navy coat.
A digital watch her daughter was wearing when she died.
Now they hang their heads,
and suddenly grow old – the proof of meeting. Still,
her hands, awkward and hard to hold
fold and unfold a green carrier bag as she tells
the story of her life. Compressed. Airtight.
A sad square, then a crumpled shape. A bag of tricks.
Her secret life – a hidden album, a box of love letters.
A door opens and closes. Time is outside waiting.
I catch the draught in my winter room.
Airlocks keep the cold air out.
Boiling water makes flowers live longer. So does
cutting the stems with a sharp knife.
1. Why does the poet emphasise in lines 1 and 2 that the
orchids are still alive?
2. What does the line “I carried them back, like a baby in a
shawl” reveal about the poet’s feelings?
3. Why does the poet emphasise that “twice since” she
carried the orchids home, their glass carafe had fallen
over causing her to rearrange them “with troubled
hands”?
4. Why does the poet repeat the image of the buds “closed
as secrets” in stanza 5?
5. How does the poet develop the image of her mother’s
troubled hands in stanzas 10 and 11?
6. “A door opens and closes. Time is outside waiting”. What
two meanings could these lines have?
7. Using “boiling water” and “cutting the stems with a sharp
knife” are somewhat drastic but effective remedies for
wilting flowers. Why is it so important for the poet to try
to make the orchids last?
Example Critical Reading
• ‘Keeping Orchids’
• 1. Explain how the speaker’s sense of
discomfort is conveyed in lines 1-12. (4 MARKS)
• 2. Summarise what is happening in lines 13-16.
(2 MARKS)
• 3. How do we get the impression the speaker is
confused in lines 19-27? (4 MARKS)
• 4. How is the last sentence in the poem
effective? (2 MARKS)
• 5. This poem is deeply emotional and personal.
Choose at least one other Kay poem and
explain how it conveys strong emotions in that
poem. (8 MARKS)
The 8 Mark Question
Marking Scheme
• Mention the specific area of commonality and include
what poem(s) you will be discussing. (2 marks)
• Make a specific reference to the poem in front of you
(quote) and link to the question – mention techniques
and effect. (2 marks)
• Make a reference to another poem and link to the
question – again, mention techniques and their effect. (2
marks)
• Make a reference to the other poem again and link to the
question – again, mention techniques and their effect. (2
marks)
‘Keeping Orchids’ is deeply emotional and personal.
Choose at least one other Kay poem and explain
how it conveys strong emotions in that poem. (8
MARKS)
Divorce
What’s it about?
• Monologue written in the voice of an
adolescent.
• Addressed to her parents, threatening
to divorce them.
• Explores themes of generational
conflict.
• Light-hearted in tone.
Divorce
• This poem is written in the form of an address. The title leads
us to expect a poem about divorcing parents but it is soon
clear that it is a young person who wishes to divorce her
parents.
• The dramatic, often comical tone leads us to question how
serious the girl’s grievances are or wonder if her histrionics
mask a deeper hurt.
• Her vision of the parents she wishes for is lyrical and
idealistic, suggesting that in her disappointment with her real
parents she is seeking the impossible. There is a wistfulness
and longing in the lines “who speak in the soft murmur of
rivers” and “sing in the colourful voices of rainbows” which is
in strong contrast to the confrontational persona presented in
the rest of the poem.
• The girl uses blunt, assertive, uncompromising statements: “I
want a divorce”; “I never chose you”; “I don’t want to be your
child”; building up to the final climax in the last line, but their
force is blunted by the humorous effect of the rhyming of the
final couplet. The poem is dramatic, humorous and unsettling.
Divorce
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
Divorce
Provide evidence from the poem for your
answers.
1. Who is the narrator? (2 marks)
2. What tone does the poem have? (2 marks)
3. Summarise the ways in which the speaker’s
parents are an irritation to her. (4 marks)
4. How is imagery used to create an idea of the
perfect parents in lines 16-24? (4 marks)
5. How does the language in lines 24-28 show the
speaker’s anger? (4 marks)
Divorce
• Using your ‘How to Answer the Questions’
sheet as a guide, analyse this piece of
imagery from the poem:
“There are parents in the world…who
speak in the soft murmur of rivers…”
• Sonnetesque (twice) in form – alludes to the
precision and formality of the form.
• Parodic – imitation of a teenage strop.
• Speaker is dramatic and pompous – “there are
things I cannot suffer any longer”; “I would be better
off in an orphanage.”
• Ironic reversal in roles sees the parents as being
“rough and wild”; carries out “chores” without
thanks in the way a parent typicvally would.
• Title - expectations are subverted; this is not about
the breakdown of a marriage, but the separation of a
child from their parents.
• Stanza 2 – shift in tone from the grandiose to
something softer and more perceptive.
• Uses imagery to convey fantasies of the ‘perfect’
parents – repetition of “there are” only serves to
emphasise that this fantasy is unrealistic and does
not exist.
I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that,
so part I must, and quickly. There are things
I cannot suffer
any longer: Mother, you never, ever said
a kind word
or a thank-you for all the tedious chores I have done;
Father, your breath
smells like a camel’s and gives me the hump;
all you ever say is:
‘Are you off in the cream puff, Lady Muck?’
In this day and age?
I would be better off in an orphanage.
I want a divorce.
There are parents in the world whose faces turn
up to the light
who speak in the soft murmur of rivers
and never shout.
There are parents who stroke their children’s cheeks
in the dead of night
and sing in the colourful voices of rainbows,
red to blue.
These parents are not you. I never chose you.
You are rough and wild,
I don’t want to be your child. All you do is shout
and that’s not right.
I will file for divorce in the morning at first light.
8 Mark Question
Choose at least one other poem by Kay
that explores the theme of family
relationships. Show how the poet explores
the theme in Divorce and your chosen
poem. (8 MARKS)
Critical Essay Question
Choose a poem which describes a person’s
experience.
Explain how the poetic techniques used to
describe the experience make the poem
more interesting.
• What are the key words in this question?
• What alternative language/synonyms can you
think of for these words?
Introduction
• Start with TART
• (Title, Author, Refer to Task)
• You should also give a BRIEF outline
of what the poem is about.
Now, write your own introduction.
YOU HAVE TEN MINUTES
Example
• ‘Divorce’ by Jackie Kay is a poem which
explores the experience and fraught relationship
between a teenager and their parents. Kay’s use
of imagery, tone and narrative voice highlights
the anger the speaker feels towards their
parents, whilst emphasising their own dramatic
nature through traditional role reversal.
Point
• The Point is simply what each paragraph is aboutyou make a main point in every paragraph you
write. This is usually the TOPIC SENTENCE you
use.
• Do not signpost your paragraph e.g. do not say “I
am going to talk about”
What is a TOPIC
SENTENCE?
This is basically a sentence that introduces what the
paragraph is going to be about.
You should mention WHAT you are going to discuss in the
paragraph, and refer back to the question.
REMEMBER YOUR KEY WORDS AND ALTERNATIVE
LANGUAGE!
Topic Sentences
•All TOPIC SENTENCES should make some reference to
the essay question.
•A good way to do this is through the KEY WORDS we
extract from the essay question.
Example Topic Sentences
• In ‘Divorce’ Kay emphasises the anger the speaker
experiences towards their parents by comparing their
relationship to a marriage that has broken down.
• Kay goes on to use traditional role reversal to express
the anger the speak experiences.
• Through the speaker’s use of dramatic and emphatic
statements, Kay highlights their stroppy and pompous
immaturity that colours this experience.
Referencing the question
• A reader should be able to guess what the
essay question is simply by looking at your
essay.
• It is VITAL that you ensure you refer to the
question throughout – this is the only way you
will be sure that you have actually answered the
question!
Evidence
• The evidence is the quotation or description of
the scene, shot or technique you are using to
back up your point.
• It is important that you pick evidence that you
can explain and evaluate FULLY.
• Never just drop evidence in – always introduce
them within the CONTEXT of the poem, i.e.
what is happening at this point in the poem,
what characters are involved and who they are,
etc.
EXAMPLE
• TOPIC SENTENCE: In ‘Divorce’ Kay emphasises the
anger the speaker experiences towards their parents by
comparing their relationship to a marriage that has broken
down.
• EVIDENCE: The poem opens with the speaker telling their
parents that:
“I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
Evaluation (Analysis)
• This is the chance for you to explain how the quotation
backs up the point you are making
• You need to make sure that you fully explain the
quotation or shot/scene/technique.
• You then need to evaluate it - give your opinion on how
successful it is.
• Your opinion should be implicit - do not write “I think”.
3 Steps for Analysing
Quotations
• 1. Break the quotation down – look at the meaning
and connotations of individual words, techniques
and phrases, as well as the whole sentence
e.g.
“I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
Immediately the speaker confounds our expectation
that this poem is based on marriage – instead Kay
shows that the speaker has not made a
commitment of that sort, and the line “or anything
like that” emphasises how dismissive they are of
such a concept.
3 Steps for Analysing
Quotations
• 2. Think about what the whole sentence suggests
e.g. “I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
In this opening line, Kay shows the speaker’s lack of
concern for whom she is addressing, rejecting the
idea of lifelong or “till death do us part”
commitment.
3 Steps for Analysing
Quotations
3. Comment on the context of the quotation
e.g. “I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
Here, Kay successfully shows that the speaker is
absolute in both her dismissal of her parents, and
in her self-belief – that she does not need to stay
with them as she has made no “promise” or
assurance that she will.
EXAMPLE
• TOPIC SENTENCE: In ‘Divorce’ Kay emphasises the anger the
speaker experiences towards their parents by comparing their
relationship to a marriage that has broken down.
• EVIDENCE: The poem opens with the speaker telling their parents
that:
“I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
• EVALUATION: Immediately the speaker confounds our expectation
that this poem is based on marriage – instead Kay shows that the
speaker has not made a commitment of that sort, and the line “or
anything like that” emphasises how dismissive they are of such a
concept. In this opening line, Kay shows the speaker’s lack of
concern for whom she is addressing, rejecting the idea of lifelong or
“till death do us part” commitment. Here, Kay successfully shows
that the speaker is absolute in both her dismissal of her parents, and
in her self-belief – that she does not need to stay with them as she
has made no “promise” or assurance that she will.
Putting P E E Together
• Point/ Topic Sentence.
• Evidence – description of scene and
technique.
• Evaluation/Analysis.
And that’s ONE paragraph.
Which should look like this…
•
In ‘Divorce’ Kay emphasises the anger the speaker experiences
towards their parents by comparing their relationship to a marriage that
has broken down. The poem opens with the speaker telling their
parents that:
“I did not promise
to stay with you till death do us part, or
anything like that.”
Immediately the speaker confounds our expectation that this poem is
based on marriage – instead Kay shows that the speaker has not made
a commitment of that sort, and the line “or anything like that”
emphasises how dismissive they are of such a concept. In this opening
line, Kay shows the speaker’s lack of concern for whom she is
addressing, rejecting the idea of lifelong or “till death do us part”
commitment. Here, Kay successfully shows that the speaker is
absolute in both her dismissal of her parents, and in her self-belief –
that she does not need to stay with them as she has made no
“promise” or assurance that she will.
TASK
• In PAIRS, write a paragraph based on this
quotation:
“Mother, you never, ever said
a kind word
or a thank-you for all the tedious chores I have
done”
• Be prepared to share your paragraph with the
class!
How do we write a conclusion?
An effective conclusion should:
•Refer back to the questions.
•Summarise your main points.
•Comment on how effective the
writer/director has been in their use of
techniques.
Example
‘Divorce’ Critical Essay
Choose a poem which describes a person’s
experience.
Explain how the poetic techniques used to describe
the experience make the poem more interesting.
• Point/ Topic Sentence – what is this paragraph
going to discuss?
• Evidence – description of scene and technique.
• Evaluation/Analysis – remember the 3 steps.
REFER TO THE QUESTION THROUGHOUT
Bed
What’s it about?
A monologue told through the voice of
the elderly female persona who is bedridden. Written in Scots, the poem
explores themes of dependency and
aging.
Bed
• A monologue told through the voice of the elderly female
persona who is bed-ridden.
• Written in Scots, the poem explores themes of dependency and
aging.
• In this poem Jackie Kay uses the dramatic monologue form to
convey the stark realities of extreme old age.
• The speaker is an elderly bed-bound woman, completely
dependent on her daughter for her care.
• She voices her thoughts and feelings in a colloquial Scots which
is direct, expressive and sometimes bleakly humorous.
• Her words describe with a raw honesty the physical ravages of
old age and the guilt and frustration she feels.
• She has become the “wean noo”.
• In the second last stanza her words have a stark poetry in the
personification of Time held “between / the soft bits o’ ma
thumbs”.
• In the last stanza she contemplates her own death.
• Her matter of fact question, “how wull she feel?” and her
apparently simple and direct statements suggest a complexity of
emotions about her own death and how it will affect her
daughter.
Bed
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
Bed
• Title directs reader to themes of restriction,
confinement and imprisonment
• Provides a voice from the margins – an invalided and
aged mother.
• Written in a Scots dialect, often reflecting the
patterns and inflections of real speech.
• Offers a perspective on the sad reality of her life,
being cared for at home by her daughter.
• HOWEVER, almost Shakespearean in its assessment
of time as a great destroyer of youth and beauty.
• Tone is ambiguous – unclear whether she is grateful
to or resentful of her daughter.
She is that guid tae me so she is
an Am a burden tae her, I know Am ur.
Stuck here in this big blastit bed
year in, year oot, ony saint wuid complain.
There’s things she has tae dae fir me
A’ wish she didnae huv tae dae.
Am her wean noo, wey ma great tent o’ nappy,
an champed egg in a cup, an mashed tattie.
Aw the treats A’ used tae gie her,
she’s gieing me. A’ dinny ken whit happened.
We dinny talk any mair. Whether it’s jist
the blethers ha been plucked oot o’ us
an Am here like some skinny chicken,
ma skin aw bubbles and dots and spots,
loose flap noo (an yet as a young wuman
A’ took pride in ma guid smooth skin.)
Aw A’ dae is sit and look oot this windae.
A’ve seen hale generations graw up
an simmer doon fray this same windae –
that’s no seen a lick o’ paint fir donkeys.
The Kerrs have disappeared, but the last
Campbells ur still here so Am telt –
tho’ hauf the time A’ dinny believe her:
A’ve no seen any Campbell in a lang time.
My dochter says ‘Awright mother?’
haunds me a thin broth or puried neep
an A say ‘Aye fine,’ an canny help
the great heaving sigh that comes oot
my auld loose lips, nor ma crabbit tut,
nor ma froon when A’ pu’ ma cardie tight
aroon ma shooders fir the night drawin in.
Am jist biding time so am ur.
Time is whit A’ hauld between
the soft bits o’ ma thumbs,
the skeleton underneath ma night goon;
aw the while the glaring selfish moon
lights up this drab wee prison.
A’ll be gone and how wull she feel?
No that Am saying A’ want her guilty.
No that Am saying Am no grateful.
1. Look at the poem as a whole and identify four of the main
ideas contained in the poem.
4 marks
2. By referring to lines 1―20, show how word choice and
sentence structure give a description of the speaker’s
helplessness/reliance on others.
4 marks
3. By referring to lines 16―40, explain one thing that we
learn about:
(a) the community the speaker lives in
(b) the speaker’s attitude to her life at this time.
4 marks
4. Jackie Kay often explores relationships in her poems.
Refer briefly to the central relationship in this poem and go
on to discuss a central relationship in at least one other
poem by Jackie Kay.
8 marks
Gap Year
What’s it about?
Written in the voice of the poet and dedicated
to her son, Matthew. Describes his travels
abroad and leads to reflections on her
feelings about his childhood and newfound
independence. Explores themes of
motherhood, closeness and distance, and
the passage of time.
Gap Year
This poem is written in the form of an address to her son, Mateo. It
expresses her love for and pride in her son, who is spending a gap
year travelling widely in South America. In the first section she
describes her memories of the weeks before he was born: her
excited anticipation, the difficult birth. In the second section she
describes the progress of his travels and her mixed feelings about
his departure. She is caught up in the romance and adventure of his
travels in exotic places but misses him greatly. In contrast, his
grandfather’s blunt advice reminds her of the very real dangers he
might encounter. She cannot hide her strong feelings of
disappointment when she learns he will return home four weeks
later than she had expected, but comments with wry humour that
she feels “like a home-alone mother”. In the last two stanzas,
however, her mood changes to one of elation and pride when she
looks at photos of her son “on top of the world”. It seems no time
since he was a baby dreaming in his Moses basket.
Gap Year
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
Gap Year
• Think about your relationship with your
own parents.
• How has it changed from when you were a
small child until now?
• Make a list of how your relationship and
how you see each other has altered over
time.
Gap Year
• Written in two defined sections.
• Offers many parallels and connections between
past and present – Matthew’s childhood and
adulthood.
• At one and the same time celebrates and
laments his independence.
• Provides a contrast between the speaker at
home, and the son exploring and investigating.
• Indeed, the second section allows the reader to
track his adventures as the speaker does.
I
I remember your Moses basket before you were born.
I’d stare at the fleecy white sheet for days, weeks,
willing you to arrive, hardly able to believe
I would ever have a real baby to put in the basket.
I’d feel the mound of my tight tub of a stomach,
and you moving there, foot against my heart,
elbow in my ribcage, turning, burping, awake, asleep.
One time I imagined I felt you laugh.
I’d play you Handel’s Water Music or Emma Kirkby
singing Pergolesi. I’d talk to you, my close stranger,
call you Tumshie, ask when you were coming to meet me.
You arrived late, the very hot summer of eighty-eight.
You had passed the due date string of eights,
and were pulled out with forceps, blue, floury,
on the fourteenth of August on Sunday afternoon.
I took you home on Monday and lay you in your basket.
II
Now, I peek in your room and stare at your bed
hardly able to imagine you back in there sleeping,
Your handsome face – soft, open. Now you are eighteen,
six foot two, away, away in Costa Rica, Peru, Bolivia.
I follow your trails on my Times Atlas:
from the Caribbean side of Costa Rica to the Pacific,
the baby turtles to the massive leatherbacks.
Then on to Lima, to Cuzco. Your grandfather
rings: ‘Have you considered altitude sickness,
Christ, he’s sixteen thousand feet above sea level.’
Then to the lost city of the Incas, Macchu Picchu,
Where you take a photograph of yourself with the statue
of the original Tupac. You are wearing a Peruvian hat.
Yesterday in Puno before catching the bus for Copacabana,
you suddenly appear on a webcam and blow me a kiss,
you have a new haircut; your face is grainy, blurry.
Seeing you, shy, smiling, on the webcam reminds me
of the second scan at twenty weeks, how at that fuzzy
moment back then, you were lying cross-legged with
an index finger resting sophisticatedly on one cheek.
You started the Inca trail in Arctic conditions
and ended up in subtropical. Now you plan the Amazon
in Bolivia. Your grandfather rings again to say
‘There’s three warring factions in Bolivia, warn him
against it. He canny see everything. Tell him to come home.’
But you say all the travellers you meet rave about Bolivia. You
want
to see the Salar de Uyuni,
the world’s largest salt-flats, the Amazonian rainforest.
And now you are not coming home till four weeks after
your due date. After Bolivia, you plan to stay
with a friend’s Auntie in Argentina.
Then – to Chile where you’ll stay with friends of Diane’s.
And maybe work for the Victor Jara Foundation.
I feel like a home-alone mother; all the lights
have gone out in the hall, and now I am
wearing your large black slippers, flip-flopping
into your empty bedroom, trying to imagine you
in your bed. I stare at the photos you send by messenger:
you on the top of the world, arms outstretched, eager.
Blue sky, white snow; you by Lake Tararhua, beaming.
My heart soars like the birds in your bright blue skies.
My love glows like the sunrise over the lost city.
I sing along to Ella Fitzgerald, A tisket A tasket.
I have a son out in the big wide world.
A flip and a skip ago, you were dreaming in your basket.
• "I remember your Moses basket before you were born" – The
word choice of “remember” shows us she is reminiscing positively
about her memories of the past.
• "willing you to arrive, hardly able to believe" – “willing” suggests a
sense of urgency and wish that he would be born quickly – she can’t
wait.
• "Your handsome face – soft, open..." – positive word choice shows
her pride and admiration for her son’s appearance and personality.
• "I feel like a home-alone mother" – this comparison subverts our
normal expectation of ‘home alone’ and almost suggests that she felt
she was looked after by her son. This emphasises her sadness and
loneliness.
• "your empty bedroom, trying to imagine you in your bed" –
“empty bedroom” suggests a sense of loss in comparison to the baby
in the basket earlier in the text.
• "My heart soars like the birds in your bright blue skies.
My love glows like the sunrise over the lost city." – these similes
use extremely positive vocabulary suggesting her extreme pride and
happiness at the person her son has become and how much she
cares about him.
• "I have a son out in the big wide world." – She is proud and
almost surprised that he has grown into a man in what seems such a
short space of time.
Gap Year
1. Summarise the main points in lines 1-16. (4 marks)
2. How is a sense of longing established in lines 17-20? (4
marks)
3. By referring to ONE example, show how the writer uses
language to emphasise her feelings of loss during her
son’s gap year. (2 marks)
4. The last two stanzas signal a further mood change.
Comment on the effectiveness of the language the poet
uses to convey her feelings.(2 marks)
5. Kay often uses her poetry to explore relationships. Using
one other poem show how she manages to do this
effectively in her poems. (8 marks)
Lucozade
What’s it about?
Told from the perspective of a 16 year
old persona visiting his/her mother in
hospital. Charts a turn in the mother’s,
and ultimately the speaker’s, attitudes
about death.
Lucozade
In this poem Jackie Kay describes visiting her mother in hospital.
She was a young girl of sixteen, afraid that her mother would die.
The poem not only describes the shock of seeing her mother but
conveys the personality of her mother expressively and with humour.
Her mother’s ironic questions, her humorous commands, her
idiosyncratic remarks may be partially the result of her treatment or
operation but strongly suggest a person who faces her hospital
experience with spirit and humour. There is something indomitable
about her. The last two stanzas describe the euphoria of relief the
poet feels when she realises her mother will not die but has
recovered enough to wave from her hospital bed. The clearing of her
mother’s ward cupboard of the traditional gifts an invalid receives,
which her mother had decisively rejected, is a cathartic moment for
the poet. For the sixteen-year-old poet, her senses heightened after
the trauma of her mother’s hospitalisation, the sight of her mother
waving becomes for her a beautiful, almost heavenly vision.
Lucozade
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
Lucozade
• Offers the complex image of the Lucozade – initially
present in the title.
• Rejection of the typical ‘markers’ of sickness, in
favour of luxury and the decadent ‘markers’ of life.
• Seems to be a formative experience for the speaker.
• Recognises her youth but suggests she learns
something about life and death.
• Speaker literally and metaphorically unburdens the
mother in what appears to be a final ritual – clearing
the hospital cabinet.
My mum is on a high bed next to sad chrysanthemums.
‘Don’t bring flowers, they only wilt and die.’
I am scared my mum is going to die
on the bed next to the sad chrysanthemums.
She nods off and her eyes go back in her head.
Next to her bed is a bottle of Lucozade.
‘Orange nostalgia, that’s what that is,’ she says.
‘Don’t bring Lucozade either,’ then fades.
‘The whole day was a blur, a swarm of eyes.
Those doctors with their white lies.
Did you think you could cheer me up with a Woman’s Own?
Don’t bring magazines, too much about size.’
My mum wakes up, groggy and low.
‘What I want to know,’ she says,’ is this:
where’s the big brandy, the generous gin, the Bloody Mary,
the biscuit tin, the chocolate gingers, the dirty big meringue?’
I am sixteen; I’ve never tasted a Bloody Mary.
‘Tell your father to bring a luxury,’ says she.
‘Grapes have no imagination, they’re just green.
Tell him: stop the neighbours coming.’
I clear her cupboard in Ward 10B, Stobhill Hospital.
I leave, bags full, Lucozade, grapes, oranges,
sad chrysanthemums under my arms,
weighted down. I turn round, wave with her flowers.
My mother, on her high hospital bed, waves back.
Her face is light and radiant, dandelion hours.
Her sheets billow and whirl. She is beautiful.
Next to her the empty table is divine.
I carry the orange nostalgia home singing an old song.
2014 Past Paper
1. Look at stanzas 1 and 2 (lines 1—8). Why does the
poet’s mother not want her to bring flowers or
Lucozade?
2. Referring to lines 9—20, show how the poet gives the
reader a clear impression of the mother’s character or
personality.
3. Explain how the poet uses language in lines 21—29 to
indicate a clear change in the girl’s feelings.
4. Identify at least one theme from this poem. Using close
textual reference, show how the theme (or themes) is
explored in this poem, and in at least one other poem
by Jackie Kay.
Using the 3 Steps of Analysis, analyse these
quotations from the poems we have studied so far.
Lucozade
“I leave, bags full, Lucozade,
grapes, oranges,/
sad chrysanthemums under my
arms,/
weighted down.”
Gap Year
“I stare at the photos you send
by messenger:/
you on the top of the world,
arms outstretched, eager.”
Divorce
“There are parents who stroke
their children’s cheeks/
in the dead of night/
and sing in the colourful voices
of rainbows,/
red to blue.”
Keeping Orchids
“A door opens and closes.
Time is outside waiting./
I catch the draught in my winter
room.”
My Grandmother’s Houses
What’s it about?
Monologue told by a female persona
describing the time she spends with her
grandmother, both at her grandmother’s
homes (initially a tenement and then a high
rise block of flats) and the house her
grandmother cleans for a living. Explores
ideas about the passage of time and
intergenerational/family relationships.
My Grandmother’s Houses
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In this poem, the poet simultaneously recreates her childhood
experiences and voices her adult perceptions of her grandmother.
Each section of the poem describes a different house, each flat
reflecting different aspects of her life, work and personality. This
structure enables Jackie Kay to create a vivid, memorable portrait
of her grandmother.
The first section describes her tenement flat with her bedroom’s
idiosyncratic clutter.
In the second section the poet creates a picture of her life in her
new high-rise flat.
We learn that she is always busy, still cleaning people’s houses at
the age of seventy and taking her reluctant grandchild to church with
her on Sundays.
The third section describes the child’s perceptions of her
grandmother’s “cleaning house” and uses snatches of remembered
conversations to portray the somewhat patronising “posh one”.
The final three lines suggest that her grandmother had moved to a
ground floor flat, where she is disturbed by screaming ambulances.
It is a sombre ending to a poem which pays tribute to the life of this
spirited, hard-working and devout woman.
My Grandmother’s Houses
In pairs, discuss these questions:
• What are your initial thoughts on the poem?
• What language techniques does the writer use?
• What is she trying to say by using these
techniques?
My Grandmother’s Houses
• Sense of the ‘standards’ of the older generation –
work ethic, religious sensibilities, asceticism.
•
Sense of the child’s awe at the grandmother’s
life/possessions.
• Explores ideas about displacement – physical and
temporal.
• Also looks at notions of traditional versus modern
ways of life – is embracing the new a rejection of the
past?
1
She is on the second floor of a tenement.
From her front room window you see the cemetery.
Her bedroom is my favourite: newspapers
dating back to the War covering every present
she’s ever got since the War. What’s the point
in buying her anything my mother moans.
Does she use it. Does she even look at it.
I spend hours unwrapping and wrapping endless
tablecloths, napkins, perfume, bath salts,
stories of things I can’t understand, words
like conscientious objector. At night I climb
over all the newspaper parcels to get to bed,
harder than the school’s obstacle course. High up
in her bed all the print merges together.
When she gets the letter she is hopping mad.
What does she want with anything modern,
a shiny new pin? Here is home.
The sideboard solid as a coffin.
The newsagents next door which sells
hazelnut toffees and her Daily Record.
Chewing for ages over the front page,
her toffees sticking to her false teeth.
2
The new house is called a high rise.
I play in the lift all the way up to 24.
Once I get stuck for a whole hour.
From her window you see noisy kids
playing hopscotch or home.
She makes endless pots of vegetable soup,
a bit bit of hoch floating inside like a fish.
Till finally she gets to like the hot
running water in her own bathroom,
the wall-to-wall foam-backed carpet,
the parcels locked in her air-raid shelter.
But she still doesn’t settle down;
even at 70 she cleans people’s houses
for ten bob and goes to church on Sundays,
dragging me along to the strange place where the air
is trapped and ghosts sit at the altar.
My parents do not believe. It is down to her.
A couple of prayers. A hymn or two.
Threepenny bit in the collection hat.
A flock of women in coats and fussy hats
flapping over me like missionaires, and that is that,
until the next time God grabs me in Glasgow with Gran.
3
By the time I am seven we are almost the same height.
She still walks faster, rushing me down the High Street
till we get to her cleaning house. The hall is huge.
Rooms lead off like an octopus’s arms.
I sit in a room with a grand piano, top open –
a one-winged creature, whilst my gran polishes
for hours. Finally bored I start to pick some notes,
oh can you wash a sailor’s shirt oh can you wash and clean
till my gran comes running, duster in hand.
I told you don’t touch anything. The woman comes too;
the posh one all smiles that make goosepimples
run up my arms. Would you like to sing me a song?
Someone’s crying my Lord Kumbaya. Lovely, she says,
beautiful child, skin the colour of café au lait.
‘Café oh what? Hope she’s not being any bother.’
Not at all. Not at all. You just get back to your work.
On the way to her high rise I see her
like the hunchback of Notre Dame. Everytime I crouch
over a comic she slaps me. Sit up straight.
She is on the ground floor of a high rise.
From her living-room you see ambulances,
screaming their way to the Royal Infirmary.
1. Describe how the poet structures this poem.
2. Comment on the content of the first and the last two lines,
suggesting why the poet has framed the main body of the
poem in this way.
3. Look closely at the poet’s detailed descriptions of the
tenement flat and the high-rise flat. What do they suggest
about her grandmother’s personality and her way of life?
4. “even at 70 she cleans people’s houses / for ten bob” What
does this statement reveal about the poet’s grandmother?
5. Choose three phrases which show that the child is reluctant
to accompany her to church and does not enjoy the
experience and suggest why they are effective.
6. “like an octopus’s arms”; “a one winged creature”. Name the
language technique used in each of these phrases and
suggest what you think the poet is trying to convey.
7. What do the snatches of remembered conversation suggest
about “the posh one”?
Main Concerns of the Poems
• What do you think the MAIN CONCERNS
of the poems are?
• This does not mean exactly what happens
in them – think about the issues they
explore.
E.g. ‘Lucozade’
• The debilitating power of illness
• The fear of losing a parent, safety,
security
• The rejection of the typical markers of
illness
Revision: Group Presentations
• In groups you will give a presentation of 5-10 minutes on
ONE of the Jackie Kay poems we have studied this year.
• Your presentation should be in-depth, with detailed
analysis and evaluation.
• As well as looking over your notes, you will be expected
to research the poem complete work at home.
• EVERYONE is to contribute equally – anyone not pulling
their weight will face the consequences.
• These presentations will take place next Wednesday
25th March, and you will have today and tomorrow to
work on them in class – after that, any work will need to
be completed at home.
• Groups and poems will be assigned by me.
Group Presentation
A sensible format would be:
• Introduction to the poem – what it’s about, what
happens and the main themes and techniques
used.
• Structure – stanzas, sections, rhyme and
rhythm, use of enjambment, etc., and what this
conveys to us.
• Language – word choice, imagery, alliteration,
etc., and what this conveys to us.
EVALUATE THROUGHOUT