The United States Civil War
Chapter 14
The Secession Crisis
•
The Withdrawal of the South
•
The Failure of Compromise
– after Southern guns fire on Northern ship at
Fort Sumter, one last effort at compromise
•
First Battle: Fort Sumter
•
The Opposing Sides
North advantages
South advantages
The Mobilization of the North
•
Economic Measures
– Homestead Act of 1862
•
Raising the Union Armies
–
–
1861 US army consisted only of 16,000 troops
Lincoln calls for an increase to 23,000 troops
• The War and Economic Development*
• Lincoln and Wartime Politics
•
Lincoln and Wartime Politics Cont’d
– Regarding the opposition to war (biggest
problem)
– Election of 1864
The Abolition of Slavery
The Politics of Emancipation
The Confiscation Acts
–
First Confiscation Act
–
Second Confiscation Act (considered “Radical”)
*Fake Smile*
The Emancipation Proclamation
•
African Americans and the
Union Cause
–
186,000 emancipated
Southern blacks served as
soldiers, sailors and laborers
for Union forces
•
Thirteenth Amendment 1865: abolished slavery
•
After War 1865: Freedman’s Bureau directed by
General Oliver O. Howard *
The Mobilization of the South
•
The Confederate Government
– The Confederate Constitution
– Jefferson Davis named President
Finance and Mobilization
– The impossible task: raising money
•
Finance and Mobilization Cont’d
– Mobilization
•
decrease in volunteers in 1861
•
States rights versus Centralization
– Greatest source of Southern Division during
War
Military Strategy, Campaigns and
Battles
•
The Commanders
–
North
–
South
•
The Sea Power
–
Union had overwhelming advantage of naval power,
served two important roles
•
•
Europe and the Disunited States
• The American West and the War
• Opening Clashes 1861
•
The Western Theater
•
The Virginia Front
1863: Year of decision
–
Hooker moves into position to attack Lee at Fredericksburg, but withdrawals
1863: Year of decision Cont’d
– Lee’s big decision: Invade the North,
– Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1-3 1863, most
celebrated battle of the war
– Chattanooga
Last Stage: 1864 –1865
– Ulysses S. Grant (now head of Union army), plans two
great offensives in 1864
Last Stage: 1864 –1865 Cont’d
– Seizes and sieges Petersburg which is
Richmond’s communication center...siege
would last nine months
Last Stage: 1864 –1865 Cont’d
– General Lee makes arrangements to meet with
General Grant in the small town of Appomattox
Courthouse, Virginia
Effects of War on Society
• Statistics
– More than 618,000 Americans died during the Civil War, far more
than the 115,000 that died during WWI and the 318,000 that died
during WWII
• Inflation and Public Debt
• Role of Women
– In North:
– In South:
– U.S. Sanitary Commission and
Dorthea Dix
•
Devastation of the South
– Economic
– Physical:
•
Devastation of the South Cont’d
– Communities
– Changing Labor Patterns