CJE2600
Criminal Investigation
Chapter 1
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Explain the importance of the Bow Street Runners
 Discuss the contribution of Sir Robert Peel’s reform to early policing in the United States
 Explain the history and function of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency
 Highlight the first major federal investigative agencies and their responsibilities
 Explain the impact of Supreme Court's "due process revolution" and its impact on policing
 Discuss Bertillon’s method of anthropometry
 Summarize the historical development of fingerprint identification
 Explain the concept and practice of DNA typing
 Outline the milestones in the development of firearms identification
THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
 Small group of volunteers/non-uniformed homeowners
 Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding; succeeded by blind half-brother, John Fielding
 To "Take Thieves"
 Hurry to scene of crime and begin investigation
 First modern detective force
SIR ROBERT PEEL
 His efforts led to the establishment of a Metropolitan Police Force for London
 Peel is considered the father of modern policing
 Many of his reforms are part of policing today in America
 Peel was considered a skillful
administrator with vision
 Appointed Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne as first commissioners
PEEL’S PRINCIPLES
1. The police must be stable, efficient, organized along military lines.
2. The police must be under government control.
3. The absence of crime best proves efficiency of police.
4. The distribution of crime news is essential.
5. The deployment of police strength over time and area is essential.
6. No quality is more indispensable to a police officer than a perfect command of temper.
PEEL’S PRINCIPLES (cont'd)
 Good appearance commands respect.
 Securing and training proper people is the root of efficiency.
 Public security demands every police officer be given a number.
 Police headquarters should be centrally located/easily accessible.
 Police should be hired on a probationary basis.
 Police records are necessary to the correctly distribute police strength.
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DETECTIVES IN THE U.S. EVOLVED IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
 Graft/corruption common in big city police departments
 Municipal police jurisdictions were limited
 Little communication between police departments in different cities
 Offenders could flee from one jurisdiction to another
 Private sector detectives like Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency developed
PINKERTON AT WORK
 Protected President-elect Lincoln
 Operated an intelligence service for the union army
 Pursued bank and railroad robbers
 Created extensive criminal records
 Provided a good model for government detectives
Gave rise to the term “private eye”
Pinkerton
 Collected photographs of gangs and thieves
 Photographed horses to prevent illegal substitutions before races
 Pushed Butch Cassidy and the Sun Dance Kid into leaving the U.S. for South America
 Were the only consistently competent detectives in the U.S. for over 50 years
NYPD ROGUES’ GALLERY
 N.Y.P.D. established Rogues' Gallery in 1857
 Photographs of known offenders were included
 Photos were arranged by their criminal specialty and height
 Used by detectives to recognize criminals on the street
Municipal Detectives
 1845, NYC had 800 plainclothes officers
 1884, Chicago established country’s first municipal Criminal Identification Bureau
 1886, NYC Chief Detective Thomas Byrnes published Professional Criminals in America
o Included pictures, descriptions, and methods of all criminals know to him
EARLY FEDERAL INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES
 1865, Secret Service created to combat counterfeiting
 1903, After assassination of McKinley responsibility for presidential protection was added
 1908, Bureau of Investigation became F.B.I.
 1924, Hoover assumed leadership
 1920, Internal Revenue responsible for Prohibition enforcement
FBI
 1932, established a crime laboratory
o Services were made available free to state and local police
 1935, started the National Academy
o Training course for state and local police
 1967, National Crime Information Center (NCIC) was made operational
o Provides data o wanted persons and property stolen from all 50 states
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DEA
 Harrison Act (1914( made distribution of nonmedical drugs a federal crime
 IRS initially had enforcement responsibility
 1930 separate Federal Bureau of Narcotics established
 1973 Drug Enforcement Administration established
o Devotes many of its resources to fighting international drug traffic
o Trains state and local police
DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION
 Cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, 1961-1966
 Known as due process revolution
 Active in cases involving rights of suspects/defendants
o Two vital areas (1) right to legal representation, and (2) the right to legal
representation
 Miranda v. Arizona (5th Amd.)
 Mapp v. Ohio (4th Amd.; exclusionary rule—applies to states)
 Terry v. Ohio (stop and frisk)
Edmond Locard
 1910, Established first forensic laboratory in Lyon, France
 “Locard Exchange Principle”
o When perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of
themselves and take away something from the scene
 Heir, fibers
 Father of Poreoscopy
o The study of pores
 Fingerprint Identification
o 12 points of agreement between two compared fingerprints the identity is certain
BOMETRICS
 Anthropometry
o Body measurements
 Dactylography
o Fingerprint identification
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA
ANTHROPOMETRY
 First method of criminal identification thought to be reliable; based on a criteria of body
measurements
 Developed by Bertillon (1853-1916)
 “Father of Criminal Identification”
 After 1883 the system was adopted throughout Europe
 System was abandoned because dactylography (fingerprint identification) simpler, more
reliable
HENRY BERTILLON AND A BERTILLON MEASUREMENT
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MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY
 1684
England’s Dr. Grew observes pores and ridges in hands and feet
 1823
Perkinje develops nine standard fingerprint patterns and classification system
 1892
Galton publishes “Fingerprints,” first definitive book on dactylography
 1894
Vucetich publishes “Dictiloscopia Comparada,” outlining his system of
fingerprint classification
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY (Cont.)
 1900
The Henry system was adopted in England
 1901
Henry publishes “Classification and Use of Fingerprints,” outlining his system of
fingerprint classification
 1903
The Will West/William West case demonstrates the superiority of dactylography
to anthropometry
Modern Technology and Identification
Modern technology has enhanced the process of personal identification.
DNA
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), chemical blueprint which determines everything from our
hair color to our disease vulnerabilities; with the exception of identical twins, each person has
a unique DNA makeup
 DNA is unique to individuals
 The human sources of DNA are: blood and tissue; spermatozoa; bone marrow, tooth pulp and
hair root cells
DNA TYPING
 DNA is a chemical blueprint
 The Enderby cases were the first use DNA typing in England in 1987
 The Orlando cases were the first used in the U.S. in1986
 The FBI crime lab was the first public lab to use DNA analysis in 1988
MILESTONES IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
 1835
Henry Goddard (one of the last Bow Street Runners) was the first to
successfully identify a murderer from bullet removed from victim’s body
 1889
Professor Lacassagne identified grooves on a bullet removed from a corpse and
matched it to a suspect’s weapon
 1898
Paul Jeserich took microphotographs of fatal and test bullets; he testified the
defendant’s revolver fired the fatal bullet
 1926
Calvin Goddard was most responsible for raising firearm identification to a
science
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